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{{Short description|French bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| type = Cardinal
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[[File:stemma-Besse.jpg|thumb|260px|Stemma of Cardinal Nicolas de Besse]]
[[File:stemma-Besse.jpg|thumb|260px|Stemma of Cardinal Nicolas de Besse]]


'''Nicolas de Besse''' was born in the diocese of [[Limoges]], in 1322.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Auguste Du Boys|author2=François Arbellot|title=Biographie des hommes illustres de l'ancienne province du Limousin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dHgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA65|year=1854|page=65}}</ref> He was a French bishop and [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]. He was the son of Jacques de Besse, Seigneur de Bellefaye and Almodie (Delphine) Roger, sister of [[Pope Clement VI]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Étienne Baluze|title=Histoire généalogique de la maison d' Auvergne: justifiée par chartres, titres, histoires anciennes et autres preuves authentiques|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D5VFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA316|year=1708|publisher=Antoine Dezallier|location=Paris|language=French|pages=315–316}}</ref> He had a brother Pierre de Besse, who became Seigneur de Bellefaye and who married Margueritte de Thiers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abel Poitrineau|title=Le mémoire sur l'état de la Généralité de Riom en 1697|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SPR-OmOlqGQC&pg=PA97|date=1970|publisher=Presses Univ Blaise Pascal|location=Clermont-Ferrand|language=French|isbn=978-2-87741-006-9|page=97}}</ref> Nicolas de Besse died in Rome on 5 November 1369.
'''Nicolas de Besse''' was born in the diocese of [[Limoges]], in 1322.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Auguste Du Boys|author2=François Arbellot|title=Biographie des hommes illustres de l'ancienne province du Limousin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA65|year=1854|page=65}}</ref> He was a French bishop and [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]. He was the son of Jacques de Besse, Seigneur de Bellefaye and Almodie (Delphine) Roger, sister of [[Pope Clement VI]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Étienne Baluze|title=Histoire généalogique de la maison d' Auvergne: justifiée par chartres, titres, histoires anciennes et autres preuves authentiques|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_D5VFAAAAcAAJ|year=1708|publisher=Antoine Dezallier|location=Paris|language=French|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_D5VFAAAAcAAJ/page/n380 315]–316}}</ref> He had a brother Pierre de Besse, who became Seigneur de Bellefaye and who married Margueritte de Thiers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abel Poitrineau|title=Le mémoire sur l'état de la Généralité de Riom en 1697|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPR-OmOlqGQC&pg=PA97|date=1970|publisher=Presses Univ Blaise Pascal|location=Clermont-Ferrand|language=French|isbn=978-2-87741-006-9|page=97}}</ref> Nicolas de Besse died in Rome on 5 November 1369.


==Biography==
==Biography==
In his youth he was sent by his uncle, who was Archbishop of Rouen at the time, to study in Paris, and later in Orleans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Nadaud|title=Nobiliaire du diocèse et de la généralité de Limoges|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ujQZAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Éditions du Palais royal|location=Paris|language=French|isbn=978-2-7777-0059-8|page=571}} Archbishop Pierre Roger (Clement VI) had studied at the Sorbonne.</ref> The Pope himself later recalled, "We began to bring him up, and we made him come to Paris and there we made him study. Later he studied in Orleans where he was still reading when we summoned him to the Curia."<ref>Quoted in Baluze I (1693), p. 874 [ed. Mollat, II, p. 382]. ''Incepimus eum nutrire, et fecimus eum venire Parisius, et ibi fecimus eum studere. Postea studuit in Aurelianis, ubi modo legebat quando fecimus ipsum venire ad Curiam.'' The notion that he was a professor of law at Orleans, based on the phrase ''ubi modo legebat'', is absurd. Mollat points out, p. 382 n. 3, that Nicolas was only bachelor of laws.</ref>
In his youth he was sent by his uncle, who was Archbishop of Rouen at the time, to study in Paris, and later in Orleans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Nadaud|title=Nobiliaire du diocèse et de la généralité de Limoges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujQZAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Éditions du Palais royal|location=Paris|language=French|isbn=978-2-7777-0059-8|page=571}} Archbishop Pierre Roger (Clement VI) had studied at the Sorbonne.</ref> The Pope himself later recalled, "We began to bring him up, and we made him come to Paris and there we made him study. Later he studied in Orleans where he was still reading when we summoned him to the Curia."<ref>Quoted in Baluze I (1693), p. 874 [ed. [[Guillaume Mollat|Mollat]], II, p. 382]. ''Incepimus eum nutrire, et fecimus eum venire Parisius, et ibi fecimus eum studere. Postea studuit in Aurelianis, ubi modo legebat quando fecimus ipsum venire ad Curiam.'' The notion that he was a professor of law at Orleans, based on the phrase ''ubi modo legebat'', is absurd. [[Guillaume Mollat]] points out, p. 382 n. 3, that Nicolas was only bachelor of laws.</ref>


