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The mashak (also known as mushak baja, masak, mishek, meshek, moshug, moshaq, moshuq, mashak bin, bin baji) is a type of bagpipe found in Northern India, Uttarakhand, Sudurpaschim Province (especially Baitadi and Darchula district) of Nepal and parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.^[1]^[2] The pipe was associated with weddings and festive occasions.^[3] In India it is historically found in Kumaon and Garhwal in Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.^[4] This bagpipe uses single reeds,^[5] and can be played either as a drone or as a melody instrument.^[6]

Etymology

The etymology of the term mashak stems from its common use in India, referring to a skin bag used for carrying water. This skin bag shares a similar function to the air bag of the bag pipes.^[7]

Relation with the Scottish Highland pipes

Some academics dispute any indigenous origins of the mashak; researcher Ander Burton Alter wrote in 2000 that the pipes today played in Kumaon are Scottish Highland bagpipes with one bass and two tenor drones, with no local manufacturer or evidence of existence prior to British rule in 1814.^[8] Organologist Anthony Baines, however, described an intermediary development stage wherein Indian musicians imitated the Highland pipe by tying "an extra pipe or two" into their mashak.^[9] Similarly, the New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (1984) describes the traditional mashak as becoming rare as it is displaced by the Scottish pipes.^[10]

Bagpipes in Uttarakhand

The bagpipe is an essential part of music and culture of Garhwal and Kumaon. ^[11]^[12]

Cultural significance

In the central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in Northern India the masak baja or masakbeen is an important part of rural wedding ceremonies. The masak baja is played to process with the groom's on their way to and from the bride's village.^[13] The masak is accompanied by two pipers and drummers. The masak and its accompanying instruments send a clear message across the audible area that a wedding is taking place. The masakbeen is also used in Choliya or Chaliya dance of Kumaon and Sudurpaschim province of Nepal.

Discography

Various Artists – Footprints In The Desert... track Rajasthan's Bagpipe (Mashak). De Kulture
Various – Music From The Shrines Of Ajmer and Mundra track Populat Naubat Shahna'i. Topic Records (UK), 1995

References

^ Day, CR (13 February 1894). "Notes on Indian Music". Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. Twentieth Session, 1893–94. London: Novello, Ewer, & Co. pp. 64–.
^ Alter, Andrew (1 October 1997). "Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition". Asian Music. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/834409. JSTOR 834409.
^ Himal Associates (1993). Himāl. Himal Associates. p. 24. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ Andrew Alter. Garhwali & Kumaoni Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition. Asian Music, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Autumn, 1997 - Winter, 1998), pp. 1-16. Published by: University of Texas Press, link at JSTOR.
^ Geneviève Dournon (May 2000). Handbook for the collection of traditional music and musical instruments. Unesco. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-3-103304-9. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ Sibyl Marcuse (April 1975). A survey of musical instruments. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012776-3. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
^ Alter, Andrew (1 October 1997). "Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition". Asian Music. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/834409. JSTOR 834409.
^ Alter, Andrew Burton. 2000. Dancing the Gods: Power and Meaning in the Music of Garhwal, North India. Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
^ Anthony Baines (1979). Bagpipes. Pitt Rivers Museum. p. 56. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ Stanley Sadie (1984). The New Grove dictionary of musical instruments. Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-943818-05-4. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ Chari, Mridula. "A reminder for the Scots: India has a thriving bagpipe tradition too". Scroll.in. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^ Fiol, Stefan (11 September 2017). Recasting Folk in the Himalayas: Indian Music, Media, and Social Mobility. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09978-6.
^ Alter, Andrew (1 October 1997). "Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition". Asian Music. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/834409. JSTOR 834409.

[AssociationBritain)1894-1] Day, CR (13 February 1894). "Notes on Indian Music". Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. Twentieth Session, 1893–94. London: Novello, Ewer, & Co. pp. 64–.

[2] Alter, Andrew (1 October 1997). "Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition". Asian Music. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/834409. JSTOR 834409.

[Associates1993-3] Himal Associates (1993). Himāl. Himal Associates. p. 24. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

[4] Andrew Alter. Garhwali & Kumaoni Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition. Asian Music, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Autumn, 1997 - Winter, 1998), pp. 1-16. Published by: University of Texas Press, link at JSTOR.

[Dournon2000-5] Geneviève Dournon (May 2000). Handbook for the collection of traditional music and musical instruments. Unesco. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-3-103304-9. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

[Marcuse1975-6] Sibyl Marcuse (April 1975). A survey of musical instruments. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012776-3. Retrieved 24 April 2011.

[7] Alter, Andrew (1 October 1997). "Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition". Asian Music. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/834409. JSTOR 834409.

[8] Alter, Andrew Burton. 2000. Dancing the Gods: Power and Meaning in the Music of Garhwal, North India. Monash University, Victoria, Australia.

