Outer bailey: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Outer defense of a castle}} |
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[[Image:Árva - Castle.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Orava Castle]] ([[Slovakia]]) with a large outer bailey.]] |
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[[File:Hrad Veveří - letecký pohled 05 upraveny.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Veveří Castle]] in the [[Czech Republic]] with its outer bailey.]] |
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An '''outer bailey''' or '''outer ward''' is the defended outer enclosure of a [[castle]].<ref name=SF>Friar, Stephen (2003). ''The Sutton Companion to Castles'', Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003, p. 22. {{ISBN|978-0-7509-3994-2}}</ref> It protects the [[inner bailey]] and usually contains those ancillary buildings used for the management of the castle or the supply of its occupants. These domestic buildings could include [[workshops]], [[livestock]] stalls and [[stables]]; storage facilities such as [[barn]]s, [[shed]]s and [[granaries]], as well as quarters for [[servant]]s such as [[maids]], [[farm worker]]s, and even the castle governors or [[castellan]]s. In many cases there was also a [[brewery]], a [[bakehouse]] and a [[kitchen]], if the latter was not located in the hall or ''[[palas]]''.<ref name="caboga33" /> An outer bailey was often called a '''base court''' in England. Depending on topography it could also be referred to as a '''lower bailey''' or '''lower ward''', the keep being in the [[upper bailey]] or ward. [[Chepstow Castle]] has lower, middle and upper baileys.<ref name=SF/> |
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The domestic buildings of the continental ''[[schloss]]'', often a stately home or palace, may also be referred to as an outer ward (German: ''Vorburg''). These frequently contained a [[carriage house]] or a [[cavalier house]], buildings that were not common in medieval castles. Large castles often have more than one bailey; examples include [[Monschau Castle|Monschau]] and [[Bürresheim Castle|Bürresheim]]. At some larger castles, markets were held in the outer bailey (c.f. ''[[suburbium]]''). |
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The term '''bailey''' describes that part of a [[castle]], in which buildings are to serve the management of the system or for the supply of the castle inhabitants are necessary. These include farm buildings next to [[workshops]], [[stables]] and storage rooms such as [[barns]] and [[scales]], but also [[servant]]s' houses as [[accommodation]] for staff such as [[maids]], servants and castle- or [[vassal]]s. In many cases there are also a brewery, a bakery and a kitchen, if the kitchen is not close to the palace. <ref name="caboga33" /> Baileys are often called farmyard. |
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For the economy buildings of castles the name bailey is also common, and these are often a [[depot]] or guest accommodations such as squire houses, thus buildings which were not common on medieval castles. Large plants often have more than one bailey, as for example in the castle Monschau and the Bürresheim Castle. For larger castles markets were also held (cf. within the bailey suburbium). |
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In lowland |
In [[lowland castle]]s, the outer bailey is usually arranged in a half-moon shape around the main castle. In the case of [[hill castle]]s, the topographic features of the terrain had to be taken account of, with the result that the outer bailey was usually slightly lower than the inner ward, hence the alternative names of "lower bailey" or "lower ward". [[Rudelsburg Castle]] in [[Saxony-Anhalt]] is one of the rare cases of a hill castle where both baileys are at the same level. |
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In many cases the main entrance to the living |
In many cases the main entrance to the inner living quarters led through the outer bailey, which thus formed a kind of defensive buffer and often also served as refuge for the villagers who lived outside the castle walls. This explains why the [[castle chapel]] was often found in the bailey: it served as the parish church for the [[commoner]]s. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Bailey (castle)]] |
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* [[Inner bailey]] |
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* [[Motte and bailey]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references> |
<references> |
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<ref name="caboga33">Herbert de Caboga-Stuber: ''Kleine Burgenkunde''. Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1961. Rheinland-Verlag, |
<ref name="caboga33">Herbert de Caboga-Stuber: ''Kleine Burgenkunde''. Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1961. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne, [1993], {{Listed Invalid ISBN|3-7972-0496-X}}, p. 33.</ref> |
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</references> |
</references> |
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== Literature == |
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{{Fortifications}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey (castle)}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey (castle)}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Castle architecture]] |
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[[Category:Feudalism]] |
[[Category:Feudalism]] |
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[[Category:Fortification by type]] |
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[[Category:Medieval defences]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:21, 29 June 2023
An outer bailey or outer ward is the defended outer enclosure of a castle.[1] It protects the inner bailey and usually contains those ancillary buildings used for the management of the castle or the supply of its occupants. These domestic buildings could include workshops, livestock stalls and stables; storage facilities such as barns, sheds and granaries, as well as quarters for servants such as maids, farm workers, and even the castle governors or castellans. In many cases there was also a brewery, a bakehouse and a kitchen, if the latter was not located in the hall or palas.[2] An outer bailey was often called a base court in England. Depending on topography it could also be referred to as a lower bailey or lower ward, the keep being in the upper bailey or ward. Chepstow Castle has lower, middle and upper baileys.[1]
The domestic buildings of the continental schloss, often a stately home or palace, may also be referred to as an outer ward (German: Vorburg). These frequently contained a carriage house or a cavalier house, buildings that were not common in medieval castles. Large castles often have more than one bailey; examples include Monschau and Bürresheim. At some larger castles, markets were held in the outer bailey (c.f. suburbium).
Outer baileys were usually enclosed and protected by a ring wall and separated from the actual living area of the castle – the inner ward and keep – by a moat, a wall and a gate.
In lowland castles, the outer bailey is usually arranged in a half-moon shape around the main castle. In the case of hill castles, the topographic features of the terrain had to be taken account of, with the result that the outer bailey was usually slightly lower than the inner ward, hence the alternative names of "lower bailey" or "lower ward". Rudelsburg Castle in Saxony-Anhalt is one of the rare cases of a hill castle where both baileys are at the same level.
In many cases the main entrance to the inner living quarters led through the outer bailey, which thus formed a kind of defensive buffer and often also served as refuge for the villagers who lived outside the castle walls. This explains why the castle chapel was often found in the bailey: it served as the parish church for the commoners.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Friar, Stephen (2003). The Sutton Companion to Castles, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003, p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7509-3994-2
- ^ Herbert de Caboga-Stuber: Kleine Burgenkunde. Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1961. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne, [1993], ISBN 3-7972-0496-X, p. 33.
Literature
[edit]- Horst Wolfgang Böhme, Reinhard Friedrich, Barbara Schock-Werner (ed.): Dictionary of castles, palaces and fortresses. Reclam, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-15-010547-1, page 255-256.
- Friedrich-Wilhelm Krahe: Castles and tower houses of the German Middle Ages. Volume 1 Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-7995-0104-5, page 53-55.
- Otto Piper: Burgenkunde. Reprint of the edition of 1912. Weltbild, Augsburg 1994, ISBN 3-89350-554-7, pp. 10–11.
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