===Early preferment===
===Early preferment===
He was a Canon of the Church of Paris by 1343.<ref>{{cite book|author=François Du Chesne|title=Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux François De Naissance: Ou Qui Ont Esté Promeus Au Cardinalat Par L'Expresse Recommandation De Nos Roys|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QfVVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA517|volume=Tome I|year=1660|location=Paris|page=517}} Berliere (1906), p. 108, no. 486).</ref> He was Archdeacon of Ponthieu in the diocese of Amiens,<ref>{{cite book|author=F. I. Darsy|title=Benefices de l'Eglise d'Amiens|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MD4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR26|accessdate=2016-06-01|series=Mémoires. Documents inédits concernant la province (de Picardie), Tome 7|volume=Tome premier|year=1869|publisher=E. Caillaux|location=Amiens|language=French|pages=14–15}}</ref> though only only ordained in minor orders. He was also Chaplain and dining companion (''commensualis'') of his uncle, Pope Clement, in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon.<ref>Eubel, p. 301.</ref>
He was a Canon of the Church of Paris by 1343.<ref>{{cite book|author=François Du Chesne|title=Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux François De Naissance: Ou Qui Ont Esté Promeus Au Cardinalat Par L'Expresse Recommandation De Nos Roys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfVVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA517|volume=Tome I|year=1660|location=Paris|page=517}} Berliere (1906), p. 108, no. 486).</ref> He was Archdeacon of Ponthieu in the diocese of Amiens,<ref>{{cite book|author=F. I. Darsy|title=Benefices de l'Eglise d'Amiens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR26|accessdate=2016-06-01|series=Mémoires. Documents inédits concernant la province (de Picardie), Tome 7|volume=Tome premier|year=1869|publisher=E. Caillaux|location=Amiens|language=French|pages=14–15}}</ref> though only ordained in minor orders. He was also Chaplain and dining companion (''commensualis'') of his uncle, Pope Clement, in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon.<ref>Eubel, p. 301.</ref>


In 1343 Nicolas was also named Archdeacon of Condroz.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christine Renardy|title=Les maîtres universitaires du diocèse de Liège: répertoire biographique, 1140-1350|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n4U1IIkSIwYC&pg=PA222|year=1981|publisher=Librairie Droz|location=Paris|language=French|isbn=978-2-251-66232-9|page=222}}</ref> He is also mentioned, in 1351, as being Archdeacon of Cologne.<ref>Berlière, p. 586, n. 1.</ref> On 27 August 1343 his election to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Limoges|Bishopric of Limoges]] was confirmed by Pope Clement VI. He was only twenty-one.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique du Limousin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_c0xAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=A.Bontemps|location=Limoges|page=125}}</ref> He was never consecrated bishop.<ref>{{cite book|author=Denis de Sainte-Marthe (OSB)|title=Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J_tgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA261|volume=Tomus secundus|year=1720|publisher=Ex Typographia Regia|location=Paris|language=Latin|page=532}}</ref> His successor was confirmed on 28 February 1344.<ref>Eubel, p. 301. The statement sometimes made that he resigned when he became a cardinal is not exactly correct.</ref>
In 1343 Nicolas was also named Archdeacon of Condroz.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christine Renardy|title=Les maîtres universitaires du diocèse de Liège: répertoire biographique, 1140-1350|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4U1IIkSIwYC&pg=PA222|year=1981|publisher=Librairie Droz|location=Paris|language=French|isbn=978-2-251-66232-9|page=222}}</ref> He is also mentioned, in 1351, as being Archdeacon of Cologne.<ref>Berlière, p. 586, n. 1.</ref> On 27 August 1343 his election to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Limoges|Bishopric of Limoges]] was confirmed by Pope Clement VI. He was only twenty-one.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique du Limousin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_c0xAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=A.Bontemps|location=Limoges|page=125}}</ref> He was never consecrated bishop.<ref>{{cite book|author=Denis de Sainte-Marthe (OSB)|title=Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_tgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA261|volume=Tomus secundus|year=1720|publisher=Ex Typographia Regia|location=Paris|language=Latin|page=532}}</ref> His successor was confirmed on 28 February 1344.<ref>Eubel, p. 301. The statement sometimes made that he resigned when he became a cardinal is not exactly correct.</ref>


As Bishop of Limoges, Nicolas was present at the Papal Court in Avignon on 16 January 1344 when [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV the Bavarian]] swore fealty to Pope Clement VI.<ref>{{cite book|author=Etienne Baluze|title=Stephani Baluzii Miscellaneorum, hoc est, Collectio veterum monumentorum quae hactenus latuerant in variis codicibus ac bibliothecis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=erZbAAAAQAAJ|volume=Tomus secundus|year=1679|publisher=excudebat Franciscus Muguet|location=Paris|language=Latin|page=273}}</ref>
As Bishop of Limoges, Nicolas was present at the Papal Court in Avignon on 16 January 1344 when [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV the Bavarian]] swore fealty to Pope Clement VI.<ref>{{cite book|author=Etienne Baluze|title=Stephani Baluzii Miscellaneorum, hoc est, Collectio veterum monumentorum quae hactenus latuerant in variis codicibus ac bibliothecis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erZbAAAAQAAJ|volume=Tomus secundus|year=1679|publisher=excudebat Franciscus Muguet|location=Paris|language=Latin|page=273}}</ref>


