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Xiling Seal Art Society
Xiling Seal Art Society
Chinese	西泠印社
Hanyu Pinyin	Xīlíng Yìnshè

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The Xiling Seal Art Society (Chinese: 西泠印社) is a Chinese arts organisation based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PRC. It was founded in 1904 but, with antecedents dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties, is one of China's most important traditional stone seal engraving associations.^[1]

Alternative names

Other possible translations include the Xiling Seal Society, Hsi-ling Seal Society,^[2] Xiling Seal Engraving Society,^[3] Xiling Seal Engraver's Society, or Xiling Epigraphy Society.

History

Pre-society history

During the Yuan dynasty the most famous seal engraver was the scholar and artist Wang Mian, who is credited with first using soft stone for seal making.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties seal engraving flourished in China, especially in the Yangtze River Delta region, where there was a continuous rich artistic tradition. There were many different schools of seal making and many independent artists specialized in seal cutting, seal script calligraphy, and the selection of seal stones.

In South China, the three major schools of seal engraving during these periods were the Hui School (whose artists mainly came from current Anhui Province), the Zhe School (whose artists mainly came from current Zhejiang Province), and the Hai School (which was mainly developed in Shanghai, and whose major artists came from current Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces).

The Hui School was already a mature seal engraving school as early as the Ming dynasty, especially during the Jiajing and Wanli eras. The most famous seal makers during the early phase of this school were Xiu Ning (休宁) and He Zhen, who were active in the mid–late Ming dynasty. During the Kangxi-Yongzheng-Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty the second climax of this school appeared, and the most typical representative artist during this period was Cheng Sui from She County, Anhui. In the late Qing dynasty this school had its third climax of development and influenced engravers from outside Anhui. Typical figures of this third phase were Huang Shiling (黄士陵), Yi Dachang (易大厂), Qiao Dazhuang (乔大壮), Wang Fu'an (王福庵), and Li Yisang (李尹桑).

The Zhe School (浙派) first became famous and influential during the Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty. The main founder of this school was Ding Jing (丁敬). Ding made his school the dominant seal engraving school during his time. Because Ding was a native of Xiling and active in Xiling for a long time, a society was later formally organized with its headquarters in Xiling named the Xiling Seal Society.

Ding's most accomplished students were Jiang Ren (蒋仁), Huang Yi (黄易), Xi Gang (奚冈), Chen Yuzhong (陈豫钟), Chen Hongshou (陈鸿寿), Zhao Zhishen (赵之琛), and Qian Song (钱松), who are now widely regarded as the Eight Masters of Xiling.^[4]

The Hai School or Shanghai School of seal arts is the most recent school and mainly started developing during the late Qing dynasty. This school in fact combined different styles of previous schools, especially those artistic elements of the Hui and Zhe Schools. It's mainly considered as a modern school of seal art.^[5] Early important artists from this school are Qian Shoutie (钱瘦铁), Wu Hufan (吴湖帆), Huang Baoyue (黄葆戉), Bai Jiao (白蕉), Ma Gongyu (马公愚), Qin Bomo (秦伯未), Hua Ji'an (华笃安), Zhu Hongda (朱鸿达), Wu Zhongjiong (吴仲坰); Tang Linze (汤临泽), Chen Zili (陈子彝), Qin Kangxiang (秦康祥), Wu Youqian (吴幼潜), Jin Tiezhi (金铁芝), Zhi Ci'an (支慈庵), Lai Chusheng (来楚生), Hou Fuchang (侯福昌), and Gao Luoyuan (高络园).

Establishment of the society

Before the establishment of the society there were many local or small-sized organizations or artists groups existing, especially in Zhejiang and Shanghai, however, it was not formally registered nor recognized by the government (nonofficial). The seal artists from different schools and places first founded the Xiling Seal Society as a large/national and academic society of learning, research, and art in 1904. The first board of directors included Ding Ren (丁仁), Wang Shi (王禔), Wu Yin (吴隐), and Ye Ming (叶铭). The first President of the society was Wu Changshuo (吴昌硕), a famous scholar, calligraphist, painter, seal maker, and writer from the Hai School.

