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#REDIRECT [[Manufacture of the International Space Station]]
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[[File:MPLM_inside_the_SSPF.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Space Station Processing Facility]] at [[Kennedy Space Center]] - the prime factory for final fabrication and processing of station components for launch]]
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The [[International Space Station program|project]] to create the [[International Space Station]] required the utilization and/or construction of new and existing [[factory|manufacturing facilities]] around the world, mostly in the [[United States]] and [[European Space Agency|Europe]]. The agencies overseeing the manufacturing involved [[NASA]], [[Roscosmos]], the [[European Space Agency]], [[JAXA]], and the [[Canadian Space Agency]]. Hundreds of contractors<ref>https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Companies_involved_with_ISS</ref> working for the five space agencies were assigned the task of fabricating the modules, trusses, experiments and other hardware elements for the station, and launching them individually in modular segments for the in-orbit [[Assembly of the International Space Station|assembly]].
}}

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The fact that the project involved the co-operation of fifteen countries working together created engineering challenges that had to be overcome: most notably the differences in language, culture and politics, but also engineering processes, management, measuring standards and communication; to ensure that all elements connect together and function according to plan. The ISS agreement program also called for the station components to be made highly durable and versatile - as it is intended to be used by astronauts indefinitely. A series of new engineering and manufacturing processes and equipment were developed, and shipments of steel, aluminum and other materials were needed for the construction of the space station components.<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/integrated-truss-structure</ref>
==History and planning==
The project, which began as an American effort, was long delayed by funding and technical problems. Originally called [[Space Station Freedom]] in the 1980s by Ronald Reagan, who authorized the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to build it within 10 years, it was redesigned in the 1990s to reduce costs and expand international involvement, at which time it was renamed. In 1993 the United States and Russia agreed to merge their separate space station plans into a single facility integrating their respective modules and incorporating contributions from the European Space Agency and Japan.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Space-Station</ref> In later months, an international agreement board recruited several more space agencies and companies to collaborate to the project. The [[International Organization for Standardization]] played a crucial role in unifying and overcoming different engineering methods (such as measurements and units), languages, standards and techniques to ensure quality, engineering communication and logistical management across all manufacturing activities of the station components.

==Engineering designs==
===Technical blueprints===
<gallery>
Image:01a Z1 Truss.jpg|Z1 Truss design
Image:05 SO Truss.jpg|S0 Truss design
File:06 S1 TrrussA.jpg|P1 / S1 Truss design
Image:07 P3 4 Truss.jpg|P3/4 / S3/4 Truss design
Image:08 P5 Truss.jpg|P5 / S5 Truss design
Image:02 P6.jpg|P6 / S6 Truss design
File:HRS.png|Radiator panels
File:11 LMC STS-126.jpg|External stowage platform 1
File:ISS blueprint.png|Technical blueprint of components
File:Truss breakdown.png|Exploded view of truss sections
File:U.S. Laboratory Module Destiny.svg|US laboratory
File:Quest Airlock (1).svg|Quest airlock (plan view)
File:Quest Airlock (2).svg|Quest airlock Isometric view
File:Unity module.svg|Node 1
File:Harmony module with PMA-2.svg|Node 2
File:Cupola module.svg|Cupola
File:Columbus module.svg|Columbus
File:Pirs diagram.svg|Pirs
File:Poisk Mini-Research Module 2.svg|Poisk
File:MRM1 Rassvet.png|Rassvet
File:Japanese Experiment Module Kibo.svg|Japanese Experiment Module
File:International Standard Payload Rack - Lockers.svg|Typical ISS rack
File:PMA-3 art.png|Pressurized mating adapters
Image:ISS configuration 2017-06 en.svg|ISS elements {{As of|2017|06|lc=on}}
File:Zvezda Diagram.jpg|Zvezda service module
File:Zarya (Sunrise) module.svg|Zarya FGB
</gallery>
</center>

