Base change theorems: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Relate the direct image and the pull-back of sheaves}} |
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In mathematics, the '''base change theorems''' relate the [[Direct image functor|direct image]] and the [[ |
In mathematics, the '''base change theorems''' relate the [[Direct image functor|direct image]] and the [[Inverse image functor|inverse image]] of [[sheaf (mathematics)|sheaves]]. More precisely, they are about the base change map, given by the following [[natural transformation]] of sheaves: |
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:<math>g^*(R^r f_* \mathcal{F}) \to R^r f'_*(g'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
:<math>g^*(R^r f_* \mathcal{F}) \to R^r f'_*(g'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
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where |
where |
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:<math>\begin{array}{rcl} X' & \stackrel{g'}\to & X \\ |
:<math>\begin{array}{rcl} X' & \stackrel{g'}\to & X \\ |
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f' \downarrow & & \downarrow f \\ |
f' \downarrow & & \downarrow f \\ |
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S' & \stackrel g \to & S |
S' & \stackrel g \to & S \end{array}</math> |
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is a [[Cartesian square (category theory)|Cartesian square]] of topological spaces and <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is a sheaf on ''X''. |
is a [[Cartesian square (category theory)|Cartesian square]] of topological spaces and <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is a sheaf on ''X''. |
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Such theorems exist in different branches of geometry: for (essentially arbitrary) topological spaces and proper maps ''f'', in [[algebraic geometry]] for (quasi-)coherent sheaves and ''f'' proper or ''g'' flat, similarly in [[analytic geometry]], but also for [[étale sheaf|étale sheaves]] for ''f'' proper or ''g'' smooth. |
Such theorems exist in different branches of geometry: for (essentially arbitrary) topological spaces and proper maps ''f'', in [[algebraic geometry]] for (quasi-)coherent sheaves and ''f'' proper or ''g'' flat, similarly in [[analytic geometry]], but also for [[étale sheaf|étale sheaves]] for ''f'' proper or ''g'' smooth. |
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== Introduction == |
== Introduction == |
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A simple base change phenomenon arises in [[commutative algebra]] when ''A'' is a [[commutative ring]] and ''B'' and ''A' ''are two ''A''-algebras. Let <math>B' = B \otimes_A A'</math>. In this situation, given a ''B''-module ''M'', there is an isomorphism (of ''A' ''-modules): |
A simple base change phenomenon arises in [[commutative algebra]] when ''A'' is a [[commutative ring]] and ''B'' and ''A' ''are two ''A''-algebras. Let <math>B' = B \otimes_A A'</math>. In this situation, given a ''B''-module ''M'', there is an isomorphism (of ''A' ''-modules): |
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:<math>(M \otimes_B B')_{A'} \cong (M_A) \otimes_A A'.</math> |
:<math>(M \otimes_B B')_{A'} \cong (M_A) \otimes_A A'.</math> |
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Here the subscript indicates the forgetful functor, i.e., <math>M_A</math> is ''M'', but regarded as an ''A''-module. |
Here the subscript indicates the forgetful functor, i.e., <math>M_A</math> is ''M'', but regarded as an ''A''-module. |
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Indeed, such an isomorphism is obtained by observing |
Indeed, such an isomorphism is obtained by observing |
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:<math>M \otimes_B B' = M \otimes_B B \otimes_A A' \cong M \otimes_A A'.</math> |
:<math>M \otimes_B B' = M \otimes_B B \otimes_A A' \cong M \otimes_A A'.</math> |
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Thus, the two operations, namely forgetful functors and tensor products commute in the sense of the above isomorphism. |
Thus, the two operations, namely forgetful functors and tensor products commute in the sense of the above isomorphism. |
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The base change theorems discussed below are statements of a similar kind. |
The base change theorems discussed below are statements of a similar kind. |
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{{Images of sheaves}} |
{{Images of sheaves}} |
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The base change theorems presented below all assert that (for different types of sheaves, and under various assumptions on the maps involved), that the following ''base change map'' |
The base change theorems presented below all assert that (for different types of sheaves, and under various assumptions on the maps involved), that the following ''base change map'' |
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:<math>g^*(R^r f_* \mathcal{F}) \to R^r f'_*(g'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
:<math>g^*(R^r f_* \mathcal{F}) \to R^r f'_*(g'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
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is an isomorphism, where |
is an isomorphism, where |
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:<math>\begin{array}{rcl} X' & \stackrel{g'}\to & X \\ |
:<math>\begin{array}{rcl} X' & \stackrel{g'}\to & X \\ |
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f' \downarrow & & \downarrow f \\ |
f' \downarrow & & \downarrow f \\ |
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S' & \stackrel g \to & S\\ \end{array}</math> |
S' & \stackrel g \to & S\\ \end{array}</math> |
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are continuous maps between topological spaces that form a [[Cartesian square (category theory)|Cartesian square]] and <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is a sheaf on ''X''.<ref> |
are continuous maps between topological spaces that form a [[Cartesian square (category theory)|Cartesian square]] and <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is a sheaf on ''X''.<ref> |
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The roles of <math>X</math> and <math>S'</math> are symmetric, and in some contexts (especially smooth base change) the more familiar formulation is the other one (dealing instead with the map <math>f^* R^i g_* \mathcal G \rightarrow R^i g'_* f'^* \mathcal G</math> for <math>\mathcal G</math> a sheaf on <math>S'</math>). For consistency, the results in this article below are all stated for the '''same''' situation, namely the map <math>g^* R^i f_* \mathcal F \rightarrow R^i f'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math>; but readers should be sure to check this against their expectations.</ref> Here <math>R^i f_* \mathcal F</math> denotes the [[higher direct image]] of <math>\mathcal F</math> under ''f'', i.e., the [[derived functor]] of the direct image (also known as pushforward) functor <math>f_*</math>. |