List of presidents

Wu Changshuo (吴昌硕)
Ma Heng (马衡)
Zhang Zongxiang (张宗祥)
Sha Menghai (沙孟海)
Zhao Puchu (赵朴初)
Qi Gong (启功)
Rao Zongyi (饶宗颐)

Current situation

The headquarters of the society are located on the western side of Gushan Hill (孤山) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Gushan Hill is an island in the north of West Lake. From the top of the hill people can get a very nice view of the lake and enjoy its beautiful landscapes. To the northeast of Gushan is the famous Bai Causeway (白堤) named after Bai Juyi, a famous poet and governor of Hangzhou. To the west is the Xiling Bridge.

The society has several museums of seals and seal-related arts on the mountain. It also owns many old buildings mainly built during the Ming and Qing dynasties. There is also a pool and several caves on the mountain.

Every year artists get together there to discuss art. The artists are mainly from Japan, China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. There are also many exhibitions and activities on the mountain annually. The famous China Academy of Art is also not far from the site of the society. The Zhongshan Park of Hangzhou is quite nearby.

The society and its facilities are now listed as one of the Major Sites Protected at the National Level of China.

References

^ Yang, Xiaoneng; Hong, Zaixin; Gao, Tianmin (2010). Tracing the past, drawing the future: master ink painters in twentieth-century China. 5 Continents Editions. p. 114. ISBN 978-0937031339.
^ Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China (U.S.) (1980). Traditional and Contemporary Painting in China: A Report of the Visit of the Chinese Painting Delegation to the People's Republic of China. National Academies. p. 82.
^ Xiling Seal-engraving Society 105th Anniversary Serial Exhibitions^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Hudong.com Encyclopedia: The history of Zhe School (seal art)
^ Modern Hai School of Seal Art Archived November 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

External links

30°15′11″N 120°08′07″E / 30.25306°N 120.13528°E / 30.25306; 120.13528

[1] Yang, Xiaoneng; Hong, Zaixin; Gao, Tianmin (2010). Tracing the past, drawing the future: master ink painters in twentieth-century China. 5 Continents Editions. p. 114. ISBN 978-0937031339.

[Hsi-2] Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China (U.S.) (1980). Traditional and Contemporary Painting in China: A Report of the Visit of the Chinese Painting Delegation to the People's Republic of China. National Academies. p. 82.

[XSEG-3] Xiling Seal-engraving Society 105th Anniversary Serial Exhibitions^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[4] Hudong.com Encyclopedia: The history of Zhe School (seal art)

