Advayataraka Upanishad: Difference between revisions

Advayataraka Upanishad
Advayataraka Upanishad
	The text praises Guru as the one who dispels darkness
Devanagari	अद्वयतारक
IAST	Advayatāraka
Title means	"non-dual deliverer"
Type	Yoga
Linked Veda	Shukla Yajurveda
Chapters	1
Verses	19
Philosophy	Yoga, Vedanta

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Advayataraka Upanishad is an ancient Sanskrit text and a minor Upanishad of Hinduism. It is one of the 19 Upanishads attached to the Shukla Yajurveda.^[2] It is classified as a Yoga Upanishad.^[3]^[4]

The Upanishad is notable for its discussion of Guru (teacher). The text discusses three goals of introspection, Taraka yoga and the nondual nature of Reality (Brahman).^[5] The text also includes verses on Raja yoga,^[6] and Kundalini Tantra.^[7] The Upanishad also states that maya or illusion is the reason for the "differentiation" of the living from God.^[8]

It is listed 53 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads.^[9] The text is also known as Advaya Taraka Upanishad and Advayatarakopanishad.

Nomenclature

Advayataraka is a composite Sanskrit word, consisting of advaya (अद्वय) which means "nondual, identity, unity, not two, without a second", and tāraka (तारक) which means literally "star, pupil of the eye" and figuratively "deliverer, rescuer".^[10]^[11]^[12] In Raja Yoga parlance tāraka is that light between and in front of the eyebrows which is realized during meditation.^[13]

Chronology

Gavin Flood dates this text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.^[14]

Structure

The Advayataraka text is one of the rare Yoga Upanishads that contains a mix of prose and poetic verses, while others are in verse form.^[15]^[16] It consists of one chapter, eighteen passages/verses with an epilogue nineteenth praise passage.^[15]

The first verse states, "then and for that reason, this knowledge is for Yati who has gained six behavioral qualities – Sama (calm mind, same-ness towards everything), Dama (temperance and self-restraint such as Ahimsa), Uparati (tolerance, quietness, cessation of cravings), Titiksha (endurance, cheerfulness no matter what), Samadhana (focus, one pointedness), and Śraddhā (faith, confidence).^[6]^[20]

Taraka yoga

Verse 2 of the text states that the yogin should always keep in mind, "my true form is consciousness", and introspect on the transcendent Brahman (ultimate reality) whose true form is sat-cit-ananda, or "being-consciousness-bliss".^[21] It is this introspection, asserts the text, by which he becomes Brahman form (Taraka) himself.^[21] It is through the use of Neti-Neti,^[8] or "not this, not this", states verse 3, does the yogin reach release from the fear of rebirth and the liberating knowledge of non-dual Brahman.^[21]^[20]

Introspection: three goals

The Upanishad discusses introspection objectives, Lakshya (aim, goal, target), from verse 4 to 7.^[7]^[20]^[22] The introspection is of three types, each yielding insights, signs or visions, and is described as Taraka-yoga.^[20]

The internal Lakshya is described in Tantra terminology. It is realizing the Sushumna nadi (Sushumna, the middle-body, primary blood vessel and energy channel), running from below spinal cord through Kundalini to one's skull.^[23]^[24] Realizing this with his mind, he is released from bondage he feels from past sin.^[25] He can see a blue radiant space with closed eyes once he attains this state of internal Lakshya.^[25] When kundalini is realized the knowledge of brahman is achieved which is the only stage when one crosses the threshold of fear of the cycle of birth, aging and death.^[26]

The external Lakshya, the second type is described in the text's verse 6 as the brightness on top of his head, sensed by the Yogin.^[27]^[23] It is of blue color bordering with indigo color above, asserts the text, and orange or golden in front, in any direction of earth he sees. The universe looks radiant to this accomplished Yogin.^[27]

The verse 7 mentions the third, middle or intermediate Lakshya. It is what the Yogin senses at dawn during sunrise, where he feels his self identical, translates Ayyangar, with "the vast disc of resplendent Sun", darkness brought into relief by the splendor of radiant Taraka form, transcendent lustre excelling all, outside and within.^[28]

These three types of visions, states Dhavamony, are part of the Ambhavi-mudra tantric practice.^[20]

Taraka

The text clarifies Taraka-yoga to be of two kinds:

Know then that Yoga is two fold, in the relationship of priority and posteriority. The former should be known Taraka (mind), the latter Amanaska (non mind).