The roles of <math>X</math> and <math>S'</math> are symmetric, and in some contexts (especially smooth base change) the more familiar formulation is the other one (dealing instead with the map <math>f^* R^i g_* \mathcal G \rightarrow R^i g'_* f'^* \mathcal G</math> for <math>\mathcal G</math> a sheaf on <math>S'</math>). For consistency, the results in this article below are all stated for the '''same''' situation, namely the map <math>g^* R^i f_* \mathcal F \rightarrow R^i f'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math>; but readers should be sure to check this against their expectations.</ref> Here <math>R^i f_* \mathcal F</math> denotes the [[higher direct image]] of <math>\mathcal F</math> under ''f'', i.e., the [[derived functor]] of the direct image (also known as pushforward) functor <math>f_*</math>. |
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This map exists without any assumptions on the maps ''f'' and ''g''. It is constructed as follows: since <math>g'^*</math> is [[adjoint functor|left adjoint]] to <math>g'_*</math>, there is a natural map (called unit map) |
This map exists without any assumptions on the maps ''f'' and ''g''. It is constructed as follows: since <math>g'^*</math> is [[adjoint functor|left adjoint]] to <math>g'_*</math>, there is a natural map (called unit map) |
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:<math>\operatorname{id} \to g'_* \circ g'^*</math> |
:<math>\operatorname{id} \to g'_* \circ g'^*</math> |
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and so |
and so |
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:<math>R^r f_* \to R^r f_* \circ g'_* \circ g'^*.</math> |
:<math>R^r f_* \to R^r f_* \circ g'_* \circ g'^*.</math> |
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The [[Grothendieck spectral sequence]] then gives the first map and the last map (they are edge maps) in: |
The [[Grothendieck spectral sequence]] then gives the first map and the last map (they are edge maps) in: |
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:<math>R^r f_* \circ g'_* \circ g'^* \to R^r(f \circ g')_* \circ g'^* = R^r(g \circ f')_* \circ g'^* \to g_* \circ R^r f'_* \circ g'^*.</math> |
:<math>R^r f_* \circ g'_* \circ g'^* \to R^r(f \circ g')_* \circ g'^* = R^r(g \circ f')_* \circ g'^* \to g_* \circ R^r f'_* \circ g'^*.</math> |
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Combining this with the above yields |
Combining this with the above yields |
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:<math>R^r f_* \to g_* \circ R^r f'_* \circ g'^*.</math> |
:<math>R^r f_* \to g_* \circ R^r f'_* \circ g'^*.</math> |
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Using the adjointness of <math>g^*</math> and <math>g_*</math> finally yields the desired map. |
Using the adjointness of <math>g^*</math> and <math>g_*</math> finally yields the desired map. |
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The above-mentioned introductory example is a special case of this, namely for the |
The above-mentioned introductory example is a special case of this, namely for the affine schemes <math>X = \operatorname{Spec} (B), S = \operatorname{Spec} (A), S' = \operatorname{Spec} (A')</math> and, consequently, <math>X' = \operatorname{Spec} (B')</math>, and the [[quasi-coherent sheaf]] <math>\mathcal F := \tilde M</math> associated to the ''B''-module ''M''. |
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It is conceptually convenient to organize the above base change maps, which only involve only a single higher direct image functor, into one which encodes all <math>R^r f_*</math> at a time. In fact, similar arguments as above yield a map in the [[derived category]] of sheaves on ''S':'' |
It is conceptually convenient to organize the above base change maps, which only involve only a single higher direct image functor, into one which encodes all <math>R^r f_*</math> at a time. In fact, similar arguments as above yield a map in the [[derived category]] of sheaves on ''S':'' |
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:<math>g^* Rf_* (\mathcal{F}) \to Rf'_*(g'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
:<math>g^* Rf_* (\mathcal{F}) \to Rf'_*(g'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
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where <math>Rf_*</math> denotes the (total) derived functor of <math>f_*</math>. |
where <math>Rf_*</math> denotes the (total) derived functor of <math>f_*</math>. |
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== General topology == |
== General topology == |
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===Proper base change=== |
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If ''X'' is a [[Hausdorff space|Hausdorff]] [[topological space]], ''S'' is a [[locally compact space|locally compact]] Hausdorff space and ''f'' is universally closed (i.e., <math>X \times_S T \to T</math> is closed for any continuous map <math>T \to S</math>), then |
If ''X'' is a [[Hausdorff space|Hausdorff]] [[topological space]], ''S'' is a [[locally compact space|locally compact]] Hausdorff space and ''f'' is universally closed (i.e., <math>X \times_S T \to T</math> is a [[closed map]] for any continuous map <math>T \to S</math>), then |
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the base change map |
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:<math>g^* R^r f_* \mathcal F \to R^r f'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math> |
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⚫ | |||
:<math>(R^r f_* \mathcal{F})_s = \varinjlim H^r(U, \mathcal{F}) = H^r(X_s, \mathcal{F}), \quad X_s = f^{-1}(s)</math> |
:<math>(R^r f_* \mathcal{F})_s = \varinjlim H^r(U, \mathcal{F}) = H^r(X_s, \mathcal{F}), \quad X_s = f^{-1}(s)</math> |
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and so for <math>s = g(t)</math> |
and so for <math>s = g(t)</math> |
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:<math>g^* (R^r f_* \mathcal{F})_t = H^r(X_s, \mathcal{F}) = H^r(X'_t, g'^* \mathcal{F}) = R^r f'_* (g'^* \mathcal{F})_t.</math> |
:<math>g^* (R^r f_* \mathcal{F})_t = H^r(X_s, \mathcal{F}) = H^r(X'_t, g'^* \mathcal{F}) = R^r f'_* (g'^* \mathcal{F})_t.</math> |
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To encode all individual higher derived functors of <math>f_*</math> into one entity, the above statement may equivalently be rephrased by saying that the base change map |
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:<math>g^* Rf_* \mathcal F \to Rf'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math> |
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is a [[quasi-isomorphism]]. |