[5] Modern Hai School of Seal Art Archived November 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Chinese art association based in Hangzhou, China}}
 {{cleanup|reason=wikify|date=December 2013}}
 {{Chinese|c=西泠印社|p=Xīlíng Yìnshè|hide=no}}
+{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=265|zoom=13|type=point}}
-'''Xiling Seal Art Society''', a [[Hangzhou]]-based organisation with antecedents dating back to the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] periods, is one of [[China]]'s most important traditional [[Chinese seal art|stone seal engraving]] associations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tracing the past, drawing the future: master ink painters in twentieth-century China|author1=Yang, Xiaoneng |author2=Hong, Zaixin |author3=Gao, Tianmin|publisher=5 Continents Editions|year=2010|ISBN=093703133X|page=114}}</ref>
+The '''Xiling Seal Art Society''' ({{zh|t=[[:zh:西泠印社|西泠印社]]}}) is a Chinese arts organisation based in [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]] Province, PRC. It was founded in 1904 but, with antecedents dating back to the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, is one of China's most important traditional stone seal engraving associations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tracing the past, drawing the future: master ink painters in twentieth-century China|author1=Yang, Xiaoneng |author2=Hong, Zaixin |author3=Gao, Tianmin|publisher=5 Continents Editions|year=2010|isbn=978-0937031339|page=114}}</ref>
 == Alternative names ==
-Other possible translations include the Xiling Seal Society, or Hsi-leng Seal Society<ref name=Hsi/>, or the Xiling Seal Engraving Society<ref name=XSEG/>, or the Xiling Seal Engraver's Society, or the Xiling Epigraphy Society.
+Other possible translations include the '''Xiling Seal Society''', '''Hsi-ling Seal Society''',<ref name=Hsi/> '''Xiling Seal Engraving Society''',<ref name=XSEG/> '''Xiling Seal Engraver's Society''', or '''Xiling Epigraphy Society'''.
 ==History==
@@ Line 11: / Line 13: @@
 ===Pre-society history===
-During the [[Yuan Dynasty]], the most famous seal artist was the scholar and artist [[Wang Mian]], who first used [[Soapstone|soap stone]] for [[Seal cutting (art)|seal making]].
+During the [[Yuan dynasty]] the most famous seal engraver was the scholar and artist [[Wang Mian]], who is credited with first using soft stone for [[Seal cutting (art)|seal making]].
-During [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] Dynasties, seal arts flourished in China, especially in the [[Yangtze River Delta]] region, where there was a continuous rich artistic tradition. There were many different schools of seal making, and many independent artists specialized in seal cutting, [[seal script]] [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]], and the selection of seal stones.
+During the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties seal engraving flourished in China, especially in the [[Yangtze River Delta]] region, where there was a continuous rich artistic tradition. There were many different schools of seal making and many independent artists specialized in seal cutting, [[seal script]] [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]], and the selection of seal stones.
-In South China, the major three schools of seal arts during these periods were ''Hui School'' (whose artists mainly from current [[Anhui Province]]), ''Zhe School'' (whose artists mainly from current [[Zhejiang Province]]), and ''Hai School'' (which was mainly developed in [[Shanghai]], and whose major artists were from current [[Jiangsu]] and Zhejiang Provinces).
+In South China, the three major schools of seal engraving during these periods were the ''Hui School'' (whose artists mainly came from current [[Anhui Province]]), the ''Zhe School'' (whose artists mainly came from current [[Zhejiang Province]]), and the ''Hai School'' (which was mainly developed in [[Shanghai]], and whose major artists came from current [[Jiangsu]] and Zhejiang Provinces).