— Advayataraka Upanishad, Verse 8^[29]

Verse 9 asserts that macrocosm of the universe is present inside the microcosm of human body, and the Yogin should contemplate upon macrocosm and microcosm as essentially one.^[30] Taraka can be distinguished into two, one Murti-Taraka (one with form) and the other Amurti-Taraka (one without form), states verse 10. The Murti-Taraka can be perceived with sensory organs, the Amurti-Taraka is knowable by means of introspection with "the eye aided by the mind".^[31] The Taraka manifestation occurs when there is conjunction of the Atman, the Mind and the eyes, to perceive the inward truth, asserts the text.^[31]^[32]

The Divine Self

Turn the mind's eye to the point within the heart where the light of the Divine Self burns.

— Advayataraka Upanishad 10 ^[33]

In verse 11, the text states that the Taraka and Amanaska methods can be practiced by casting one's eyes, conjoint with one's mind by a Yogin.^[34] Sambhu mudra is described in verse 12.^[35] The praise for Guru, for Yoga practice, is first mentioned in verse 13, as the one who helps one guide the introspective stages, leading the Yogin to realize the consciousness, intelligence and Turiya (deep, fourth state of consciousness).^[35]^[36]

Importance of a Guru

Four often-cited verses (14–18) from the Advayataraka Upanishad reverentially narrate a Guru or teacher.^[37]^[38] The best Acharya (आचार्य, spiritual teacher), state verses 14-15, is one knows the Vedas, a devotee of the god Vishnu, has no spite, who knows yoga, has his own views on it, Yoga is part of how he lives his life, is clean, reveres his own Guru, and who understands the concept of Purusha (Atman-Brahman).^[39]^[40]^[41]

The Upanishad then explains the word "Guru" as follows:^[42]

गुशब्दस्त्वन्धकारः स्यात् रुशब्दस्तन्निरोधकः ।
अन्धकारनिरोधित्वात् गुरुरित्यभिधीयते ॥ १६॥

The syllable Gu indicates darkness, the syllable Ru means its dispeller,
Because of the quality of dispelling darkness, the Guru is thus termed.

— Advayataraka Upanishad, 16^[17]^[43]

Thus, the role of a Guru is one of eliminating ignorance by helping the student reach knowledge. The Guru is the supreme goal, the transcendent Brahman, wisdom, the last resort, asserts verse 17 of the Upanishad.^[17]^[44]

Further, the text in verse 18 praises the teacher as the "ultimate limit" and "supreme wealth", greater than all else.^[17]^[38]^[23]

References

^ Georg Feuerstein (2006). "Yoga and Meditation (Dhyana)". Moksha Journal (I).
^ Prasoon 2008, p. 82-83.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. vii.
^ Feuerstein 1989, p. 22.
^ Feuerstein 1989, pp. 239–240.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ayyangar 1938, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Hersey 2013, p. 155.
^ ^a ^b Nair 2008, p. 575.
^ Deussen, Bedekar & Palsule (tr.) 1997, p. 556.
^ Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, advaya
^ tAraka Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)
^ Axel Michaels and Barbara Harshav (2003), Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691089522, page 269
^ Dhavamony 1999, p. 85, notes.
^ Flood 1996, p. 96.
^ ^a ^b Ayyangar 1938, pp. 1–8.
^ Deussen 2010, p. 26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ayyangar 1938, p. 8.
^ yatin Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
^ Patrick Olivelle (1981), Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, pages 265-274
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Dhavamony 1999, p. 85.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ayyangar 1938, p. 2.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 2–4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Georg Feuerstein (2004). "Adhvaya Taaraka Upanishad". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
^ Dalal 2014, p. 429.
^ ^a ^b Ayyangar 1938, pp. 2–3.
^ Dalal 2014, p. 120.
^ ^a ^b Ayyangar 1938, pp. 3–4.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 4.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 4–5.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 5.
^ ^a ^b Ayyangar 1938, pp. 5–6.
^ Suciu 2010, p. Verse ९ with two commentaries.
^ Hersey 2013, p. 87.
^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Ayyangar 1938, p. 7.
^ Suciu 2010, p. Verse १३.
^ Dhavamony 1999, pp. 84–85.
^ ^a ^b Barba & Savarese 2011, p. 28.
^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 7–8.
^ Suciu 2010, p. Verse १४, १५.
^ Georg Feuerstein (1990), Encyclopedic dictionary of Yoga, 1st edition, New York: Paragon House, ISBN 978-1557782458
^ Rosen 2007, pp. 49–50.
^ Suciu 2010, p. Verse १६.
^ Suciu 2010, p. Verse १७.