===Cardinal of Limoges===
===Cardinal of Limoges===
In his second Consistory for the creation of cardinals, held on 19 May 1344, Pope Clement VI created two cardinals, [[Pierre Bertrand de Colombier]] and Nicolas de Besse. In his speech (''collatio'') after the discussion and decision, Pope Clement remarked, "But what will you say about this Bishop of Limoges [Nicholas]? Truly we say what we said yesterday morning when we entered the Consistory, that we had thought so much about his promotion, and that we thought that the thing should not be. But on the petition of the whole College of Cardinals, with no dissenting vote, it seemed best to elevate him. There were cardinals who had said that they would not consent to the Bishop of Arras if we did not elevate this Nicholas. And therefore we have elevated him."<ref>Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat, II, p. 382].</ref> Cardinal Nicolas was assigned the Deaconry of [[Santa Maria in Via Lata]]. He was, however, habitually called Lemoviciensis, the Cardinal of Limoges.<ref>Eubel, p. 18.</ref> On 2 December 1344, the new Cardinal was present at a Consistory at which the Pope issued a bull in favor of the Abbey of Jumièges. Fourteen cardinals subscribed, including Cardinal de Besse. The original document survives, as does his autograph signature.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prinet|first1=Max|title=Quelques seigns manuels de Cardinaux|journal=Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes|date=1928|volume=89|pages=175–182, at p. 178|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43009011|accessdate=2016-05-31|registration=yes |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
In his second Consistory for the creation of cardinals, held on 19 May 1344, Pope Clement VI created two cardinals, [[Pierre Bertrand de Colombier]] and Nicolas de Besse. In his speech (''collatio'') after the discussion and decision, Pope Clement remarked, "But what will you say about this Bishop of Limoges [Nicholas]? Truly we say what we said yesterday morning when we entered the Consistory, that we had thought so much about his promotion, and that we thought that the thing should not be. But on the petition of the whole College of Cardinals, with no dissenting vote, it seemed best to elevate him. There were cardinals who had said that they would not consent to the Bishop of Arras if we did not elevate this Nicholas. And therefore we have elevated him."<ref>Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat, II, p. 382].</ref> Cardinal Nicolas was assigned the Deaconry of [[Santa Maria in Via Lata]]. He was, however, habitually called Lemoviciensis, the Cardinal of Limoges.<ref>Eubel, p. 18.</ref> On 2 December 1344, the new Cardinal was present at a Consistory at which the Pope issued a bull in favor of the Abbey of Jumièges. Fourteen cardinals subscribed, including Cardinal de Besse. The original document survives, as does his autograph signature.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prinet|first1=Max|title=Quelques seigns manuels de Cardinaux|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|date=1928|volume=89|pages=175–182, at p. 178|jstor=43009011}}</ref>


===Conclave of 1352===
===Conclave of 1352===
Pope Clement died in Avignon on 6 December 1352. The Conclave to elect his successor opened on Sunday, 16 December 1352 in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon, with twenty-six cardinals in attendance, including Cardinal Nicolas de Besse. At mid-morning on 18 December they elected Cardinal Étienne Aubert,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zacour|first1=Norman P.|title=A Note on the Papal Election of 1352: The Candidacy of Jean Birel|journal=Traditio|date=1957|volume=13|pages=456–462|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27830358|accessdate=2016-05-28|registration=yes |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref> who took the name Innocent VI. He was crowned on 30 December 1352.<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1352.html ''Sede Vacante 1352''.] Retrieved: 2016-05-28.</ref> Some months after the Conclave, in 1353, the body of the late pope was transferred to his monastery at [[La Chaise-Dieu]] (Casa Dei), where he lies in the center of the Choir of the church. He was accompanied in his last journey by five of his nephews, Cardinals [[Hugues Roger]], [[Guillaume de la Jugié]], Nicolas de Besse, [[Pope Gregory XI|Pierre Roger de Beaufort]], and [[Guillaume d' Aigrefeuille]].<ref>Eugène Déprez, "Les funerailles de Clement VI, et d' Innocent VI, d' après les comptes de la cour pontificale," ''Mélanges d' archéologie et d' histoire publiés par l' École Française de Rome'' 20 (1900), pp. 235-250.</ref>
Pope Clement died in Avignon on 6 December 1352. The Conclave to elect his successor opened on Sunday, 16 December 1352 in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon, with twenty-six cardinals in attendance, including Cardinal Nicolas de Besse. At mid-morning on 18 December they elected Cardinal Étienne Aubert,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zacour|first1=Norman P.|title=A Note on the Papal Election of 1352: The Candidacy of Jean Birel|journal=Traditio|date=1957|volume=13|pages=456–462|jstor=27830358}}</ref> who took the name Innocent VI. He was crowned on 30 December 1352.<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1352.html ''Sede Vacante 1352''.] Retrieved: 2016-05-28.</ref> Some months after the Conclave, in 1353, the body of the late pope was transferred to his monastery at [[La Chaise-Dieu]] (Casa Dei), where he lies in the center of the Choir of the church. He was accompanied in his last journey by five of his nephews, Cardinals [[Hugues Roger (cardinal)|Hugues Roger]], [[Guillaume de la Jugié]], Nicolas de Besse, [[Pope Gregory XI|Pierre Roger de Beaufort]], and [[Guillaume d' Aigrefeuille]].<ref>Eugène Déprez, "Les funerailles de Clement VI, et d' Innocent VI, d' après les comptes de la cour pontificale," ''[[Mélanges de l'École française de Rome|Mélanges d' archéologie et d' histoire publiés par l'École Française de Rome]]'' 20 (1900), pp. 235-250.</ref>


In 1362, Cardinal Nicolas de Besse joined Cardinals [[Guy of Boulogne]] and Pierre de Belfort in an effort to arrange a settlement in a dispute between the Count of Armagnac and the Vicomte of Turenne concerning the Baronies of Pertuis, Meyrargues, Sederon, and Les Pennes. It was claimed that they were illegally occupied by the Vicomte, who claimed that he had been given them by King Louis and Queen Jeanne of Naples, the Count and Countess of Provence. The three cardinals were chosen because they were "parents et amis des deux parties." A financial settlement was arranged, but it did nothing to stop the violence and acquisitive spirit of the Vicomte.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nostredame|first=César de |title=L'Histoire et chronique de Provence de Caesar de Nostradamus,....|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uErLFTZ_ThEC|year=1614|publisher=S. Rigaud|location=Lyon|language=French|page=412}} Baluze (1693), I, p. 874..</ref>
In 1362, Cardinal Nicolas de Besse joined Cardinals [[Guy of Boulogne]] and Pierre de Belfort in an effort to arrange a settlement in a dispute between the Count of Armagnac and the Vicomte of Turenne concerning the Baronies of Pertuis, Meyrargues, Sederon, and Les Pennes. It was claimed that they were illegally occupied by the Vicomte, who claimed that he had been given them by King Louis and Queen Jeanne of Naples, the Count and Countess of Provence. The three cardinals were chosen because they were "parents et amis des deux parties." A financial settlement was arranged, but it did nothing to stop the violence and acquisitive spirit of the Vicomte.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nostredame|first=César de |title=L'Histoire et chronique de Provence de Caesar de Nostradamus,....|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uErLFTZ_ThEC|year=1614|publisher=S. Rigaud|location=Lyon|language=French|page=412}} Baluze (1693), I, p. 874.</ref>