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The assumptions that the involved spaces be Hausdorff have been weakened by {{harvtxt|Schnürer|Soergel|2016}}. |
The assumptions that the involved spaces be Hausdorff have been weakened by {{harvtxt|Schnürer|Soergel|2016}}. |
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{{harvtxt|Lurie|2009}} has extended the above theorem to [[non-abelian cohomology|non-abelian sheaf cohomology]], i.e., sheaves taking values in [[simplicial set]]s (as opposed to abelian groups).<ref>{{harvtxt|Lurie|2009|loc=Theorem 7.3.1.16}}</ref> |
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The following example shows that the condition that ''f'' is universally closed can not be dropped: |
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===Direct image with compact support=== |
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If the map ''f'' is not closed, the base change map need not be an isomorphism, as the following example shows (the maps are the standard inclusions) : |
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:<math>\begin{array}{rcl} |
:<math>\begin{array}{rcl} |
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\emptyset & \stackrel {g'} \to & \mathbb C \ |
\emptyset & \stackrel {g'} \to & \mathbb C \setminus \{0\} \\ |
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f' \downarrow & & \downarrow f \\ |
f' \downarrow & & \downarrow f \\ |
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\{0\} & \stackrel g \to & \mathbb C |
\{0\} & \stackrel g \to & \mathbb C |
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\end{array} |
\end{array} |
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</math> |
</math> |
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(the standard inclusions). |
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One the one hand <math>f'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math> is always zero, but if <math>\mathcal F</math> is a [[local system]] on <math>\mathbb C \ |
One the one hand <math>f'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math> is always zero, but if <math>\mathcal F</math> is a [[local system]] on <math>\mathbb C \setminus \{0\}</math> corresponding to a [[Group representation|representation]] of the [[fundamental group]] <math>\pi_1(X)</math> (which is isomorphic to '''Z'''), then <math>g^* f_* \mathcal F</math> can be computed as the [[invariant (mathematics)|invariant]]s of the [[monodromy]] action of <math>\pi_1(X, x)</math> on the [[stalk (sheaf)|stalk]] <math>\mathcal F_x</math> (for any <math>x \ne 0</math>), which need not vanish. |
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To obtain a base-change result, the functor <math>f_*</math> (or its derived functor) has to be replaced by the [[direct image with compact support]] <math>Rf_!</math>. For example, if <math>f: X \to S</math> is the inclusion of an open subset, such as in the above example, <math>Rf_! \mathcal F</math> is the extension by zero, i.e., its stalks are given by |
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:<math>(Rf_! \mathcal F)_s = \begin{cases} \mathcal F_s & s \in X, \\ 0 & s \notin X. \end{cases} </math> |
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In general, there is a map <math>Rf_! \mathcal F \to Rf_* \mathcal F</math>, which is a quasi-isomorphism if ''f'' is proper, but not in general. The proper base change theorem mentioned above has the following generalization: there is a quasi-isomorphism<ref>{{harvtxt|Iversen|1986}}, the four spaces are assumed to be [[locally compact]] and of finite dimension.</ref> |
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:<math>g^* Rf_! \mathcal F \to Rf'_! g'^* \mathcal F.</math> |
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==Base change for quasi-coherent sheaves== |
==Base change for quasi-coherent sheaves== |
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** For each <math>p \ge 0</math>, the function <math>s \mapsto \dim_{k(s)} H^p (X_s, \mathcal{F}_s): S \to \mathbb{Z}</math> is upper [[semicontinuous]]. |
** For each <math>p \ge 0</math>, the function <math>s \mapsto \dim_{k(s)} H^p (X_s, \mathcal{F}_s): S \to \mathbb{Z}</math> is upper [[semicontinuous]]. |
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** The function <math>s \mapsto \chi(\mathcal{F}_s)</math> is locally constant, where <math>\chi(\mathcal{F})</math> denotes the [[Euler characteristic]]. |
** The function <math>s \mapsto \chi(\mathcal{F}_s)</math> is locally constant, where <math>\chi(\mathcal{F})</math> denotes the [[Euler characteristic]]. |
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* |
* "[[Hans Grauert|Grauert]]'s theorem": if ''S'' is reduced and connected, then for each <math>p \ge 0</math> the following are equivalent |
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**<math>s \mapsto \dim_{k(s)} H^p (X_s, \mathcal{F}_s)</math> is constant. |
**<math>s \mapsto \dim_{k(s)} H^p (X_s, \mathcal{F}_s)</math> is constant. |
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** <math>R^p f_* \mathcal{F}</math> is locally free and the natural map |
** <math>R^p f_* \mathcal{F}</math> is locally free and the natural map |
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A far reaching extension of flat base change is possible when considering the base change map |
A far reaching extension of flat base change is possible when considering the base change map |
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:<math>Lg^* Rf_* (\mathcal{F}) \to Rf'_*(Lg'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
:<math>Lg^* Rf_* (\mathcal{F}) \to Rf'_*(Lg'^*\mathcal{F})</math> |
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in the derived category of sheaves on ''S','' similarly as mentioned above. Here <math>Lg^*</math> is the (total) derived functor of the pullback of <math>\mathcal O</math>-modules (because |
in the derived category of sheaves on ''S','' similarly as mentioned above. Here <math>Lg^*</math> is the (total) derived functor of the pullback of <math>\mathcal O</math>-modules (because <math>g^* \mathcal G = \mathcal O_X \otimes_{g^{-1} \mathcal O_S} g^{-1} \mathcal G</math> involves a tensor product, <math>g^*</math> is not exact when {{math|''g''}} is not flat and therefore is not equal to its derived functor <math>Lg^*</math>). |
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This map is a quasi-isomorphism provided that the following conditions are satisfied<ref>{{harvtxt|Berthelot|Grothendieck|Illusie|1971|loc=SGA 6 IV, Proposition 3.1.0}}</ref> |
This map is a quasi-isomorphism provided that the following conditions are satisfied:<ref>{{harvtxt|Berthelot|Grothendieck|Illusie|1971|loc=SGA 6 IV, Proposition 3.1.0}}</ref> |
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* <math>S</math> is quasi-compact and <math>f</math> is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, |