Bibliography

Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library.
Barba, Eugenio; Savarese, Nicola (18 March 2011). A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-17635-8.
Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
Dhavamony, Mariasusai (1 January 1999). Hindu Spirituality. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7.
Deussen, Paul (1 January 2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6.
Deussen, Paul; Bedekar, V.M. (tr.); Palsule (tr.), G.B. (1 January 1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
Feuerstein, Georg (1989). Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy. Tarcher. ISBN 978-0874775259.
Flood, Gavin D (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521438780
Suciu, Sorin (2010). "अद्वयतारक (Advayataraka Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Hersey, Baird (17 December 2013). The Practice of Nada Yoga: Meditation on the Inner Sacred Sound. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-1-62055-182-0.
Larson, Gerald James; Potter, Karl H. (1970). Yogatattva Upanishad (Translated by NSS Raman), in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
Nair, Shantha N. (1 January 2008). Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-81-223-1020-7.
Prasoon, Prof.S.K. (1 January 2008). Indian Scriptures. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-81-223-1007-8.
Rosen, Steven (2007). Krishna's Song: A New Look at the Bhagavad Gita. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34553-1.

External links

Advayataraka Upanishad in Sanskrit with Sanskrit Commentary

[Feuerstein-1] Georg Feuerstein (2006). "Yoga and Meditation (Dhyana)". Moksha Journal (I).

[FOOTNOTEPrasoon200882-83-2] Prasoon 2008, p. 82-83.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar1938vii-3] Ayyangar 1938, p. vii.

[FOOTNOTEFeuerstein198922-4] Feuerstein 1989, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1989239–240-5] Feuerstein 1989, pp. 239–240.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19381-6] Ayyangar 1938, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEHersey2013155-7] Hersey 2013, p. 155.

[FOOTNOTENair2008575-8] Nair 2008, p. 575.

[FOOTNOTEDeussenBedekarPalsule_(tr.)1997556-9] Deussen, Bedekar & Palsule (tr.) 1997, p. 556.

[10] Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, advaya

[11] tAraka Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)

[12] Axel Michaels and Barbara Harshav (2003), Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691089522, page 269

[FOOTNOTEDhavamony199985,_notes-13] Dhavamony 1999, p. 85, notes.

[FOOTNOTEFlood199696-14] Flood 1996, p. 96.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19381–8-15] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 1–8.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen201026-16] Deussen 2010, p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19388-17] Ayyangar 1938, p. 8.

[18] yatin Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

[olivelleshs265-19] Patrick Olivelle (1981), Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, pages 265-274

[FOOTNOTEDhavamony199985-20] Dhavamony 1999, p. 85.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19382-21] Ayyangar 1938, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19382–4-22] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 2–4.

[translation-23] Georg Feuerstein (2004). "Adhvaya Taaraka Upanishad". Retrieved 17 January 2015.

[FOOTNOTEDalal2014429-24] Dalal 2014, p. 429.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19382–3-25] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 2–3.

[FOOTNOTEDalal2014120-26] Dalal 2014, p. 120.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19383–4-27] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 3–4.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19384-28] Ayyangar 1938, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19384–5-29] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 4–5.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19385-30] Ayyangar 1938, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19385–6-31] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 5–6.

[FOOTNOTESuciu2010Verse_९_with_two_commentaries-32] Suciu 2010, p. Verse ९ with two commentaries.