-The '''Hui School''' is considered as already a mature seal-art school as early as Ming Dynasty period, especially during the [[Jiajing Emperor|Jiajing]] and [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] Eras. The most famous seal makers during the early phase of this school were [[Xiu Ning]] (休宁) and [[He Zhen]], who were active in Mid and Late Ming Dynasty periods. During the [[Kangxi]]-[[Yongzheng]]-[[Qianlong]] Era of [[Qing Dynasty]], the second climax of this appeared, and the most typical representative artist during this period was [[Cheng Sui]] from [[She County, Anhui]]. In Late Qing Dynasty period, this school had its third climax of development, and influenced more artists not only those who were from Anhui. Typical figures of the phase three were: [[Huang Shiling]] (黄士陵), [[Yi Dachang]] (易大厂), [[Qiao Dazhuang]] (乔大壮), [[Wang Fu'an]] (王福庵) and [[Li Yisang]] (李尹桑).
+The '''Hui School''' was already a mature seal engraving school as early as the Ming dynasty, especially during the [[Jiajing Emperor|Jiajing]] and [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] eras. The most famous seal makers during the early phase of this school were [[Xiu Ning]] (休宁) and [[He Zhen (artist)|He Zhen]], who were active in the mid–late Ming dynasty. During the [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]]-[[Yongzheng Emperor|Yongzheng]]-[[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] era of the [[Qing dynasty]] the second climax of this school appeared, and the most typical representative artist during this period was [[Cheng Sui]] from [[She County, Anhui]]. In the late Qing dynasty this school had its third climax of development and influenced engravers from outside Anhui. Typical figures of this third phase were [[Huang Shiling]] (黄士陵), [[Yi Dachang]] (易大厂), [[Qiao Dazhuang]] (乔大壮), [[Wang Fu'an]] (王福庵), and [[Li Yisang]] (李尹桑).
-The '''Zhe School''' ([[:zh:浙派|浙派]]) got famous and influential first during the Qinglong Era in Qing Dynasty. The major founder of this school was [[Ding Jing]] ([[:zh:丁敬|丁敬]]). Ding made his school the most dominant seal-art school during his time. And also because Ding was native of [[Hangzhou|Xiling]] and was active in Xiling for a long time, later the society was formally organized, and set its headquarters in Xiling, and named as '''Xiling Seal Society'''.
+The '''Zhe School''' ([[:zh:浙派|浙派]]) first became famous and influential during the Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty. The main founder of this school was [[Ding Jing]] ([[:zh:丁敬|丁敬]]). Ding made his school the dominant seal engraving school during his time. Because Ding was a native of [[Hangzhou|Xiling]] and active in Xiling for a long time, a society was later formally organized with its headquarters in Xiling named the '''Xiling Seal Society'''.
-After Ding, his most accomplished students were [[Jiang Ren]] (蒋仁), Huang Yi (黄易), [[Xi Gang]] (奚冈), [[Chen Yuzhong]] (陈豫钟), [[Chen Hongshou (Qing Dynasty)|Chen Hongshou]] (陈鸿寿), Zhao Zhishen (赵之琛), and Qian Song (钱松), who are now widely regarded as the [[Eight Masters of Xiling]].<ref>Hudong.com Encyclopedia: [http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB The history of Zhe School (seal art)]</ref>
+Ding's most accomplished students were [[Jiang Ren]] (蒋仁), Huang Yi (黄易), [[Xi Gang]] (奚冈), [[Chen Yuzhong]] (陈豫钟), [[Chen Hongshou (Qing Dynasty)|Chen Hongshou]] (陈鸿寿), Zhao Zhishen (赵之琛), and Qian Song (钱松), who are now widely regarded as the [[Eight Masters of Xiling]].<ref>Hudong.com Encyclopedia: [http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB The history of Zhe School (seal art)]</ref>
-The '''Hai School''' or ''Shanghai School'' of seal arts would be the latest school, and mainly started developing during the Late Qing Dynasty. This school in fact combined different styles of previous schools, especially those artistic elements from Hui and Zhe Schools. It's mainly considered as a modern school of seal art.<ref>[http://www.sfrx.cn/articles.php?id=2018 Modern Hai School of Seal Art]</ref> Early important artists from this school are Qian Shoutie (钱瘦铁), Wu Hufan ([[:zh:吴湖帆|吴湖帆]]), Huang Baoyue (黄葆戉), Bai Jiao (白蕉), Ma Gongyu (马公愚), Qin Bomo (秦伯未), Hua Ji'an (华笃安), Zhu Hongda (朱鸿达), Wu Zhongjiong (吴仲坰); Tang Linze (汤临泽), Chen Zili (陈子彝), Qin Kangxiang (秦康祥), Wu Youqian (吴幼潜), Jin Tiezhi (金铁芝), Zhi Ci'an (支慈庵), Lai Chusheng (来楚生), Hou Fuchang (侯福昌), Gao Luoyuan (高络园).