* <math>S</math> is quasi-compact and <math>f</math> is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, |
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* <math>\mathcal F</math> is an object in <math>D^b(\mathcal{O}_X\text{-mod})</math>, the bounded derived category of <math>\mathcal{O}_X</math>-modules |
* <math>\mathcal F</math> is an object in <math>D^b(\mathcal{O}_X\text{-mod})</math>, the bounded derived category of <math>\mathcal{O}_X</math>-modules, and its cohomology sheaves are quasi-coherent (for example, <math>\mathcal F</math> could be a bounded complex of quasi-coherent sheaves) |
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* <math>X</math> and <math>S'</math> are ''Tor-independent'' over <math>S</math>, meaning that if <math>x \in X</math> and <math>s' \in S'</math> satisfy <math>f(x) = s = g(s')</math>, then for all integers <math>p \ge 1</math>, |
* <math>X</math> and <math>S'</math> are ''Tor-independent'' over <math>S</math>, meaning that if <math>x \in X</math> and <math>s' \in S'</math> satisfy <math>f(x) = s = g(s')</math>, then for all integers <math>p \ge 1</math>, |
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:<math>\operatorname{Tor}^ |
:<math>\operatorname{Tor}_p^{\mathcal{O}_{S,s}}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x}, \mathcal{O}_{S',s'}) = 0</math>. |
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* One of the following conditions is satisfied: |
* One of the following conditions is satisfied: |
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** <math>\mathcal F</math> has finite flat amplitude relative to <math>f</math>, meaning that it is quasi-isomorphic in <math>D^-(f^{-1}\mathcal O_S\text{-mod})</math> to a complex <math>\mathcal F'</math> such that <math>(\mathcal F')^i</math> is <math>f^{-1}\mathcal O_S</math>-flat for all <math>i</math> outside some bounded interval <math>[m, n]</math>; equivalently, there exists an interval <math>[m, n]</math> such that for any complex <math>\mathcal G</math> in <math>D^-(f^{-1}\mathcal O_S\text{-mod})</math>, one has <math>\operatorname{Tor}_i(\mathcal F, \mathcal G) = 0</math> for all <math>i</math> outside <math>[m, n]</math>; or |
** <math>\mathcal F</math> has finite flat amplitude relative to <math>f</math>, meaning that it is quasi-isomorphic in <math>D^-(f^{-1}\mathcal O_S\text{-mod})</math> to a complex <math>\mathcal F'</math> such that <math>(\mathcal F')^i</math> is <math>f^{-1}\mathcal O_S</math>-flat for all <math>i</math> outside some bounded interval <math>[m, n]</math>; equivalently, there exists an interval <math>[m, n]</math> such that for any complex <math>\mathcal G</math> in <math>D^-(f^{-1}\mathcal O_S\text{-mod})</math>, one has <math>\operatorname{Tor}_i(\mathcal F, \mathcal G) = 0</math> for all <math>i</math> outside <math>[m, n]</math>; or |
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Then, assuming that the schemes (or, more generally, derived schemes) involved are quasi-compact and quasi-separated, the natural transformation |
Then, assuming that the schemes (or, more generally, derived schemes) involved are quasi-compact and quasi-separated, the natural transformation |
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:<math>L g^* R f_* \mathcal{F} \to Rf'_* Lg'^* \mathcal{F}</math> |
:<math>L g^* R f_* \mathcal{F} \to Rf'_* Lg'^* \mathcal{F}</math> |
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is a [[quasi-isomorphism]] for any quasi-coherent sheaf, or more generally a [[chain complex|complex]] of quasi-coherent sheaves.<ref>{{ |
is a [[quasi-isomorphism]] for any quasi-coherent sheaf, or more generally a [[chain complex|complex]] of quasi-coherent sheaves.<ref>{{harvtxt|Toën|2012|loc=Proposition 1.4}}</ref> |
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The afore-mentioned flat base change result is in fact a special case since for ''g'' flat the homotopy pullback (which is locally given by a derived tensor product) agrees with the ordinary pullback (locally given by the underived tensor product), and since the pullback along the flat maps ''g'' and ''g' ''are automatically derived (i.e., <math>Lg^* = g^*</math>). The auxiliary assumptions related to the Tor-independence or Tor-amplitude |
The afore-mentioned flat base change result is in fact a special case since for ''g'' flat the homotopy pullback (which is locally given by a derived tensor product) agrees with the ordinary pullback (locally given by the underived tensor product), and since the pullback along the flat maps ''g'' and ''g' ''are automatically derived (i.e., <math>Lg^* = g^*</math>). The auxiliary assumptions related to the Tor-independence or Tor-amplitude in the preceding base change theorem also become unnecessary. |
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In the above form, base change has been extended by {{harvtxt|Ben-Zvi|Francis|Nadler|2010}} to the situation where ''X'', ''S'', and ''S' ''are (possibly derived) [[stack]]s, provided that the map ''f'' is a perfect map (which includes the case that ''f'' is a quasi-compact, quasi-separated map of schemes, but also includes more general stacks, such as the [[classifying stack]] ''BG'' of an [[algebraic group]] in characteristic zero). |
In the above form, base change has been extended by {{harvtxt|Ben-Zvi|Francis|Nadler|2010}} to the situation where ''X'', ''S'', and ''S' ''are (possibly derived) [[stack (mathematics)|stack]]s, provided that the map ''f'' is a perfect map (which includes the case that ''f'' is a quasi-compact, quasi-separated map of schemes, but also includes more general stacks, such as the [[classifying stack]] ''BG'' of an [[algebraic group]] in characteristic zero). |
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===Variants and applications=== |
===Variants and applications=== |
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Proper base change also holds in the context of [[complex manifolds]].<ref>{{ |
Proper base change also holds in the context of [[complex manifolds]] and [[complex analytic space]]s.<ref>{{harvtxt|Grauert|1960}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
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The [[see-saw principle]] and the [[theorem of the cube]], which are foundational facts in the theory of [[abelian varieties]], are a consequence of proper base change.<ref>{{ |
The [[see-saw principle]] and the [[theorem of the cube]], which are foundational facts in the theory of [[abelian varieties]], are a consequence of proper base change.<ref>{{harvtxt|Mumford|2008}}</ref> |
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</ref> |
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A base-change also holds for [[D-modules]]: if ''X'', ''S'', ''X','' and ''S' ''are smooth varieties (but ''f'' and ''g'' need not be flat or proper etc.), there is a quasi-isomorphism |