[FOOTNOTEHersey201387-33] Hersey 2013, p. 87.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19386-34] Ayyangar 1938, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19387-35] Ayyangar 1938, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTESuciu2010Verse_१३-36] Suciu 2010, p. Verse १३.

[FOOTNOTEDhavamony199984–85-37] Dhavamony 1999, pp. 84–85.

[FOOTNOTEBarbaSavarese201128-38] Barba & Savarese 2011, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEAyyangar19387–8-39] Ayyangar 1938, pp. 7–8.

[FOOTNOTESuciu2010Verse_१४,_१५-40] Suciu 2010, p. Verse १४, १५.

[41] Georg Feuerstein (1990), Encyclopedic dictionary of Yoga, 1st edition, New York: Paragon House, ISBN 978-1557782458

[FOOTNOTERosen200749–50-42] Rosen 2007, pp. 49–50.

[FOOTNOTESuciu2010Verse_१६-43] Suciu 2010, p. Verse १६.

[FOOTNOTESuciu2010Verse_१७-44] Suciu 2010, p. Verse १७.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Ancient Sanskrit text}}
 {{italic title}}
 {{Infobox Upanishad
-| image                    = Sirio satsang.JPG
+| image                    = A Yoga instructor at Parmarth Niketan, Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh.jpg
 | caption                  = The text praises [[Guru]] as the one who dispels darkness
-| alt                      =
-| name                     = Advayataraka
 | Devanagari               = अद्वयतारक
 | Sanskrit_transliteration = Advayatāraka
-| meaning                  = "non-dual deliverer"<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite journal | url=http://www.santosha.com/moksha/meditation1.html | title=Yoga and Meditation (Dhyana) | author=[[Georg Feuerstein]] | journal=Moksha Journal – | year=2006 | issue=I}}</ref>
+| meaning                  = "non-dual deliverer"<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite journal | url=http://www.santosha.com/moksha/meditation1.html | title=Yoga and Meditation (Dhyana) | author=Georg Feuerstein | author-link=Georg Feuerstein | journal=Moksha Journal | year=2006 | issue=I}}</ref>
-| composition_date         =
-| authors                  =
 | type                     = Yoga
 | Veda                     = [[Shukla Yajurveda]]
-| Brahmana                 =
-| Aranyaka                 =
 | chapters                 = 1
 | verses                   = 19
@@ Line 19: / Line 14: @@
 }}
-'''''Advayataraka Upanishad''''' is an ancient Sanskrit text and a minor Upanishad of [[Hinduism]]. It is one of the 19 Upanishads attached to the [[Shukla Yajurveda]] or White Yajurveda.{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82-83}} It is classified as a [[Yoga]] Upanishad.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=vii}}{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1989|p=22}}
+'''''Advayataraka Upanishad''''' is an ancient [[Sanskrit]] text and a minor [[Upanishad]] of [[Hinduism]]. It is one of the 19 Upanishads attached to the ''[[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]]''.{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82-83}} It is classified as a [[Yoga]] Upanishad.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=vii}}{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1989|p=22}}
-The Upanishad is notable for its discussion of [[Guru]] (teacher). The text discusses three types of introspection, Taraka yoga and the nondual nature of Reality ([[Brahman]]).{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1989|pp=239-240}} The text also includes verses on Raja yoga,{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=1}} with some on Kundalini Tantra.{{Sfn|Hersey|2013|p=155}}
+The Upanishad is notable for its discussion of [[Guru]] (teacher). The text discusses three goals of introspection, Taraka yoga and the nondual nature of Reality ([[Brahman]]).{{Sfn|Feuerstein|1989|pp=239-240}} The text also includes verses on Raja yoga,{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=1}} and Kundalini Tantra.{{Sfn|Hersey|2013|p=155}} The Upanishad also states that [[Maya (illusion)|maya]] or illusion is the reason for the "differentiation" of the living from God.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=575}}
 It is listed 53 in the serial order of the [[Muktika]] enumerated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]] in the modern era [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=556}} The text is also known as '''''Advaya Taraka Upanishad''''' and '''''Advayatarakopanishad'''''.
 ==Nomenclature==
-Advayataraka is a composite Sanskrit word, consisting of ''Advaya'' (अद्वय) which means "nondual, identity, unity, not two, without a second", and ''Taraka'' (तारक) which means "liberate, carry over, deliverer, rescuer".<ref>Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche advaya]</ref><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=taraka+&trans=Translate&direction=AU tAraka] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref>