+The '''Hai School''' or ''Shanghai School'' of seal arts is the most recent school and mainly started developing during the late Qing dynasty. This school in fact combined different styles of previous schools, especially those artistic elements of the Hui and Zhe Schools. It's mainly considered as a modern school of seal art.<ref>[http://www.sfrx.cn/articles.php?id=2018 Modern Hai School of Seal Art] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129212610/http://www.sfrx.cn/articles.php?id=2018 |date=November 29, 2010 }}</ref> Early important artists from this school are Qian Shoutie (钱瘦铁), Wu Hufan ([[:zh:吴湖帆|吴湖帆]]), Huang Baoyue (黄葆戉), Bai Jiao (白蕉), Ma Gongyu (马公愚), Qin Bomo (秦伯未), Hua Ji'an (华笃安), Zhu Hongda (朱鸿达), Wu Zhongjiong (吴仲坰); Tang Linze (汤临泽), Chen Zili (陈子彝), Qin Kangxiang (秦康祥), Wu Youqian (吴幼潜), Jin Tiezhi (金铁芝), Zhi Ci'an (支慈庵), Lai Chusheng (来楚生), Hou Fuchang (侯福昌), and Gao Luoyuan (高络园).
 ===Establishment of the society===
-Before the establishment of the society, there were many local or small-sized organizations or artists groups existing, especially in Zhejiang and Shanghai, however, it was not formally registered nor recognized by the government (nonofficial). The seal artists from different schools and places first founded the Xiling Seal Society as a large/national and academic society of learning, research and art in 1904 (the 31st Year of [[Puyi|Guangxu Era]], Late Qing Dynasty). The first board of directors included Ding Ren (丁仁), Wang Shi (王禔), Wu Yin (吴隐), and Ye Ming (叶铭). The first President of the society was [[Wu Changshuo]] ([[:zh:吴昌硕|吴昌硕]]), a famous scholar, calligraphist, painter, seal maker, writer from the Hai School.
+Before the establishment of the society there were many local or small-sized organizations or artists groups existing, especially in Zhejiang and Shanghai, however, it was not formally registered nor recognized by the government (nonofficial). The seal artists from different schools and places first founded the Xiling Seal Society as a large/national and academic society of learning, research, and art in 1904. The first board of directors included Ding Ren (丁仁), Wang Shi (王禔), Wu Yin (吴隐), and Ye Ming (叶铭). The first President of the society was [[Wu Changshuo]] ([[:zh:吴昌硕|吴昌硕]]), a famous scholar, calligraphist, painter, seal maker, and writer from the Hai School.
 ==List of presidents==
@@ Line 31: / Line 34: @@
 * [[Ma Heng]] ([[:zh:马衡|马衡]])
 * [[Zhang Zongxiang]] (张宗祥)
-* [[Sha Menghai]]
+* [[Sha Menghai]] (沙孟海)
-* [[Zhao Puchu]]
+* [[Zhao Puchu]] (赵朴初)
-* [[Qigong (artist)|Qi Gong]]
+* [[Qigong (artist)|Qi Gong]] (启功)
+* [[Rao Zongyi]] (饶宗颐)
-==Current situations==
+==Current situation==
-The headquarters of society are located on the western side of Gushan Hill ([[:zh:孤山 (西湖)|孤山]]) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Gushan Hill is a island in the north of [[West Lake]]. From the top of the hill people can get a very good nice view of the lake and enjoy its beautiful landscapes.
+The headquarters of the society are located on the western side of Gushan Hill ([[:zh:孤山 (西湖)|孤山]]) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Gushan Hill is an island in the north of [[West Lake]]. From the top of the hill people can get a very nice view of the lake and enjoy its beautiful landscapes. To the northeast of Gushan is the famous Bai Causeway ([[:zh:白堤|白堤]]) named after [[Bai Juyi]], a famous poet and governor of [[Hangzhou]]. To the west is the Xiling Bridge.
+The society has several museums of seals and seal-related arts on the mountain. It also owns many old buildings mainly built during the Ming and Qing dynasties. There is also a pool and several caves on the mountain.
-On the south of the society, it's the famous Bai Mound ([[:zh:白堤|白堤]]) first built by [[Bai Juyi]], then [[mayor]] of [[Hangzhou]] and a famous poet. On the west, there's a bridge named Xiling Bridge.
+Every year artists get together there to discuss art. The artists are mainly from [[Japan]], China, [[South Korea]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Singapore]]. There are also many exhibitions and activities on the mountain annually. The famous [[China Academy of Art]] is also not far from the site of the society. The [[Zhongshan Park]] of Hangzhou is quite nearby.