A base-change also holds for [[D-modules]]: if ''X'', ''S'', ''X','' and ''S' ''are smooth varieties (but ''f'' and ''g'' need not be flat or proper etc.), there is a quasi-isomorphism |
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:<math>g^\dagger \int_f \mathcal F \to \int_{f'} g'^\dagger \mathcal F,</math> |
:<math>g^\dagger \int_f \mathcal F \to \int_{f'} g'^\dagger \mathcal F,</math> |
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where <math>-^\dagger</math> and <math>\int</math> denote the inverse and direct image functors for ''D''-modules.<ref>{{ |
where <math>-^\dagger</math> and <math>\int</math> denote the inverse and direct image functors for ''D''-modules.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hotta|Takeuchi|Tanisaki|2008|loc=Theorem 1.7.3}}</ref> |
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==Base change for étale sheaves== |
==Base change for étale sheaves== |
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*<math>\mathcal{F}</math> has no ''p''-torsion, where ''p'' is the characteristic of ''k''. |
*<math>\mathcal{F}</math> has no ''p''-torsion, where ''p'' is the characteristic of ''k''. |
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Under additional assumptions, |
Under additional assumptions, {{harvtxt|Deninger|1988}} extended the proper base change theorem to non-torsion étale sheaves. |
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===Applications=== |
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In close analogy to the topological situation mentioned above, the base change map for an [[open immersion]] ''f'', |
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:<math>g^* f_* \mathcal F \to f'_* g'^* \mathcal F</math> |
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is not usually an isomorphism.<ref>{{harvtxt|Milne|2012|loc=Example 8.5}}</ref> Instead the [[extension by zero]] functor <math>f_!</math> satisfies an isomorphism |
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:<math>g^* f_! \mathcal F \to f'_! g^* \mathcal F.</math> |
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This fact and the proper base change suggest to define the ''direct image functor with compact support'' for a map ''f'' by |
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:<math>Rf_! := Rp_* j_!</math> |
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where <math>f = p \circ j</math> is a ''compactification'' of ''f'', i.e., a factorization into an open immersion followed by a proper map. |
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The proper base change theorem is needed to show that this is well-defined, i.e., independent (up to isomorphism) of the choice of the compactification. |
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Moreover, again in analogy to the case of sheaves on a topological space, a base change formula for <math>g_*</math> vs. <math>Rf_!</math> does hold for non-proper maps ''f''. |
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For the structural map <math>f: X \to S = \operatorname{Spec} k</math> of a scheme over a field ''k'', the individual cohomologies of <math>Rf_! (\mathcal F)</math>, denoted by <math>H^*_c(X, \mathcal F)</math> referred to as [[cohomology with compact support]]. It is an important variant of usual [[étale cohomology]]. |
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Similar ideas are also used to construct an analogue of the functor <math>Rf_!</math> in [[A1 homotopy theory|'''A'''<sup>1</sup>-homotopy theory]].<ref>{{citation|author=Ayoub|first=Joseph|title=Les six opérations de Grothendieck et le formalisme des cycles évanescents dans le monde motivique. I.| |
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isbn=978-2-85629-244-0|year=2007|publisher=Société Mathématique de France|zbl=1146.14001}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Cisinski|first1=Denis-Charles|last2=Déglise|first2=Frédéric|title=Triangulated Categories of Mixed Motives|chapter=|series=Springer Monographs in Mathematics|year=2019|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-33242-6|arxiv=0912.2110|bibcode=2009arXiv0912.2110C|isbn=978-3-030-33241-9|s2cid=115163824}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Line 146: | Line 207: | ||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
||
* {{citation|title=A restriction isomorphism for cycles of relative dimension zero| |
* {{citation|title=A restriction isomorphism for cycles of relative dimension zero| last1=Esnault|first1=H.|last2=Kerz|first2=M.|last3=Wittenberg|first3=O.| journal=Cambridge Journal of Mathematics|year=2016| volume=4| issue=2| pages=163–196| doi=10.4310/CJM.2016.v4.n2.a1|arxiv=1503.08187v2| s2cid=54896268}} |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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== References == |
== References == |
||
*{{ |
*{{Citation |
||
| |
| first1 = Michael |
||
| |
| last1 = Artin |
||
| |
| author-link = Michael Artin |
||
|first2=Alexandre| |
|first2=Alexandre|last2=Grothendieck|first3=Jean-Louis|last3=Verdier |
||
|url=http://www.normalesup.org/~forgogozo/SGA4/tomes/tome3.pdf |
|url=http://www.normalesup.org/~forgogozo/SGA4/tomes/tome3.pdf |
||
| title = Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie - 1963-64 - Théorie des topos et cohomologie étale des schémas - (SGA 4) - vol. 3 |
| title = Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie - 1963-64 - Théorie des topos et cohomologie étale des schémas - (SGA 4) - vol. 3 |
||
|series=Lecture |
|series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics |volume=305 |
||
| year = 1972 |
| year = 1972 |
||
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |
||
| location = Berlin; New York |
| location = Berlin; New York |
||
| language = |
| language = fr |
||
| pages = vi+640 |
| pages = vi+640 |
||
|doi=10.1007/BFb0070714 |
|doi=10.1007/BFb0070714 |
||
|isbn= 978-3-540-06118-2 |
|isbn= 978-3-540-06118-2 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
* {{ |
* {{Citation|mr=2669705|author=Ben-Zvi|first1=David|last2=Francis|first2=John|last3=Nadler|first3=David|title=Integral transforms and Drinfeld centers in derived algebraic geometry|journal=J. Amer. Math. Soc.|volume=23|year=2010|issue=4|pages=909–966|doi=10.1090/S0894-0347-10-00669-7|arxiv=0805.0157|s2cid=2202294}} |
||
*{{ |
*{{Citation |
||
| |
| last1 = Berthelot |
||
| |
| first1 = Pierre |
||
| |
| author-link = Pierre Berthelot (mathematician) |
||
| last2=Grothendieck|first2=Alexandre|author2-link=Alexandre Grothendieck |
| last2=Grothendieck|first2=Alexandre|author2-link=Alexandre Grothendieck |
||
|last3=Illusie |
|last3=Illusie |
||
Line 181: | Line 242: | ||
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |
||
| location = Berlin; New York |
| location = Berlin; New York |
||
| language = |
| language = fr |