+Advayataraka is a composite Sanskrit word, consisting of ''advaya'' ({{lang|sa|{{linktext|अद्वय}}}}) which means "nondual, identity, unity, not two, without a second", and ''tāraka'' ({{lang|sa|{{linktext|तारक}}}}) which means literally "star, pupil of the eye" and figuratively "deliverer, rescuer".<ref>Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche advaya]</ref><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=taraka+&trans=Translate&direction=AU tAraka] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref><ref>Axel Michaels and Barbara Harshav (2003), Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691089522}}, page 269</ref> In [[Raja Yoga]] parlance ''tāraka'' is that light between and in front of the eyebrows which is realized during meditation.{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85, notes}}
 ==Chronology==
@@ Line 35: / Line 30: @@
 ==Contents ==
+{{Quote box |width=22em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
+|quote='''The Teacher'''
+<poem>
+A [[Guru]] is the highest wealth, greater than all else.
+</poem>
+|source =— ''Advayataraka Upanishad'' 18{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=8}}}}
 ===Yogin: Ethics first===
 The text opens declaring its target and stating ethics as the eligibility requirement for yogin, calling him as ''Yati''.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=1}} Yati<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=yatin&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 yatin] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref> is synonymous with [[Sannyasa|Sanyasis]], Bhiksu, Pravrajita/Pravrajitā, Sramana and Parivrajaka in ancient and medieval Hindu texts.<ref name=olivelleshs265>Patrick Olivelle (1981), Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, pages 265-274</ref>
-The first verse states, "then and for that reason, this knowledge is for Yati who has gained six behavioral qualities – ''Sama'' (calm mind, same-ness towards everything), ''[[Temperance (virtue)#Hinduism|Dama]]'' (temperance and self-restraint such as Ahimsa), ''Uparati'' (tolerance, quietness, cessation of cravings), ''[[Titiksha]]'' (endurance, cheerfulness no matter what), ''Samadhana'' (focus, one pointedness), and ''[[Sraddha]]'' (faith, confidence).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=1}}{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}
+The first verse states, "then and for that reason, this knowledge is for Yati who has gained six behavioral qualities – ''Sama'' (calm mind, same-ness towards everything), ''[[Temperance (virtue)#Hinduism|Dama]]'' (temperance and self-restraint such as Ahimsa), ''Uparati'' (tolerance, quietness, cessation of cravings), ''[[Titiksha]]'' (endurance, cheerfulness no matter what), ''Samadhana'' (focus, one pointedness), and ''[[Śraddhā]]'' (faith, confidence).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=1}}{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}
 ===Taraka yoga===
 Verse 2 of the text states that the yogin should always keep in mind, "my true form is consciousness", and introspect on the transcendent [[Brahman]] (ultimate reality) whose true form is ''sat-cit-ananda'', or "being-consciousness-bliss".{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=2}} It is this introspection, asserts the text, by which he becomes Brahman form (Taraka) himself.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=2}} It is through the use of ''Neti-Neti'',{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=575}} or "not this, not this", states verse 3, does the yogin reach release from the fear of rebirth and the liberating knowledge of non-dual Brahman.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=2}}{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}
-===Introspection: three types===
+====Introspection: three goals====
 [[File:Diagramma-chakra-kundalini.gif|right|thumb|Kundalini chakra diagram]]
-The Upanishad discusses introspection, ''Lakshya'', from verse 4 to 7.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=2-4}}{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}} The introspection is of three types, each yielding insights, signs or visions, and is described as ''Taraka-yoga''.{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}
+The Upanishad discusses introspection objectives, ''Lakshya'' (aim, goal, target), from verse 4 to 7.{{Sfn|Hersey|2013|p=155}}{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=2-4}} The introspection is of three types, each yielding insights, signs or visions, and is described as ''Taraka-yoga''.{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}