[Baines1979-9] Anthony Baines (1979). Bagpipes. Pitt Rivers Museum. p. 56. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

[Sadie1984-10] Stanley Sadie (1984). The New Grove dictionary of musical instruments. Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-943818-05-4. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

[11] Chari, Mridula. "A reminder for the Scots: India has a thriving bagpipe tradition too". Scroll.in. Retrieved 8 August 2022.

[12] Fiol, Stefan (11 September 2017). Recasting Folk in the Himalayas: Indian Music, Media, and Social Mobility. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09978-6.

[13] Alter, Andrew (1 October 1997). "Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition". Asian Music. 29 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/834409. JSTOR 834409.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{for|places in Iran|Mashak, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Mashak, Iran}}
+{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
-The '''mashak''' (also known as ''mushak baja'', '''masak''', '''mishek''', '''meshek''', '''moshug''', '''moshaq''', '''moshuq''', '''mashak bin''', '''bin baji''') is a type of bagpipe found in Northern India and parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="AssociationBritain)1894">{{cite book|author1=Royal Musical Association|author2=Musical Association (Great Britain)|author3=International Musical Society|coauthors=JSTOR (Organization), Taylor & Francis|title=Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-8w5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA64|accessdate=16 May 2011|year=1894|publisher=Royal Musical Association|pages=64–}}</ref> The pipe was associated with weddings and festive occasions.<ref name="Associates1993">{{cite book|author=Himal Associates|title=Himāl|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xcEWAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1993|publisher=Himal Associates|page=24}}</ref> In India it is historically found in [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>Andrew Alter. ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/834409 Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition]''. Asian Music, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Autumn, 1997 - Winter, 1998), pp. 1-16.
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
-Published by: University of Texas Press, link at JSTOR.</ref> This bagpipe uses [[single reed]]s,<ref name="Dournon2000">{{cite book|author=Geneviève Dournon|title=Handbook for the collection of traditional music and musical instruments|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kGgIAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|date=May 2000|publisher=Unesco|isbn=978-92-3-103304-9|page=23}}</ref> and can be played either as a drone or as a melody instrument.<ref name="Marcuse1975">{{cite book|author=Sibyl Marcuse|title=A survey of musical instruments|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-18IAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 April 2011|date=April 1975|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0-06-012776-3}}</ref>
+The '''mashak''' (also known as '''{{transl|gbm|mushak baja}}''', '''{{transl|gbm|masak}}''', '''{{transl|gbm|mishek}}''', '''''{{transl|gbm|meshek}}''''', '''''{{transl|gbm|moshug}}''''', '''''{{transl|gbm|moshaq}}''''', '''''{{transl|gbm|moshuq}}''''', '''''{{transl|gbm|mashak bin}}''', '''{{transl|gbm|bin baji}}''')'' is a type of [[bagpipe]] found in Northern India, [[Uttarakhand]], Sudurpaschim Province (especially Baitadi and Darchula district) of Nepal and parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="AssociationBritain)1894">{{cite conference |last=Day |first=CR |title=Notes on Indian Music |book-title=Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8w5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA64 |conference=Twentieth Session, 1893–94 |date=13 February 1894 |publisher=Novello, Ewer, & Co |location=London |pages=64–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition|jstor = 834409|journal = Asian Music|date = 1997-10-01|pages = 1–16|volume = 29|issue = 1|doi = 10.2307/834409|first = Andrew|last = Alter}}</ref> The pipe was associated with weddings and festive occasions.<ref name="Associates1993">{{cite book|author=Himal Associates|title=Himāl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcEWAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1993|publisher=Himal Associates|page=24}}</ref> In India it is historically found in [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>Andrew Alter. ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/834409 Garhwali & Kumaoni Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition]''. Asian Music, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Autumn, 1997 - Winter, 1998), pp. 1-16.
+Published by: University of Texas Press, link at JSTOR.</ref> This bagpipe uses [[single reed]]s,<ref name="Dournon2000">{{cite book|author=Geneviève Dournon|title=Handbook for the collection of traditional music and musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGgIAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|date=May 2000|publisher=Unesco|isbn=978-92-3-103304-9|page=23}}</ref> and can be played either as a [[Drone (music)|drone]] or as a [[melody]] instrument.<ref name="Marcuse1975">{{cite book|author=Sibyl Marcuse|title=A survey of musical instruments|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofmusicali00marc|url-access=registration|accessdate=24 April 2011|date=April 1975|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=978-0-06-012776-3}}</ref>
+==Etymology==
-Colonel [[James Tod]] (1782–1835 CE) notes in reference to the ''mashak'' that the Raja of [[Jind]] had a bagpipe band, with the players wearing kilts and pink legging in imitation of [[Great Highland Bagpipes|Scottish Highland pipers]].<ref name="Tod1920">{{cite book|author=James Tod|title=Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan: or The central and western Rajput states of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4CRuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA755|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1920|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|pages=755–}}</ref>