||
| pages = xii+700 |
| pages = xii+700 |
||
| |
| no-pp = true |
||
|doi=10.1007/BFb0066283 |
|doi=10.1007/BFb0066283 |
||
|isbn= 978-3-540-05647-8 |
|isbn= 978-3-540-05647-8 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
* {{Citation|journal=Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra|volume=50|number=3|year=1988|title=A proper base change theorem for non-torsion sheaves in étale cohomology|author=Deninger|first=Christopher|doi=10.1016/0022-4049(88)90102-8|pages=231–235|doi-access=free}} |
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* Gabber, "[http://www.math.polytechnique.fr/~laszlo/gdtgabber/abelien.pdf |
* Gabber, "[http://www.math.polytechnique.fr/~laszlo/gdtgabber/abelien.pdf Finiteness theorems for étale cohomology of excellent schemes]" |
||
⚫ | |||
* {{Citation| |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | * {{Citation|author=Grothendieck|first=A.|url=http://archive.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=PMIHES_1963__17__5_0|title=Éléments de géométrie algébrique. III. Etude cohomologique des faisceaux cohérents. II|journal=Publ. Math. IHÉS|year=1963|access-date=2017-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105084530/http://archive.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=PMIHES_1963__17__5_0|archive-date=2017-01-05|url-status=dead}} |
||
* {{Citation | last1=Hartshorne | first1=Robin | author1-link=Robin Hartshorne | title=[[Algebraic Geometry (book)|Algebraic Geometry]] | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-0-387-90244-9 | oclc=13348052 | mr=0463157 | year=1977}} |
* {{Citation | last1=Hartshorne | first1=Robin | author1-link=Robin Hartshorne | title=[[Algebraic Geometry (book)|Algebraic Geometry]] | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-0-387-90244-9 | oclc=13348052 | mr=0463157 | year=1977}} |
||
* {{Citation |
* {{Citation|last1=Hotta|first1=Ryoshi|last2=Takeuchi|first2=Kiyoshi|last3=Tanisaki|first3=Toshiyuki|title=''D''-Modules, Perverse Sheaves, and Representation Theory|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=2008}} |
||
* {{Citation | last1=Iversen | first1=Birger | title=Cohomology of sheaves | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Universitext | isbn=978-3-540-16389-3 | mr=842190 | year=1986 | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-82783-9}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
*{{Citation | last1=Lurie | first1=Jacob | title=[[Higher Topos Theory]] | arxiv=math.CT/0608040 | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | series=Annals of Mathematics Studies | isbn=978-0-691-14049-0 | mr=2522659 | year=2009 | volume=170 | doi=10.1515/9781400830558}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
* {{Citation | last1=Milne | first1=James S. | author-link=James Milne (mathematician) | title=Étale cohomology | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | isbn=978-0-691-08238-7 | year=1980 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/etalecohomology00miln }} |
|||
⚫ | |||
* {{Citation | last1=Mumford | first1=David | author1-link=David Mumford | title=Abelian varieties | orig-year=1970 | publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | location=Providence, R.I. | series=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Studies in Mathematics | isbn=978-81-85931-86-9 | oclc=138290 | year=2008 | volume=5 | mr=0282985}} |
|||
* {{citation|title=Proper local complete intersection morphisms preserve perfect complexes|author=Toën|first=Bertrand|arxiv=1210.2827|year=2012|bibcode=2012arXiv1210.2827T}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
* {{citation|author=Vakil|first=Ravi|author-link=Ravi Vakil|url=http://math.stanford.edu/~vakil/216blog/FOAGdec2915public.pdf|title=Foundations of Algebraic Geometry|year=2015}} |
* {{citation|author=Vakil|first=Ravi|author-link=Ravi Vakil|url=http://math.stanford.edu/~vakil/216blog/FOAGdec2915public.pdf|title=Foundations of Algebraic Geometry|year=2015}} |
||
== External links == |
== External links == |
||
* |
*[https://math.stanford.edu/~conrad/248BPage/handouts/cohom.pdf Brian Conrad's handout] |
||
* |
*[https://mathoverflow.net/q/90260 Trouble with semicontinuity] |
||
[[Category:Topology]] |
[[Category:Topology]] |
Latest revision as of 18:47, 6 July 2023
In mathematics, the base change theorems relate the direct image and the inverse image of sheaves. More precisely, they are about the base change map, given by the following natural transformation of sheaves:
where
is a Cartesian square of topological spaces and is a sheaf on X.
Such theorems exist in different branches of geometry: for (essentially arbitrary) topological spaces and proper maps f, in algebraic geometry for (quasi-)coherent sheaves and f proper or g flat, similarly in analytic geometry, but also for étale sheaves for f proper or g smooth.
Introduction
[edit]A simple base change phenomenon arises in commutative algebra when A is a commutative ring and B and A' are two A-algebras. Let . In this situation, given a B-module M, there is an isomorphism (of A' -modules):
Here the subscript indicates the forgetful functor, i.e., is M, but regarded as an A-module. Indeed, such an isomorphism is obtained by observing
Thus, the two operations, namely forgetful functors and tensor products commute in the sense of the above isomorphism. The base change theorems discussed below are statements of a similar kind.
Definition of the base change map
[edit]Image functors for sheaves |
---|
direct image |
inverse image |
direct image with compact support |
exceptional inverse image |
|
Base change theorems |
The base change theorems presented below all assert that (for different types of sheaves, and under various assumptions on the maps involved), that the following base change map
is an isomorphism, where
are continuous maps between topological spaces that form a Cartesian square and is a sheaf on X.[1] Here denotes the higher direct image of under f, i.e., the derived functor of the direct image (also known as pushforward) functor .
This map exists without any assumptions on the maps f and g. It is constructed as follows: since is left adjoint to , there is a natural map (called unit map)
and so
The Grothendieck spectral sequence then gives the first map and the last map (they are edge maps) in:
Combining this with the above yields
Using the adjointness of and finally yields the desired map.
The above-mentioned introductory example is a special case of this, namely for the affine schemes and, consequently, , and the quasi-coherent sheaf associated to the B-module M.
It is conceptually convenient to organize the above base change maps, which only involve only a single higher direct image functor, into one which encodes all at a time. In fact, similar arguments as above yield a map in the derived category of sheaves on S':
where denotes the (total) derived functor of .