===Conclave of 1362===
===Conclave of 1362===
In September 1362, after the death of [[Pope Innocent VI]], the [[College of Cardinals]] was divided (according to Froissart) into two factions, one supporting Guy of Boulogne and the other [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)|Élie de Talleyrand]] for pope.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Froissart|first1=Jean de|title=Chroniques, Tome sixieme|date=1868|publisher=De Vaux|location=Bruxelles|page=363|edition=Kervyn de Lettenhoven|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k389271/f367.image.r=Oeuvres%20de%20Froissart}}</ref> In the end a compromise candidate was elected, Abbot Guillaume Grimoald of [[Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille|S. Vincent in Marseille]], who was Legate of the Apostolic See in the Kingdom of Sicily, and was not present at the Conclave. He was not even a cardinal. The decision was taken perhaps on September 28, but it was not made public until the day after the arrival of Abbot Grimoald in Avignon, 31 October. Grimoald was proclaimed [[Pope Urban V]].<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1362.html ''Sede Vacante 1362''.] Retrieved: 2016-05-26.</ref>
In September 1362, after the death of [[Pope Innocent VI]], the [[College of Cardinals]] was divided (according to Froissart) into two factions, one supporting Guy of Boulogne and the other [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)|Élie de Talleyrand]] for pope.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Froissart|first1=Jean de|title=Chroniques, Tome sixieme|date=1868|publisher=De Vaux|location=Bruxelles|page=363|edition=Kervyn de Lettenhoven|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k389271/f367.image.r=Oeuvres%20de%20Froissart}}</ref> In the end a compromise candidate was elected, Abbot Guillaume Grimoald of [[Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille|S. Vincent in Marseille]], who was Legate of the Apostolic See in the Kingdom of Sicily, and was not present at the Conclave. He was not even a cardinal. The decision was taken perhaps on September 28, but it was not made public until the day after the arrival of Abbot Grimoald in Avignon, 31 October. Grimoald was proclaimed [[Pope Urban V]].<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1362.html ''Sede Vacante 1362''.] Retrieved: 2016-05-26.</ref>


Cardinal Nicolas was named Protector of the [[Order of Friars Minor]] (1366-1369), in succession to Cardinal Élie de Talleyrand de Perigord.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wadding|first=Luke|title=Annales minorum|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MYYmeZolr5sC|volume=Tomus Octavus (8)|year=1654|publisher=Typographia Ioannis Petri Collinii|location=Rome|language=Latin|page=194}} Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat II, p. 383].</ref> In 1367 he was present in Assisi for the General Chapter of the Franciscans, which opened on 6 June, at which Fr. Thomas de Farignano was elected Minister General.<ref>Wadding, p. 201.</ref>
Cardinal Nicolas was named Protector of the [[Order of Friars Minor]] (1366-1369), in succession to Cardinal Élie de Talleyrand de Périgord.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wadding|first=Luke|title=Annales minorum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYYmeZolr5sC|volume=Tomus Octavus (8)|year=1654|publisher=Typographia Ioannis Petri Collinii|location=Rome|language=Latin|page=194}} Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat II, p. 383].</ref> In 1367 he was present in Assisi for the General Chapter of the Franciscans, which opened on 6 June, at which Fr. Thomas de Farignano was elected Minister General.<ref>Wadding, p. 201.</ref>