-The society has several [[museum]]s of seals and seal-related arts on the mountain. It also owns many old buildings mainly built during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are also a [[Stream pool|pool]] and several [[cave]]s on the mountain.
+The society and its facilities are now listed as one of the [[Major Site to Be Protected for Its Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level|Major Sites Protected at the National Level]] of China.
-Every year, there many artists get together discussing art in the society. The artists are mainly from [[Japan]], China, [[South Korea]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Singapore]]. There are also many exhibitions and activities on the mountain annually. The famous [[China Academy of Art]] is also not far from the site of the society. The [[Zhongshan Park]] of Hangzhou is quite nearby.
-Now the society and its facilities are listed as one of the [[Major Site to Be Protected for Its Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level|Major Sites Protected at the National Level]] of [[People's Republic of China|China]].
 <gallery>
 File:Hangzhou Xiling Yinshe 20120520-02.jpg
@@ Line 54: / Line 57: @@
 ==See also==
+* [[Epigraphy]]
 * [[Seal (East Asia)]]
-* [[Seal cutting]] and [[seal engraving]]
+* [[Seal carving]]
-* [[Seal script]] and [[seal sculpture]]
+* [[Seal script]]
+* [[Seal sculpture]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|refs=
 <ref name=Hsi>{{cite book|title=Traditional and Contemporary Painting in China: A Report of the Visit of the Chinese Painting Delegation to the People's Republic of China|author=Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China (U.S.)|publisher=National Academies|year=1980|page=82}}</ref>
-<ref name=XSEG>[http://inhangzhou.com/hangzhou/?p=1963 Xiling Seal-engraving Society 105th Anniversary Serial Exhibitions]</ref>
+<ref name=XSEG>[http://inhangzhou.com/hangzhou/?p=1963 Xiling Seal-engraving Society 105th Anniversary Serial Exhibitions]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 }}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
-{{commons category|Xiling Society of Seal Arts}}
+{{commons category|Xiling Seal Art Society}}
 * [http://www.xlys.cn/ Official website of Xiling Society]
-* [http://www.china-tour.cn/Hangzhou/The-Xiling-Seal-Engraver-Society.htm The Xiling Seal Engraver's Society]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723112029/http://www.china-tour.cn/Hangzhou/The-Xiling-Seal-Engraver-Society.htm The Xiling Seal Engraver's Society]
-* [http://www.pandaadventures.com/d2s-17-422-39.htm Xiling Seal Engravers' Society]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008102448/http://www.pandaadventures.com/d2s-17-422-39.htm Xiling Seal Engravers' Society]
-* [http://www.mildchina.com/hangzhou-attractions/hangzhou-xilingyinshe.html Hangzhou Xiling Yinshe Introduction]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205111935/http://www.mildchina.com/hangzhou-attractions/hangzhou-xilingyinshe.html Hangzhou Xiling Yinshe Introduction]
+{{Seal (East Asia)}}
 {{coord|30|15|11|N|120|08|07|E|region:CN_source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=title}}
+{{authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Xiling}}
 [[Category:Chinese seal art]]
+[[Category:Chinese art]]
 [[Category:Research institutes in China]]
 [[Category:Art schools in China]]
-[[Category:Hangzhou]]
+[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hangzhou]]
+[[Category:Art societies]]
+[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang]]
+[[Category:1904 establishments in China]]

v t e Seals in the Sinosphere
China	Babao seal paste Banknote seal Heirloom Seal of the Realm People's Government of the People's Republic of China Xiling Seal Art Society
Japan	King of Na gold seal National seals of Japan Government Seal Imperial Seal Privy Seal State Seal
Korea	Guksae Seal of South Korea
Mongolia	Imperial Seal of the Mongols State seal of Mongolia
Taiwan	National seals of Taiwan
Vietnam	Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
General	Seal carving Side carving Seal script Seal knob