General topology
[edit]Proper base change
[edit]If X is a Hausdorff topological space, S is a locally compact Hausdorff space and f is universally closed (i.e., is a closed map for any continuous map ), then the base change map
is an isomorphism.[2] Indeed, we have: for ,
and so for
To encode all individual higher derived functors of into one entity, the above statement may equivalently be rephrased by saying that the base change map
is a quasi-isomorphism.
The assumptions that the involved spaces be Hausdorff have been weakened by Schnürer & Soergel (2016).
Lurie (2009) has extended the above theorem to non-abelian sheaf cohomology, i.e., sheaves taking values in simplicial sets (as opposed to abelian groups).[3]
Direct image with compact support
[edit]If the map f is not closed, the base change map need not be an isomorphism, as the following example shows (the maps are the standard inclusions) :
One the one hand is always zero, but if is a local system on corresponding to a representation of the fundamental group (which is isomorphic to Z), then can be computed as the invariants of the monodromy action of on the stalk (for any ), which need not vanish.
To obtain a base-change result, the functor (or its derived functor) has to be replaced by the direct image with compact support . For example, if is the inclusion of an open subset, such as in the above example, is the extension by zero, i.e., its stalks are given by
In general, there is a map , which is a quasi-isomorphism if f is proper, but not in general. The proper base change theorem mentioned above has the following generalization: there is a quasi-isomorphism[4]
Base change for quasi-coherent sheaves
[edit]Proper base change
[edit]Proper base change theorems for quasi-coherent sheaves apply in the following situation: is a proper morphism between noetherian schemes, and is a coherent sheaf which is flat over S (i.e., is flat over ). In this situation, the following statements hold:[5]
- "Semicontinuity theorem":
- For each , the function is upper semicontinuous.
- The function is locally constant, where denotes the Euler characteristic.
- "Grauert's theorem": if S is reduced and connected, then for each the following are equivalent
- is constant.
- is locally free and the natural map
- is an isomorphism for all .
- Furthermore, if these conditions hold, then the natural map
- is an isomorphism for all .
- If, for some p, for all , then the natural map
- is an isomorphism for all .
As the stalk of the sheaf is closely related to the cohomology of the fiber of the point under f, this statement is paraphrased by saying that "cohomology commutes with base extension".[6]
These statements are proved using the following fact, where in addition to the above assumptions : there is a finite complex of finitely generated projective A-modules and a natural isomorphism of functors
on the category of -algebras.
Flat base change
[edit]The base change map
is an isomorphism for a quasi-coherent sheaf (on ), provided that the map is flat (together with a number of technical conditions: f needs to be a separated morphism of finite type, the schemes involved need to be Noetherian).[7]
Flat base change in the derived category
[edit]A far reaching extension of flat base change is possible when considering the base change map
in the derived category of sheaves on S', similarly as mentioned above. Here is the (total) derived functor of the pullback of -modules (because involves a tensor product, is not exact when g is not flat and therefore is not equal to its derived functor ). This map is a quasi-isomorphism provided that the following conditions are satisfied:[8]
- is quasi-compact and is quasi-compact and quasi-separated,
- is an object in , the bounded derived category of -modules, and its cohomology sheaves are quasi-coherent (for example, could be a bounded complex of quasi-coherent sheaves)
- and are Tor-independent over , meaning that if and satisfy , then for all integers ,
- .
- One of the following conditions is satisfied:
- has finite flat amplitude relative to , meaning that it is quasi-isomorphic in to a complex such that is -flat for all outside some bounded interval ; equivalently, there exists an interval such that for any complex in , one has for all outside ; or
- has finite Tor-dimension, meaning that has finite flat amplitude relative to .
One advantage of this formulation is that the flatness hypothesis has been weakened. However, making concrete computations of the cohomology of the left- and right-hand sides now requires the Grothendieck spectral sequence.
Base change in derived algebraic geometry
[edit]Derived algebraic geometry provides a means to drop the flatness assumption, provided that the pullback is replaced by the homotopy pullback. In the easiest case when X, S, and are affine (with the notation as above), the homotopy pullback is given by the derived tensor product
Then, assuming that the schemes (or, more generally, derived schemes) involved are quasi-compact and quasi-separated, the natural transformation
is a quasi-isomorphism for any quasi-coherent sheaf, or more generally a complex of quasi-coherent sheaves.[9] The afore-mentioned flat base change result is in fact a special case since for g flat the homotopy pullback (which is locally given by a derived tensor product) agrees with the ordinary pullback (locally given by the underived tensor product), and since the pullback along the flat maps g and g' are automatically derived (i.e., ). The auxiliary assumptions related to the Tor-independence or Tor-amplitude in the preceding base change theorem also become unnecessary.
In the above form, base change has been extended by Ben-Zvi, Francis & Nadler (2010) to the situation where X, S, and S' are (possibly derived) stacks, provided that the map f is a perfect map (which includes the case that f is a quasi-compact, quasi-separated map of schemes, but also includes more general stacks, such as the classifying stack BG of an algebraic group in characteristic zero).
Variants and applications
[edit]Proper base change also holds in the context of complex manifolds and complex analytic spaces.[10] The theorem on formal functions is a variant of the proper base change, where the pullback is replaced by a completion operation.
The see-saw principle and the theorem of the cube, which are foundational facts in the theory of abelian varieties, are a consequence of proper base change.[11]
A base-change also holds for D-modules: if X, S, X', and S' are smooth varieties (but f and g need not be flat or proper etc.), there is a quasi-isomorphism
where and denote the inverse and direct image functors for D-modules.[12]
Base change for étale sheaves
[edit]For étale torsion sheaves , there are two base change results referred to as proper and smooth base change, respectively: base change holds if is proper.[13] It also holds if g is smooth, provided that f is quasi-compact and provided that the torsion of is prime to the characteristic of the residue fields of X.[14]
Closely related to proper base change is the following fact (the two theorems are usually proved simultaneously): let X be a variety over a separably closed field and a constructible sheaf on . Then are finite in each of the following cases:
- X is complete, or
- has no p-torsion, where p is the characteristic of k.
Under additional assumptions, Deninger (1988) extended the proper base change theorem to non-torsion étale sheaves.
