Military reserve: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Units, personnel, and resources not initially committed to battle and available to a commander}} |
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{{distinguish|military reserve force}} |
{{distinguish|military reserve force|Military base{{!}}military reservation}} |
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{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}} |
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| ⚫ | A '''military reserve''', '''reserve formation''', or simply '''reserve''', is a group of military personnel or units that is initially not committed to a battle by its commander, so that it remains available to address unforeseen situations or exploit sudden opportunities. |
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| ⚫ | A '''military reserve''', '''active reserve''', '''reserve formation''', or simply '''reserve''', is a group of military personnel or units that is initially not committed to a battle by its commander, so that it remains available to address unforeseen situations or exploit sudden opportunities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=reserve|encyclopedia=DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms|date=November 2021}}</ref> Reserves may be held back to defend against attack from other enemy forces, to be committed to the existing battle if the enemy exposes a vulnerability, or to serve as relief for troops already fighting. As reserves (especially in the defence) represent a "hedge against uncertainty", the size of the reserve depends on the level of uncertainty a commander has about the enemy's intentions.<ref name="fm 3-0 p6-39">{{cite book|title=FM 3-0: Operations|year=2022|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|page=6-39}}</ref> Some of the different categories of military reserves are: '''tactical reserve''', '''operational reserve''', and '''strategic reserve'''. |
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| ⚫ | A military reserve is different from a [[military reserve force]], which is a military organization composed of military personnel who maintain their military skills and readiness in a long-term part-time commitment to support their country if needed. Military reserve refers to specific trained pre-organized forces operating on an on-call basis from the main military force. |
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| ⚫ | A military reserve is different from a [[military reserve force]], which is a military organization composed of military personnel ([[reservist]]s) who maintain their military skills and readiness in a long-term part-time commitment to support their country if needed. Military reserve refers to specific trained pre-organized forces operating on an on-call basis from the main military force.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=223}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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{{disputed-section|date=February 2017}} |
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The concept of reserve forces dates at least to{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} early [[Structural history of the Roman military|Roman legionary]] formations. In the early Roman legion, the soldiers were divided by wealth and age, with the poorer and younger [[Hastati]] forming the first line, followed by the [[Principes]], and the wealthier and older [[Triarii]]. The first two lines were expected to do the majority of the fighting, with the third line held in reserve, both as a last resort and to deter routing.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} |
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==Reserves at various levels== |
==Reserves at various levels== |
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Reserves are kept and employed at all levels, from a platoon held back from a company level engagement, to whole army [[corps]] consisting of armoured and mechanised [[division (military)|divisions]] which are held in reserve with the purpose of exploiting a breakthrough or containing an enemy advance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jääkärijoukkueen ja -ryhmän käsikirja 2018|publisher=[[Finnish Army]]|year=2017|page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=FM 100-2-1: The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics|year=1984|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|pages=4-2, 4-5, 4-7}}</ref> Typically what is a reserve for one [[headquarters]] is not the reserve for a higher headquarters (though depending on the setup they may be). So if one of a battalion's companies is held in reserve during a battle, the company is considered to be a reserve for the battalion but not for the brigade or the division, since it is committed to action in its parent battalion sector. |
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==Employment== |
==Employment== |
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Deciding |
Deciding where, how and especially when to employ reserves is a key command decision.<ref name="fm 3-0 p6-39" /> In the event of reserves being sent forward to exploit a breakthrough, some are typically held back to deal with a potential [[counterattack]].<ref>{{cite book|title=FM 100-2-1: The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics|year=1984|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|page=2-11}}</ref> Alternatively, [[US Army]] doctrine states that a commander should reform another reserve after committing his existing reserve.<ref name="fm 3-0 p6-39" /> Reserves can also be employed to relieve troops in action, allowing those units to rest and regroup away from the front line. |
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==Notable reserve units== |
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Reserves may also exist in a broader sense: instead of being designated as the reserve in one tactical area, units and formations may be held back as forces available for responding to new strategic situations, or for fighting a decisive battle, as the battleship ''[[Japanese battleship Yamato|Yamato]]'' was. |
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| ⚫ | * [[Reserve Army (United Kingdom)|British Reserve Army]] – A [[army|field army]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] during the First World War. The intended purpose of the army was to carry out the breakthrough phase of the Somme offensive once General Sir [[Henry S. Rawlinson|Henry Rawlinson's]] [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]] had captured the German front-line trenches.{{cn|date=July 2023}} |