+The etymology of the term ''mashak'' stems from its common use in India, referring to a skin bag used for carrying water. This skin bag shares a similar function to the air bag of the bag pipes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition|jstor = 834409|journal = Asian Music|date = 1997-10-01|pages = 1–16|volume = 29|issue = 1|doi = 10.2307/834409|first = Andrew|last = Alter}}</ref>
 ==Relation with the Scottish Highland pipes==
 <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Cholia-dance.jpg|thumb|300px| A [[Kumauni people|Kumaoni]] bagpiper playing the ''masak-been'' as [[Chholiya|Chholiya Sword Dancers]] dance. ]] -->
-Some academics dispute any indigenous origins of the mashak; researcher [[Ander Burton Alter]] wrote in 2000 that the pipes today played in Garwhal are Scottish Highland bagpipes with one bass and two tenor drones, with no local manufacturer or evidence of existence prior to British rule in 1814.<ref>Alter, Andrew Burton. 2000. ''Dancing the Gods: Power and Meaning in the Music of Garhwal, North India''. Monash University, Victoria, Australia.</ref>  Organologist [[Anthony Baines]], however, described an intermediary development stage wherein Indian musicians imitated the Highland pipe by tying "an extra pipe or two" into their mashak.<ref name="Baines1979">{{cite book|author=Anthony Baines|title=Bagpipes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a6MIAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1979|publisher=Pitt Rivers Museum|page=56}}</ref> Similarly, the New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (1984) describes the traditional mashak as becoming rare as it is displaced by the Scottish pipes.<ref name="Sadie1984">{{cite book|author=Stanley Sadie|title=The New Grove dictionary of musical instruments|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BGoYAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1984|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-943818-05-4}}</ref>
+Some academics dispute any indigenous origins of the mashak; researcher [[Ander Burton Alter]] wrote in 2000 that the pipes today played in Kumaon are Scottish Highland bagpipes with one bass and two tenor drones, with no local manufacturer or evidence of existence prior to British rule in 1814.<ref>Alter, Andrew Burton. 2000. ''Dancing the Gods: Power and Meaning in the Music of Garhwal, North India''. Monash University, Victoria, Australia.</ref>  Organologist [[Anthony Baines]], however, described an intermediary development stage wherein Indian musicians imitated the Highland pipe by tying "an extra pipe or two" into their mashak.<ref name="Baines1979">{{cite book|author=Anthony Baines|title=Bagpipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6MIAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1979|publisher=Pitt Rivers Museum|page=56}}</ref> Similarly, the ''New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments'' (1984) describes the traditional mashak as becoming rare as it is displaced by the Scottish pipes.<ref name="Sadie1984">{{cite book|author=Stanley Sadie|title=The New Grove dictionary of musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGoYAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1984|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-943818-05-4}}</ref>
+== Bagpipes in Uttarakhand ==
+The bagpipe is an essential part of music and culture of Garhwal and Kumaon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chari |first=Mridula |title=A reminder for the Scots: India has a thriving bagpipe tradition too |url=http://scroll.in/article/665319/a-reminder-for-the-scots-india-has-a-thriving-bagpipe-tradition-too |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fiol |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=garhwali+mashakbaja&pg=PT28 |title=Recasting Folk in the Himalayas: Indian Music, Media, and Social Mobility |date=2017-09-11 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09978-6 |language=en}}</ref>
+=== Cultural significance ===
+In the central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in [[North India|Northern India]] the masak baja or masakbeen  is an important part of rural wedding ceremonies. The masak baja is played to process with the groom's on their way to and from the bride's village.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Garhwali Bagpipes: Syncretic Processes in a North Indian Regional Musical Tradition|jstor = 834409|journal = Asian Music|date = 1997-10-01|pages = 1–16|volume = 29|issue = 1|doi = 10.2307/834409|first = Andrew|last = Alter}}</ref> The masak is accompanied by two pipers and drummers. The masak and its accompanying instruments send a clear message across the audible area that a wedding is taking place.
+The masakbeen is also used in Choliya or Chaliya dance of Kumaon and Sudurpaschim province of Nepal.
 ==Discography==
-*Various Artists – ''[http://www.dekulture.com/proddetail.aspx?id=19 Footprints In The Desert...] '' track ''Rajasthan's Bagpipe (Mashak)''. De Kulture
+*Various Artists – ''[http://www.dekulture.com/10-63-album-footprints-in-the-desert.php Footprints In The Desert...] ''track ''Rajasthan's Bagpipe (Mashak)''. De Kulture
 *Various – ''[http://www.discogs.com/Various-MUSIC-FROM-THE-SHRINES-OF-AJMER-AND-MUNDRA/release/1853917 Music From The Shrines Of Ajmer and Mundra]'' track ''Populat Naubat Shahna'i''. Topic Records (UK), 1995
 ==See also==
-{{Portal|Indian classical music}}
+{{Portal|India|Music}}
 *[[Titti (bagpipe)]], a Telugu bagpipe of Andhra Pradesh
 *[[Sruti upanga]], a drone bagpipe of Tamil Nadu
@@ Line 20: / Line 30: @@
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}
 [[Category:Bagpipes]]
 [[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
+[[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand]]
+[[Category:Folk music instruments]]
 [[Category:Rajasthani music]]