Applications
[edit]In close analogy to the topological situation mentioned above, the base change map for an open immersion f,
is not usually an isomorphism.[15] Instead the extension by zero functor satisfies an isomorphism
This fact and the proper base change suggest to define the direct image functor with compact support for a map f by
where is a compactification of f, i.e., a factorization into an open immersion followed by a proper map. The proper base change theorem is needed to show that this is well-defined, i.e., independent (up to isomorphism) of the choice of the compactification. Moreover, again in analogy to the case of sheaves on a topological space, a base change formula for vs. does hold for non-proper maps f.
For the structural map of a scheme over a field k, the individual cohomologies of , denoted by referred to as cohomology with compact support. It is an important variant of usual étale cohomology.
Similar ideas are also used to construct an analogue of the functor in A1-homotopy theory.[16][17]
See also
[edit]- Grothendieck's relative point of view in algebraic geometry
- Change of base (disambiguation)
- Base change lifting of automorphic forms
Further reading
[edit]- Esnault, H.; Kerz, M.; Wittenberg, O. (2016), "A restriction isomorphism for cycles of relative dimension zero", Cambridge Journal of Mathematics, 4 (2): 163–196, arXiv:1503.08187v2, doi:10.4310/CJM.2016.v4.n2.a1, S2CID 54896268
Notes
[edit]- ^ The roles of and are symmetric, and in some contexts (especially smooth base change) the more familiar formulation is the other one (dealing instead with the map for a sheaf on ). For consistency, the results in this article below are all stated for the same situation, namely the map ; but readers should be sure to check this against their expectations.
- ^ Milne (2012, Theorem 17.3)
- ^ Lurie (2009, Theorem 7.3.1.16)
- ^ Iversen (1986), the four spaces are assumed to be locally compact and of finite dimension.
- ^ Grothendieck (1963, Section 7.7), Hartshorne (1977, Theorem III.12.11), Vakil (2015, Chapter 28 Cohomology and base change theorems)
- ^ Hartshorne (1977, p. 255)
- ^ Hartshorne (1977, Proposition III.9.3)
- ^ Berthelot, Grothendieck & Illusie (1971, SGA 6 IV, Proposition 3.1.0)
- ^ Toën (2012, Proposition 1.4)
- ^ Grauert (1960)
- ^ Mumford (2008)
- ^ Hotta, Takeuchi & Tanisaki (2008, Theorem 1.7.3)
- ^ Artin, Grothendieck & Verdier (1972, Exposé XII), Milne (1980, section VI.2)
- ^ Artin, Grothendieck & Verdier (1972, Exposé XVI)
- ^ Milne (2012, Example 8.5)
- ^ Ayoub, Joseph (2007), Les six opérations de Grothendieck et le formalisme des cycles évanescents dans le monde motivique. I., Société Mathématique de France, ISBN 978-2-85629-244-0, Zbl 1146.14001
- ^ Cisinski, Denis-Charles; Déglise, Frédéric (2019), Triangulated Categories of Mixed Motives, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, arXiv:0912.2110, Bibcode:2009arXiv0912.2110C, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33242-6, ISBN 978-3-030-33241-9, S2CID 115163824
References
[edit]- Artin, Michael; Grothendieck, Alexandre; Verdier, Jean-Louis (1972), Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie - 1963-64 - Théorie des topos et cohomologie étale des schémas - (SGA 4) - vol. 3 (PDF), Lecture Notes in Mathematics (in French), vol. 305, Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. vi+640, doi:10.1007/BFb0070714, ISBN 978-3-540-06118-2
- Ben-Zvi, David; Francis, John; Nadler, David (2010), "Integral transforms and Drinfeld centers in derived algebraic geometry", J. Amer. Math. Soc., 23 (4): 909–966, arXiv:0805.0157, doi:10.1090/S0894-0347-10-00669-7, MR 2669705, S2CID 2202294
- Berthelot, Pierre; Grothendieck, Alexandre; Illusie, Luc (1971), Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie - 1966-67 - Théorie des intersections et théorème de Riemann-Roch - (SGA 6) (Lecture notes in mathematics 225) (in French), Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, xii+700, doi:10.1007/BFb0066283, ISBN 978-3-540-05647-8
- Deninger, Christopher (1988), "A proper base change theorem for non-torsion sheaves in étale cohomology", Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 50 (3): 231–235, doi:10.1016/0022-4049(88)90102-8
- Gabber, "Finiteness theorems for étale cohomology of excellent schemes"
- Grauert, Hans (1960), "Ein Theorem der analytischen Garbentheorie und die Modulräume komplexer Strukturen" (PDF), Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS, 5: 5–64, doi:10.1007/BF02684746, S2CID 122593346, Zbl 0100.08001
- Grothendieck, A. (1963), "Éléments de géométrie algébrique. III. Etude cohomologique des faisceaux cohérents. II", Publ. Math. IHÉS, archived from the original on 2017-01-05, retrieved 2017-01-04
- Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157, OCLC 13348052
- Hotta, Ryoshi; Takeuchi, Kiyoshi; Tanisaki, Toshiyuki (2008), D-Modules, Perverse Sheaves, and Representation Theory, Birkhäuser
- Iversen, Birger (1986), Cohomology of sheaves, Universitext, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82783-9, ISBN 978-3-540-16389-3, MR 0842190
- Lurie, Jacob (2009), Higher Topos Theory, Annals of Mathematics Studies, vol. 170, Princeton University Press, arXiv:math.CT/0608040, doi:10.1515/9781400830558, ISBN 978-0-691-14049-0, MR 2522659
- Milne, James S. (1980), Étale cohomology, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-08238-7
- Milne, James S. (2012), Lectures on Étale Cohomology (PDF)
- Mumford, David (2008) [1970], Abelian varieties, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Studies in Mathematics, vol. 5, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-81-85931-86-9, MR 0282985, OCLC 138290
- Toën, Bertrand (2012), Proper local complete intersection morphisms preserve perfect complexes, arXiv:1210.2827, Bibcode:2012arXiv1210.2827T
- Schnürer, O. M.; Soergel, W. (2016), "Proper base change for separated locally proper maps", Rend. Semin. Mat. Univ. Padova, 135: 223–250, arXiv:1404.7630v2, doi:10.4171/RSMUP/135-13, S2CID 118024164
- Vakil, Ravi (2015), Foundations of Algebraic Geometry (PDF)