===The visit to Rome===
===The visit to Rome===
[[Pope Urban V]] had finally agreed to demands from every direction that he should return to Rome. On 20 May 1367, he and the Papal Court set sail from Marseille for Italy. Only five cardinals did not accompany the Pope on his journey.<ref>"Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].</ref> One who did was Nicolas de Besse. On 23 May the party was at Genoa, and on 1 June they were at Pisa. The party stopped in Viterbo while Pope Urban took the body of his late friend Cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Egidio Albornoz]], who had died on 24 August, to Assisi, where he had wished to be buried in the Basilica of S. Francesco. On Saturday, October 16, 1367 there was again a Pope in Rome, and Urban remained there until 11 May 1368. On 31 October 1367 the Pope consecrated Cardinal Guillaume de Agrifolio Bishop of Sabina, and it was remarked that that was the first time since the reign of Boniface VIII (1295-1303) that a Pope had celebrated Mass at the high altar of St. Peter's.<ref>Baronio (ed. Theiner), Tomus 26, under the year 1367, § 14, p. 147.</ref> The Emperor Charles IV paid a visit to Italy in 1368,<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfons Huber|title=Regesta Imperii unter Kaiser Karl IV, 1346-1378|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Yk_AQAAMAAJ|series=Additamentum Primum ad J. Bohmer, Regesta Imperii VIII|volume=Erstes Erganzungsheft |year=1877|publisher=Wagner'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung|location=Innsbruck|language=German|page=757}}</ref> and, on All Saints Day, 1 November 1368, the Pope crowned the [[Elizabeth of Pomerania|Empress Elizabeth]] in the Vatican Basilica.<ref>Baluze (1708), p. 127.</ref> Cardinal Nicolas was likely present for all of these events.
[[Pope Urban V]] had finally agreed to demands from every direction that he should return to Rome. On 20 May 1367, he and the Papal Court set sail from Marseille for Italy. Only five cardinals did not accompany the Pope on his journey.<ref>"Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].</ref> One who did was Nicolas de Besse. On 23 May the party was at Genoa, and on 1 June they were at Pisa. The party stopped in Viterbo while Pope Urban took the body of his late friend Cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Egidio Albornoz]], who had died on 24 August, to Assisi, where he had wished to be buried in the Basilica of S. Francesco. On Saturday, October 16, 1367 there was again a Pope in Rome, and Urban remained there until 11 May 1368. On 31 October 1367 the Pope consecrated Cardinal Guillaume de Agrifolio Bishop of Sabina, and it was remarked that that was the first time since the reign of Boniface VIII (1295-1303) that a Pope had celebrated Mass at the high altar of St. Peter's.<ref>Baronio (ed. Theiner), Tomus 26, under the year 1367, § 14, p. 147.</ref> The Emperor Charles IV paid a visit to Italy in 1368,<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfons Huber|title=Regesta Imperii unter Kaiser Karl IV, 1346-1378|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Yk_AQAAMAAJ|series=Additamentum Primum ad J. Bohmer, Regesta Imperii VIII|volume=Erstes Erganzungsheft |year=1877|publisher=Wagner'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung|location=Innsbruck|language=German|page=757}}</ref> and, on All Saints Day, 1 November 1368, the Pope crowned the [[Elizabeth of Pomerania|Empress Elizabeth]] in the Vatican Basilica.<ref>Baluze (1708), p. 127.</ref> Cardinal Nicolas was likely present for all of these events.


Cardinal de Besse was in Rome along with Pope Urban in the autumn of 1360, and was assigned as one of the Cardinals who would witness the signing of the profession of faith of the Emperor [[John VI Kantakouzenos]].<ref>Baronio (ed. Theiner), ''Annales Ecclesiastici'' 26, p. 164, under the year 1369 § 3.</ref> The ceremonies took place in the Vatican Basilica in the presence of the Pope on 22 October.<ref>Chaillan, pp. 190-192. "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775, at pp. 772-773 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].</ref>
Cardinal de Besse was in Rome along with Pope Urban in the autumn of 1369, and was assigned as one of the Cardinals who would witness the signing of the profession of faith of the Emperor [[John VI Kantakouzenos]].<ref>Baronio (ed. Theiner), ''Annales Ecclesiastici'' 26, p. 164, under the year 1369 § 3.</ref> The ceremonies took place in the Vatican Basilica in the presence of the Pope on 22 October.<ref>Chaillan, pp. 190-192. "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775, at pp. 772-773 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].</ref>


===Death and burial===
===Death and burial===
It was in Rome on 5 November 1369, two weeks after the Emperor's profession, that Cardinal Nicolas de Besse died. His body was repatriated to France.
It was in Rome on 5 November 1369, two weeks after the Emperor's profession, that Cardinal Nicolas de Besse died. His body was repatriated to France.