-The internal ''Lakshya'' is described in Tantra terminology. It is realizing the ''Sushumna [[Nadi (yoga)|nadi]]'' (Sushumna, the middle-body, primary blood vessel and energy channel), running from below spinal cord through Kundalini to one's skull.<ref name="translation"/>{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=429}} Realizing this with his mind, he is released from bondage he feels from past sin.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=2-3}} He can see a blue radiant space with closed eyes once he attains this state of internal ''Lakshya''.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=2-3}}
+The internal ''Lakshya'' is described in Tantra terminology. It is realizing the ''Sushumna [[Nadi (yoga)|nadi]]'' (Sushumna, the middle-body, primary blood vessel and energy channel), running from below spinal cord through Kundalini to one's skull.<ref name="translation"/>{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=429}} Realizing this with his mind, he is released from bondage he feels from past sin.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=2-3}} He can see a blue radiant space with closed eyes once he attains this state of internal ''Lakshya''.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=2-3}} When kundalini is realized the knowledge of brahman is achieved which is the only stage when one crosses the threshold of fear of the cycle of birth, aging and death.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=120}}
 The external ''Lakshya'', the second type is described in the text's verse 6 as the brightness on top of his head, sensed by the Yogin.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=3-4}}<ref name="translation"/> It is of blue color bordering with indigo color above, asserts the text, and orange or golden in front, in any direction of earth he sees. The universe looks radiant to this accomplished Yogin.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=3-4}}
-The verse 7 mentions the third, intermediate ''Lakshya''. It is what the Yogin senses at dawn during sunrise, where he feels his self identical, translates Ayyangar, with "the vast disc of resplendent Sun", darkness brought into relief by the splendor of radiant Taraka form, transcendent lustre excelling all, outside and within.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=4}}
+The verse 7 mentions the third, middle or intermediate ''Lakshya''. It is what the Yogin senses at dawn during sunrise, where he feels his self identical, translates Ayyangar, with "the vast disc of resplendent Sun", darkness brought into relief by the splendor of radiant Taraka form, transcendent lustre excelling all, outside and within.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=4}}
 These three types of visions, states Dhavamony, are part of the ''Ambhavi-mudra'' tantric practice.{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=85}}
-===Importance of a guru===
+====Taraka====
+The text clarifies ''Taraka-yoga'' to be of two kinds:
-{{expand section|date=January 2016}}
+{{Quote|
+Know then that Yoga is two fold, in the relationship of priority and posteriority. The former should be known Taraka (mind), the latter Amanaska (non mind).
+|Advayataraka Upanishad|Verse 8{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=4-5}}}}
+Verse 9 asserts that macrocosm of the universe is present inside the microcosm of human body, and the Yogin should contemplate upon macrocosm and microcosm as essentially one.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=5}} Taraka can be distinguished into two, one [[Murti]]-Taraka (one with form) and the other Amurti-Taraka (one without form), states verse 10. The Murti-Taraka can be perceived with sensory organs, the Amurti-Taraka is knowable by means of introspection with "the eye aided by the mind".{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=5-6}} The Taraka manifestation occurs when there is conjunction of the Atman, the Mind and the eyes, to perceive the inward truth, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=5-6}}{{Sfn| Suciu |2010|p=Verse ९ with two commentaries}}
+{{Quote box |width=22em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
+|quote='''The Divine Self'''
+<poem>
+Turn the mind's eye to the point within the heart where the light of the Divine Self burns. </poem>
+|source =— ''Advayataraka Upanishad'' 10 {{Sfn|Hersey|2013|p=87}}}}
+In verse 11, the text states that the Taraka and Amanaska methods can be practiced by casting one's eyes, conjoint with one's mind by a Yogin.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=6}} Sambhu mudra is described in verse 12.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=7}} The praise for Guru, for Yoga practice, is first mentioned in verse 13, as the one who helps one guide the introspective stages, leading the Yogin to realize the consciousness, intelligence and Turiya (deep, fourth state of consciousness).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=7}}{{Sfn| Suciu |2010|p=Verse १३}}
+===Importance of a Guru===