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* [[Reserve of the Supreme High Command]] – The principal reserve of the Soviet [[Red Army]] during [[World War II]]. Now part of the [[Russian Armed Forces]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} |
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===Effect of reserves in history=== |
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Reserve troops—or lack thereof—have played a significant role in battles and campaigns throughout history, especially in the twentieth century. Nazi Germany deployed reserves from France and southern Europe to Tunisia, averting collapse in the wake of [[Operation Torch]], and later to Italy, assuming control over most of that country after the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allied landing]] and the Italian surrender. Conversely, the lack of reserves to deal with the Allied landings in Sicily compelled the Germans to shift forces away from the Eastern Front, hampering the 1943 [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk offensive]], and the expenditure of their last reserves in the [[Battle of the Bulge]] contributed heavily{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} to the general German collapse in 1945. |
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In the aftermath of World War I, the extensive colonial commitments of the [[United Kingdom]] left few battalions available for the [[Anglo-Irish War]], which hindered the British ability to deal with the crisis. |
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At the [[Battle of Gaugamela]], [[Alexander the Great]] held back his cavalry, using it first to deal with Persian flanking movements and later to exploit a gap in the enemy line and win the battle. |
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==Example of reserves== |
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There have been many examples of reserves formations throughout history. |
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===British Reserve Army in World War I=== |
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The intended purpose of the army was to carry out the breakthrough phase of the Somme offensive once General Sir [[Henry S. Rawlinson|Henry Rawlinson's]] [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]] had captured the German front-line trenches. For this role Gough was provided with the three British [[cavalry]] divisions and in June he was allocated an infantry corps of three divisions to support the advance. |
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===Strike Corps=== |
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Some armor heavy formations of India and Pakistan are designated as "strike corps" to take advantage of breakthroughs. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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==External links== |
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[[Category:Reserve forces]] |
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[[Category:Military doctrines|Reserve]] |
[[Category:Military doctrines|Reserve]] |
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[[Category:Attrition warfare]] |
[[Category:Attrition warfare]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:00, 18 July 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2023) |
A military reserve, active reserve, reserve formation, or simply reserve, is a group of military personnel or units that is initially not committed to a battle by its commander, so that it remains available to address unforeseen situations or exploit sudden opportunities.[1] Reserves may be held back to defend against attack from other enemy forces, to be committed to the existing battle if the enemy exposes a vulnerability, or to serve as relief for troops already fighting. As reserves (especially in the defence) represent a "hedge against uncertainty", the size of the reserve depends on the level of uncertainty a commander has about the enemy's intentions.[2] Some of the different categories of military reserves are: tactical reserve, operational reserve, and strategic reserve.
A military reserve is different from a military reserve force, which is a military organization composed of military personnel (reservists) who maintain their military skills and readiness in a long-term part-time commitment to support their country if needed. Military reserve refers to specific trained pre-organized forces operating on an on-call basis from the main military force.[3]
Reserves at various levels
[edit]Reserves are kept and employed at all levels, from a platoon held back from a company level engagement, to whole army corps consisting of armoured and mechanised divisions which are held in reserve with the purpose of exploiting a breakthrough or containing an enemy advance.[4][5] Typically what is a reserve for one headquarters is not the reserve for a higher headquarters (though depending on the setup they may be). So if one of a battalion's companies is held in reserve during a battle, the company is considered to be a reserve for the battalion but not for the brigade or the division, since it is committed to action in its parent battalion sector.
Employment
[edit]Deciding where, how and especially when to employ reserves is a key command decision.[2] In the event of reserves being sent forward to exploit a breakthrough, some are typically held back to deal with a potential counterattack.[6] Alternatively, US Army doctrine states that a commander should reform another reserve after committing his existing reserve.[2] Reserves can also be employed to relieve troops in action, allowing those units to rest and regroup away from the front line.
Notable reserve units
[edit]- British Reserve Army – A field army of the British Expeditionary Force during the First World War. The intended purpose of the army was to carry out the breakthrough phase of the Somme offensive once General Sir Henry Rawlinson's Fourth Army had captured the German front-line trenches.[citation needed]
- Reserve of the Supreme High Command – The principal reserve of the Soviet Red Army during World War II. Now part of the Russian Armed Forces.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "reserve". DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. November 2021.
- ^ a b c FM 3-0: Operations. Department of the Army. 2022. p. 6-39.
- ^ Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 223. ISBN 9780850451634.
- ^ Jääkärijoukkueen ja -ryhmän käsikirja 2018. Finnish Army. 2017. p. 115.
- ^ FM 100-2-1: The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics. Department of the Army. 1984. pp. 4–2, 4–5, 4–7.
- ^ FM 100-2-1: The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics. Department of the Army. 1984. p. 2-11.