Cardinal Nicolas de Besse was interred in the Cathedral of Limoges, in the Chapel of S. Marie-Madaleine, later called the Chapel of S. Maurice.<ref>{{cite book|author=François Arbellot (Abbé)|title=Cathédrale de Limoges: Histoire et description|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rg8tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA150|year=1883|publisher=Rene Haton|location=Paris|language=French|page=150}}</ref>
Cardinal Nicolas de Besse was interred in the Cathedral of Limoges, in the Chapel of S. Marie-Madaleine, later called the Chapel of S. Maurice.<ref>{{cite book|author=François Arbellot (Abbé)|title=Cathédrale de Limoges: Histoire et description|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg8tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA150|year=1883|publisher=Rene Haton|location=Paris|language=French|page=150}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Baluze [Baluzius]|first=Etienne [Stephanus]|title=Vitae paparum Avenionensium, hoc est, Historia pontificum romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV. usque ad annum MCCCXCIV.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wHBUAAAAQAAJ|volume=Tomus primus|year=1693|publisher=apud Franciscum Muguet|location=Paris|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baluze [Baluzius]|first=Etienne [Stephanus]|title=Vitae paparum Avenionensium, hoc est, Historia pontificum romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV. usque ad annum MCCCXCIV.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHBUAAAAQAAJ|volume=Tomus primus|year=1693|publisher=apud Franciscum Muguet|location=Paris|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baluze|first=Etienne |title=Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, Hoc est Historia Pontificum Romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV usque ad annum MCCCXCIV|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kos-AAAAcAAJ|volume=Tomus secundus|year=1693|publisher=Muguet|location=Paris|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baluze|first=Etienne |title=Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, Hoc est Historia Pontificum Romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV usque ad annum MCCCXCIV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kos-AAAAcAAJ|volume=Tomus secundus|year=1693|publisher=Muguet|location=Paris|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baronio|first=Cesare|editor=Augustinus Theiner|title=Annales ecclesiastici: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BllAAQAAMAAJ|volume=Tomus vigesimus quintus (25)|year=1872|publisher=Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin|location=Barri-Ducis|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baronio|first=Cesare|editor=Augustinus Theiner|title=Annales ecclesiastici: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BllAAQAAMAAJ|volume=Tomus vigesimus quintus (25)|year=1872|publisher=Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin|location=Barri-Ducis|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baronio|first=Cesare|editor=Augustin Theiner|title=Annales ecclesiastici: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JVlAAQAAMAAJ|volume=Tomus vigesimus sextus (26) (1356-1396)|year=1872|publisher=Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin|location=Barri-Ducis|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Baronio|first=Cesare|editor=Augustin Theiner|title=Annales ecclesiastici: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVlAAQAAMAAJ|volume=Tomus vigesimus sextus (26) (1356-1396)|year=1872|publisher=Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin|location=Barri-Ducis|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|editor=Berlier, Ursmer|title=Suppliques de Clément VI (1342-1352): textes et analyses|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FqIvAAAAYAAJ|year=1906|publisher=Champion|location=Rome-Bruges-Paris|language=French, Latin}}
*{{cite book|editor=Berlier, Ursmer|title=Suppliques de Clément VI (1342-1352): textes et analyses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqIvAAAAYAAJ|year=1906|publisher=Champion|location=Rome-Bruges-Paris|language=French, Latin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Chaillan|first1=Marius (Abbé)|title=Le Bienheureux Urbain V (1310-1370)|date=1911|publisher=Victor Lecoffre|url=https://archive.org/details/lebienheureuxurb00chai|location=Paris|pages=190–192|edition=second}}
*{{cite book|last1=Chaillan|first1=Marius (Abbé)|title=Le Bienheureux Urbain V (1310-1370)|date=1911|publisher=Victor Lecoffre|url=https://archive.org/details/lebienheureuxurb00chai|location=Paris|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lebienheureuxurb00chai/page/190 190]–192|edition=second}}
*{{cite book|author=Eubel, Konrad|title=Hierarchia catholica medii aevi: sive Summorum pontificum, S.R.E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series ab anno 1198 usque ad annum &#91;1605&#93; perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim Vaticani collecta, digesta|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KW0zAQAAMAAJ|volume=Vol. I|year=1898|publisher=sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae|location=Münster|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|author=Eubel, Konrad|title=Hierarchia catholica medii aevi: sive Summorum pontificum, S.R.E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series ab anno 1198 usque ad annum &#91;1605&#93; perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim Vaticani collecta, digesta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KW0zAQAAMAAJ|volume=I|year=1898|publisher=sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae|location=Münster|language=Latin}}
*{{cite book|editor=Berliere, Ursmer; Philippe Van Isacker|title=Lettres de Clément VI (1342-1352): Textes et analyses|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1AAhAAAAIAAJ|year=1924|publisher=Institut historique belge|language=French, Latin}}
*{{cite book|editor1=Berliere, Ursmer |editor2=Philippe Van Isacker |title=Lettres de Clément VI (1342-1352): Textes et analyses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AAhAAAAIAAJ|year=1924|publisher=Institut historique belge|language=French, Latin}}
*{{cite book|last=Pélissier|first=Antoine|title=Innocent VI: le Réformateur; deuxième pape limousin (1352-1362)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uUQsAAAAIAAJ|year=1961|publisher=F. Layotte|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last=Pélissier|first=Antoine|title=Innocent VI: le Réformateur; deuxième pape limousin (1352-1362)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUQsAAAAIAAJ|year=1961|publisher=F. Layotte|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last=Guillemain|first=Bernard|title=La cour pontificale d'Avignon: (1309-1376)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iqdmAAAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=E. De Boccard|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last=Guillemain|first=Bernard|title=La cour pontificale d'Avignon: (1309-1376)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqdmAAAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=E. De Boccard|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last=Renouard|first=Yves|title=The Avignon papacy, 1305-1403|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UNQNAQAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Archon Books|location=Hamden CT USA|isbn=978-0-208-01156-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Renouard|first=Yves|title=The Avignon papacy, 1305-1403|url=https://archive.org/details/avignonpapacy1300000reno|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Archon Books|location=Hamden CT USA|isbn=978-0-208-01156-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Diana|title=Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7ZgRYuVQEtEC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-521-89411-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Diana|title=Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZgRYuVQEtEC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-521-89411-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rollo-Koster|first=Joëlle|title=Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aGBoCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=New York-London|isbn=978-1-4422-1534-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Rollo-Koster|author-link=Joëlle Rollo-Koster|first=Joëlle|title=Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGBoCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=New York-London|isbn=978-1-4422-1534-4}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Besse, Nicolas de}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Besse, Nicolas de}}
[[Category:14th-century Christian clergy]]
[[Category:14th-century French cardinals]]
[[Category:14th-century cardinals]]
[[Category:Bishops of Limoges]]
[[Category:Bishops of Limoges]]
[[Category:Avignon Papacy]]
[[Category:Avignon Papacy]]
[[Category:14th-century French people]]
[[Category:People from Limousin]]
[[Category:People from Limousin]]
[[Category:French cardinals]]
[[Category:14th-century births]]
[[Category:1322 births]]
[[Category:1322 births]]
[[Category:1369 deaths]]
[[Category:1369 deaths]]

Latest revision as of 23:50, 23 June 2023

Cardinal

Nicolas de Besse
Cardinal-Deacon
ChurchSanta Maria in Via Lata (1344-1369)
DioceseLimoges (1343-1344)
Orders
Consecrationnever consecrated
Created cardinal19 May 1344
by Pope Clement VI
Personal details
Born1322
Diocese of Limoges
Died5 November 1369
Rome, IT
BuriedCathedral of Limoges
NationalityLimousin
ParentsJacques de Besse
Almodie (Delphine) Roger
Occupationcleric
Stemma of Cardinal Nicolas de Besse

Nicolas de Besse was born in the diocese of Limoges, in 1322.[1] He was a French bishop and Cardinal. He was the son of Jacques de Besse, Seigneur de Bellefaye and Almodie (Delphine) Roger, sister of Pope Clement VI.[2] He had a brother Pierre de Besse, who became Seigneur de Bellefaye and who married Margueritte de Thiers.[3] Nicolas de Besse died in Rome on 5 November 1369.