 [[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|[[Adi Shankara]] as a [[guru]] with his students.]]
+Four often-cited verses (14–18) from the ''Advayataraka Upanishad'' reverentially narrate a [[Guru]] or teacher.{{Sfn|Dhavamony|1999|pp=84-85}}{{Sfn|Barba|Savarese|2011|p=28}} The best Acharya (आचार्य, spiritual teacher), state verses 14-15, is one knows the [[Vedas]], a devotee of the god [[Vishnu]], has no spite, who knows [[yoga]], has his own views on it, Yoga is part of how he lives his life, is clean, reveres his own Guru, and who understands the concept of [[Purusha]] (Atman-Brahman).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=7-8}}{{Sfn|Suciu|2010|p=Verse १४, १५}}<ref>Georg Feuerstein (1990), Encyclopedic dictionary of Yoga, 1st edition, New York: Paragon House, {{ISBN|978-1557782458}}</ref>
+The Upanishad then explains the word "Guru" as follows:{{Sfn|Rosen|2007|pp=49–50}}
-To reach an understanding of the ''[[Turiya]]'' state of consciousness, it is essential to have a guru, a teacher. One appreciates the concealed state of [[Sahasrara]] chakra (at the top of the head) and becomes one with Consciousness in the cave of [[buddhi]] (intelligence).<ref name="translation"/> The greatness of a guru is further expounded. In the tradition of Upanishads, the text ends its advantages. One who recites the ''Advayataraka Upanishad'' is said to be absolved of all sin and pains of [[samsara]] (cycle of birth-death-rebirth). All his wishes come true and he attains supreme knowledge.<ref name="translation"/>
+{{Quote|
-Four often-cited verses (14–18) from the ''Advayataraka Upanishad'' narrate the greatness of a [[guru]] or teacher. The qualities of a guru are listed. The true teacher is well-informed of the [[Vedas|Vedic scriptures]], is a devotee of the god [[Vishnu]], is free from envy. He knows [[yoga]] and is intent upon it, and always has "the nature of yoga". A person who is equipped with devotion to the teacher, has knowledge of the Self and possesses the above characteristics may be designated as a guru.<ref name="translation"/>
+<poem>
+गुशब्दस्त्वन्धकारः स्यात् रुशब्दस्तन्निरोधकः ।
+अन्धकारनिरोधित्वात् गुरुरित्यभिधीयते ॥ १६॥
+The syllable ''Gu'' indicates darkness, the syllable ''Ru'' means its dispeller,
-The etymology of the word "guru" is defined as:{{Sfn|Rosen|2007|pp=49–50}}
+Because of the quality of dispelling darkness, the Guru is thus termed.
+</poem>
+|''Advayataraka Upanishad''|16{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=8}}{{Sfn|Suciu|2010|p=Verse १६}}}}
+Thus, the role of a Guru is one of eliminating ignorance by helping the student reach knowledge. The Guru is the supreme goal, the transcendent [[Brahman]], wisdom, the last resort, asserts verse 17 of the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=8}}{{Sfn|Suciu|2010|p=Verse १७}}
-{{Quote|The syllable ''gu'' means shadows (darkness)<br>The syllable ''ru'', he who disperses them<br>Because of his power to disperse darkness<br>The guru is thus named.|''Advayataraka Upanishad'', verse 16}}
+Further, the text in verse 18 praises the teacher as the "ultimate limit" and "supreme wealth", greater than all else.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=8}}{{Sfn|Barba|Savarese|2011|p=28}}<ref name="translation">{{cite web | url=http://www.vedarahasya.net/adhvaya.htm | title=Adhvaya Taaraka Upanishad | access-date=17 January 2015 | author=Georg Feuerstein | author-link=Georg Feuerstein |year=2004}}</ref>
-Thus, the role of a guru is one of eliminating ignorance by dispensing knowledge, which is spiritual illumination. In ancient Vedic scriptures, the word "guru" is an adjective meaning "heavy". It is sourced to a Sanskrit root whose [[cognate]]s are ''barus'' in [[Greek language|Greek]] and ''gravis'' in [[Latin language|Latin]]. This establishes the linkage of the word guru to "gravity" or "gravitas", that is, a person "who is both grave and heavy with knowledge".{{Sfn|Rosen|2007|p=50}}
+==See also==
-Further, the guru is glorified as ''[[Brahman]]'' (Absolute Reality), the "supreme path", the "supreme knowledge", the "supreme resort", the "supreme wealth", the "supreme limit", and, as a teacher, is regarded to all.{{Sfn|Barba|Savarese|2011|p=28}}<ref name="translation">{{cite web | url=http://www.vedarahasya.net/adhvaya.htm | title=Adhvaya Taaraka Upanishad | accessdate=17 January 2015 | author=[[Georg Feuerstein]]|year=2004}}</ref>
+*[[Yogatattva Upanishad]]
+*[[Yoga-kundalini Upanishad]]
+*[[Yoga Vasistha]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 75: / Line 102: @@
 ===Bibliography===
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+*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n345/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library }}
+*{{cite book|last1= Barba |first1=Eugenio |last2= Savarese |first2=Nicola |title=A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUAAZMWm1WQC&pg=PA28|date=18 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-17635-8}}
-*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n345/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library |ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book|last1= Barba |first1=Eugenio |last2= Savarese |first2=Nicola |title=A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BUAAZMWm1WQC&pg=PA28|date=18 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-17635-8|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9}}
-*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Dhavamony |first=Mariasusai |title=Hindu Spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC&pg=PA85|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-818-7}}
-*{{cite book|last= Dhavamony |first=Mariasusai |title=Hindu Spirituality|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC&pg=PA85|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-818-7|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA42|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-61640-239-6}}
-*{{cite book| last= Derek (tr)|first= Coltman |title=Yoga and the Hindu Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=meUWxDDqzuAC&pg=PA226|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0543-9|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar |first2=V.M. (tr.)|last3= Palsule (tr.)|first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
-*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA42|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-61640-239-6|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|title= Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy|first= Georg|last= Feuerstein|publisher= Tarcher|year= 1989|isbn= 978-0874775259}}
+* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D | author-link =Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0521438780 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
-*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar |first2=V.M. (tr.)|last3= Palsule (tr.)|first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|ref=harv}}
+*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/advayataarak.pdf |title= अद्वयतारक (Advayataraka Upanishad)|access-date=15 January 2016| language = sa|last= Suciu| first= Sorin| year= 2010 }}
-*{{cite book|title= Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy|first= Georg|last= Feuerstein|publisher= Tarcher|year= 1989|isbn= 978-0874775259|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Hersey|first=Baird|title=The Practice of Nada Yoga: Meditation on the Inner Sacred Sound|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W9nAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|date=17 December 2013|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-62055-182-0}}
-* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D| authorlink = Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press| isbn= 978-0521438780 |ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book|last= Hersey|first=Baird|title=The Practice of Nada Yoga: Meditation on the Inner Sacred Sound|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5W9nAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|date=17 December 2013|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-62055-182-0|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Potter |first2=Karl H. |title=Yogatattva Upanishad (Translated by NSS Raman), in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA609|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4}}
-*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Potter |first2=Karl H. |title=Yogatattva Upanishad (Translated by NSS Raman), in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA609|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-3349-4|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT575|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
-*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT575|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
-*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last= Rosen |first=Steven |title=Krishna's Song: A New Look at the Bhagavad Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmTsDd340DcC&pg=PA50|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34553-1}}
-*{{cite book|last= Rosen |first=Steven |title=Krishna's Song: A New Look at the Bhagavad Gita|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BmTsDd340DcC&pg=PA50|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34553-1|ref=harv}}
-==External Links==
+==External links==
-* [http://www.gayathrimanthra.com/contents/documents/Vedic-related/Advayataraka_Upanishad.pdf Advayataraka Upanishad] in Sanskrit with Sanskrit Commentary
+* [https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/advayataarak.pdf Advayataraka Upanishad] in Sanskrit with Sanskrit Commentary
+{{Hindudharma}}
 {{Mukhya Upanishads}}