Biography

[edit]

In his youth he was sent by his uncle, who was Archbishop of Rouen at the time, to study in Paris, and later in Orleans.[4] The Pope himself later recalled, "We began to bring him up, and we made him come to Paris and there we made him study. Later he studied in Orleans where he was still reading when we summoned him to the Curia."[5]

Early preferment

[edit]

He was a Canon of the Church of Paris by 1343.[6] He was Archdeacon of Ponthieu in the diocese of Amiens,[7] though only ordained in minor orders. He was also Chaplain and dining companion (commensualis) of his uncle, Pope Clement, in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon.[8]

In 1343 Nicolas was also named Archdeacon of Condroz.[9] He is also mentioned, in 1351, as being Archdeacon of Cologne.[10] On 27 August 1343 his election to the Bishopric of Limoges was confirmed by Pope Clement VI. He was only twenty-one.[11] He was never consecrated bishop.[12] His successor was confirmed on 28 February 1344.[13]

As Bishop of Limoges, Nicolas was present at the Papal Court in Avignon on 16 January 1344 when Louis IV the Bavarian swore fealty to Pope Clement VI.[14]

Cardinal of Limoges

[edit]

In his second Consistory for the creation of cardinals, held on 19 May 1344, Pope Clement VI created two cardinals, Pierre Bertrand de Colombier and Nicolas de Besse. In his speech (collatio) after the discussion and decision, Pope Clement remarked, "But what will you say about this Bishop of Limoges [Nicholas]? Truly we say what we said yesterday morning when we entered the Consistory, that we had thought so much about his promotion, and that we thought that the thing should not be. But on the petition of the whole College of Cardinals, with no dissenting vote, it seemed best to elevate him. There were cardinals who had said that they would not consent to the Bishop of Arras if we did not elevate this Nicholas. And therefore we have elevated him."[15] Cardinal Nicolas was assigned the Deaconry of Santa Maria in Via Lata. He was, however, habitually called Lemoviciensis, the Cardinal of Limoges.[16] On 2 December 1344, the new Cardinal was present at a Consistory at which the Pope issued a bull in favor of the Abbey of Jumièges. Fourteen cardinals subscribed, including Cardinal de Besse. The original document survives, as does his autograph signature.[17]

Conclave of 1352

[edit]

Pope Clement died in Avignon on 6 December 1352. The Conclave to elect his successor opened on Sunday, 16 December 1352 in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon, with twenty-six cardinals in attendance, including Cardinal Nicolas de Besse. At mid-morning on 18 December they elected Cardinal Étienne Aubert,[18] who took the name Innocent VI. He was crowned on 30 December 1352.[19] Some months after the Conclave, in 1353, the body of the late pope was transferred to his monastery at La Chaise-Dieu (Casa Dei), where he lies in the center of the Choir of the church. He was accompanied in his last journey by five of his nephews, Cardinals Hugues Roger, Guillaume de la Jugié, Nicolas de Besse, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, and Guillaume d' Aigrefeuille.[20]

In 1362, Cardinal Nicolas de Besse joined Cardinals Guy of Boulogne and Pierre de Belfort in an effort to arrange a settlement in a dispute between the Count of Armagnac and the Vicomte of Turenne concerning the Baronies of Pertuis, Meyrargues, Sederon, and Les Pennes. It was claimed that they were illegally occupied by the Vicomte, who claimed that he had been given them by King Louis and Queen Jeanne of Naples, the Count and Countess of Provence. The three cardinals were chosen because they were "parents et amis des deux parties." A financial settlement was arranged, but it did nothing to stop the violence and acquisitive spirit of the Vicomte.[21]

Conclave of 1362

[edit]

In September 1362, after the death of Pope Innocent VI, the College of Cardinals was divided (according to Froissart) into two factions, one supporting Guy of Boulogne and the other Élie de Talleyrand for pope.[22] In the end a compromise candidate was elected, Abbot Guillaume Grimoald of S. Vincent in Marseille, who was Legate of the Apostolic See in the Kingdom of Sicily, and was not present at the Conclave. He was not even a cardinal. The decision was taken perhaps on September 28, but it was not made public until the day after the arrival of Abbot Grimoald in Avignon, 31 October. Grimoald was proclaimed Pope Urban V.[23]

Cardinal Nicolas was named Protector of the Order of Friars Minor (1366-1369), in succession to Cardinal Élie de Talleyrand de Périgord.[24] In 1367 he was present in Assisi for the General Chapter of the Franciscans, which opened on 6 June, at which Fr. Thomas de Farignano was elected Minister General.[25]

The visit to Rome

[edit]

Pope Urban V had finally agreed to demands from every direction that he should return to Rome. On 20 May 1367, he and the Papal Court set sail from Marseille for Italy. Only five cardinals did not accompany the Pope on his journey.[26] One who did was Nicolas de Besse. On 23 May the party was at Genoa, and on 1 June they were at Pisa. The party stopped in Viterbo while Pope Urban took the body of his late friend Cardinal Egidio Albornoz, who had died on 24 August, to Assisi, where he had wished to be buried in the Basilica of S. Francesco. On Saturday, October 16, 1367 there was again a Pope in Rome, and Urban remained there until 11 May 1368. On 31 October 1367 the Pope consecrated Cardinal Guillaume de Agrifolio Bishop of Sabina, and it was remarked that that was the first time since the reign of Boniface VIII (1295-1303) that a Pope had celebrated Mass at the high altar of St. Peter's.[27] The Emperor Charles IV paid a visit to Italy in 1368,[28] and, on All Saints Day, 1 November 1368, the Pope crowned the Empress Elizabeth in the Vatican Basilica.[29] Cardinal Nicolas was likely present for all of these events.

Cardinal de Besse was in Rome along with Pope Urban in the autumn of 1369, and was assigned as one of the Cardinals who would witness the signing of the profession of faith of the Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos.[30] The ceremonies took place in the Vatican Basilica in the presence of the Pope on 22 October.[31]

Death and burial

[edit]

It was in Rome on 5 November 1369, two weeks after the Emperor's profession, that Cardinal Nicolas de Besse died. His body was repatriated to France.

Cardinal Nicolas de Besse was interred in the Cathedral of Limoges, in the Chapel of S. Marie-Madaleine, later called the Chapel of S. Maurice.[32]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Auguste Du Boys; François Arbellot (1854). Biographie des hommes illustres de l'ancienne province du Limousin. p. 65.
  2. ^ Étienne Baluze (1708). Histoire généalogique de la maison d' Auvergne: justifiée par chartres, titres, histoires anciennes et autres preuves authentiques (in French). Paris: Antoine Dezallier. pp. 315–316.
  3. ^ Abel Poitrineau (1970). Le mémoire sur l'état de la Généralité de Riom en 1697 (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. p. 97. ISBN 978-2-87741-006-9.
  4. ^ Joseph Nadaud (1974). Nobiliaire du diocèse et de la généralité de Limoges (in French). Paris: Éditions du Palais royal. p. 571. ISBN 978-2-7777-0059-8. Archbishop Pierre Roger (Clement VI) had studied at the Sorbonne.
  5. ^ Quoted in Baluze I (1693), p. 874 [ed. Mollat, II, p. 382]. Incepimus eum nutrire, et fecimus eum venire Parisius, et ibi fecimus eum studere. Postea studuit in Aurelianis, ubi modo legebat quando fecimus ipsum venire ad Curiam. The notion that he was a professor of law at Orleans, based on the phrase ubi modo legebat, is absurd. Guillaume Mollat points out, p. 382 n. 3, that Nicolas was only bachelor of laws.
  6. ^ François Du Chesne (1660). Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux François De Naissance: Ou Qui Ont Esté Promeus Au Cardinalat Par L'Expresse Recommandation De Nos Roys. Vol. Tome I. Paris. p. 517. Berliere (1906), p. 108, no. 486).
  7. ^ F. I. Darsy (1869). Benefices de l'Eglise d'Amiens. Mémoires. Documents inédits concernant la province (de Picardie), Tome 7 (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Amiens: E. Caillaux. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  8. ^ Eubel, p. 301.
  9. ^ Christine Renardy (1981). Les maîtres universitaires du diocèse de Liège: répertoire biographique, 1140-1350 (in French). Paris: Librairie Droz. p. 222. ISBN 978-2-251-66232-9.
  10. ^ Berlière, p. 586, n. 1.
  11. ^ Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique du Limousin. Limoges: A.Bontemps. 2003. p. 125.
  12. ^ Denis de Sainte-Marthe (OSB) (1720). Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. p. 532.
  13. ^ Eubel, p. 301. The statement sometimes made that he resigned when he became a cardinal is not exactly correct.
  14. ^ Etienne Baluze (1679). Stephani Baluzii Miscellaneorum, hoc est, Collectio veterum monumentorum quae hactenus latuerant in variis codicibus ac bibliothecis (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Paris: excudebat Franciscus Muguet. p. 273.
  15. ^ Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat, II, p. 382].
  16. ^ Eubel, p. 18.
  17. ^ Prinet, Max (1928). "Quelques seigns manuels de Cardinaux". Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 89: 175–182, at p. 178. JSTOR 43009011.
  18. ^ Zacour, Norman P. (1957). "A Note on the Papal Election of 1352: The Candidacy of Jean Birel". Traditio. 13: 456–462. JSTOR 27830358.
  19. ^ J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1352. Retrieved: 2016-05-28.
  20. ^ Eugène Déprez, "Les funerailles de Clement VI, et d' Innocent VI, d' après les comptes de la cour pontificale," Mélanges d' archéologie et d' histoire publiés par l'École Française de Rome 20 (1900), pp. 235-250.
  21. ^ Nostredame, César de (1614). L'Histoire et chronique de Provence de Caesar de Nostradamus,... (in French). Lyon: S. Rigaud. p. 412. Baluze (1693), I, p. 874.
  22. ^ Froissart, Jean de (1868). Chroniques, Tome sixieme (Kervyn de Lettenhoven ed.). Bruxelles: De Vaux. p. 363.
  23. ^ J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1362. Retrieved: 2016-05-26.
  24. ^ Wadding, Luke (1654). Annales minorum (in Latin). Vol. Tomus Octavus (8). Rome: Typographia Ioannis Petri Collinii. p. 194. Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [ed. Mollat II, p. 383].
  25. ^ Wadding, p. 201.
  26. ^ "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].
  27. ^ Baronio (ed. Theiner), Tomus 26, under the year 1367, § 14, p. 147.
  28. ^ Alfons Huber (1877). Regesta Imperii unter Kaiser Karl IV, 1346-1378. Additamentum Primum ad J. Bohmer, Regesta Imperii VIII (in German). Vol. Erstes Erganzungsheft. Innsbruck: Wagner'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung. p. 757.
  29. ^ Baluze (1708), p. 127.
  30. ^ Baronio (ed. Theiner), Annales Ecclesiastici 26, p. 164, under the year 1369 § 3.
  31. ^ Chaillan, pp. 190-192. "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775, at pp. 772-773 [ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].
  32. ^ François Arbellot (Abbé) (1883). Cathédrale de Limoges: Histoire et description (in French). Paris: Rene Haton. p. 150.

Bibliography

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