==Manufacturing Information and Processes==
List of factories and manufacturing processes used in the construction and fabrication of the International Space Station modular components:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Space Station element
! Overseeing agency and contractor
! Manufacturing<br/>facility
! Materials<br/>used
! Manufacturing date
! data-sort-type="number" | Mass<br/>(kg)
! Manufacturing Processes
!class="unsortable"| Isolated View
|-
| ''[[Zarya]]'' (FGB)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isszarya.htm|title=ISS Zarya|publisher=Encyclopaedia Astronautica|first=Mark |last=Wade|accessdate=2009-03-11|date=15 July 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090227060517/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isszarya.htm| archivedate= 27 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]]
*[[Khartron]] corportation
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Kevlar]]
*[[Ceramic]] blanket
| 1994
| 19,323
|
*[[Shielded metal arc welding]]
*[[Sheet metal]] [[cold rolling]]
*[[Electroforming]]
| [[File:Zarya during assembly.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'']] (Node 1),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unity Connecting Module: Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/unity.pdf|format=PDF|date=January 1999|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=NASA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090317204752/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/unity.pdf| archivedate= 17 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA]]-1 & PMA-2
| [[NASA]]
*[[Boeing]]
*[[ArcelorMittal]] USA
| [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Kevlar]]
| June 6, 1997
| 11,612
|
* [[Hot rolling]]
* [[Cold rolling]]
* Computer-aided [[welding]]
| [[File:Unity and STS-88 crew members.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'']] (Service Module)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html|title=Zvezda Service Module|publisher=NASA|date=11 March 2009|accessdate=2009-03-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090323030726/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html| archivedate= 23 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]]
*[[Energia (corporation)|RKK Energia]]
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Kevlar]]
*[[Ceramic]] blanket
| 1985
| 19,051
|
*[[Sheet metal]] [[cold rolling]]
*[[Electroforming]]
| [[File:Zvezda Service Module under construction.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#Z1 truss|Z1 Truss]] & [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA]]-3
| [[NASA]]
* [[Boeing]]
* [[Ad Astra Rocket Company]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
*[[Operations and Checkout Building]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Sheet metal]] aluminum
| 1999
| 8,755 (Z1)
|
* [[Hot rolling]]
* [[Extrusion]]
* [[Submerged arc welding]]
| [[File:ISS Z1 truss structure.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|P6 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| [[NASA]]
* [[Lockheed Martin]]
* [[Boeing]]
* [[Alcoa]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
* [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|
''Truss''
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
''Solar Arrays''
*[[Crystalline silicon]]
*[[Shape-memory alloy]]
*[[Copper indium gallium diselenide]]
*[[Nylon]]
*[[Polyethylene terephthalate]]
|1999/2000
| 15,824
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
*Aluminum [[extrusion]]
*[[Investment Casting]]
*[[Photovoltaic system|Photovoltaic]] assembly
| [[File:S6 Truss at SSPF.jpg|110px]]
[[File:S6 Truss move to payload cannister.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'']] (US Laboratory)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html|title=US Destiny Laboratory|date=26 March 2007|accessdate=2007-06-26|publisher = NASA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html| archivedate= 9 July 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
*[[Boeing]]
| [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
*[[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Kevlar]]
| December 12, 1997
| 14,515
|
*Sheet [[roll bending]]
*[[Computer Aided Manufacturing|Computer-Aided welding]]
| [[File:Destiny at Marshall Space Flight Center.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform]]-1
| [[NASA]]
* Airbus DS Space Systems
| [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/402222main_Techs_working_on_ELC_1019.jpg</ref>
| [[Steel]]
| 2000
| 5,760
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
* Automated welding and cutting
| [[File:PFCS STS-114 ref 115.png|110px]]
|-
| [[Canadarm2]] (SSRMS)
| [[Canadian Space Agency]]
*[[NASA]]
| [[MDA Space Missions]], Brampton Ontario
| [[Titanium]]
| 2000/01
| 4,899
|
*Seamless rolling
*[[Milling]]
*Robotic assembly
| [[File:STS-114 Steve Robinson on Canadarm2.jpg|110px]]
[[File:Pitch Roll Joint PRJ.png|110px]]
|-
| [[Quest Joint Airlock|''Quest'']] (Joint Airlock)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/eva/outside.html|title=Space Station Extravehicular Activity|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=4 April 2004| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090403213449/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/eva/outside.html| archivedate= 3 April 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
| [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Steel]]
| 2000
| 6,064
|
*[[Cold rolling]]
*[[Friction welding]]
| [[File:Quest airlock at the Marshall Space Flight Center.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'']] (Docking Compartment & Airlock)
| [[RKK Energia]]
| [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Titanium]]
| 1998
| 3,580
|
*[[Shielded metal arc welding]]
*[[Sheet metal]] roll forming
*[[Electroforming]]
| [[File:Pirs assembly.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#S0 truss|S0 Truss]]<ref name="nasa ITS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html|title=Space Station Assembly: Integrated Truss Structure|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2007-12-02| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071207081810/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html| archivedate= 7 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
*[[Boeing]]
*[[ArcelorMittal USA]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
*[[Operations and Checkout Building]]
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
*[[Copper]]
| 13.4
| 13,970
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
*[[Investment casting]]
*[[Forging]]
*[[Gas tungsten arc welding|TIG Welding]]
| [[File:ISS S0 truss in O&C.jpg|110px]]
[[File:ISS S0 truss steelwork.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Canadarm2#Mobile Base System|Mobile Base System]]
| [[NASA]]
*[[Northrop Grumman]]
*[[MD Robotics]]
| [[Northrop Grumman]] factory in [[Carpinteria, CA]]
|
*[[Stainless Steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
| 2001
| 1,450
|
*[[Gas tungsten arc welding|TIG Welding]]
*[[Hot rolling]]
| [[File:STS-111 Installation of Mobile Base System.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P1, S1 trusses|S1 Truss]] and Radiators
| [[NASA]]
*[[Lockheed Martin]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*Sheet metal [[titanium]]
| November 21, 2006
| 14,120
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
*[[Investment casting]]
*[[Forging]]
*[[Gas tungsten arc welding|TIG Welding]]
*[[Friction welding]]
| [[File:Heat Rejection System (HRS) Radiator.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P1, S1 trusses|P1 Truss]] and Radiators
| [[NASA]]
*[[Lockheed Martin]]
|[[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*Sheet metal [[titanium]]
| 2005/06
| 13.748
| ''same as S1 Truss''
| [[File:ISS Truss structure.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform|ESP]]-2
| [[NASA]]
* Airbus DS Space Systems
| [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
| October 2005
| 2,676
|
*[[Punch cutting]]
*[[Hot rolling]]
*[[Automated welding]]
| [[File:03 NTA.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies|P3/P4 Truss & Solar Arrays]]<ref name="boeing-pdf" >{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/docs/P3-P4.pdf|format=pdf|title=P3 and P4 to expand station capabilities, providing a third and fourth solar array|publisher=Boeing|date=July 2006|accessdate=2007-12-02}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
* [[Lockheed Martin]]
* [[Boeing]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
* [[Operations and Checkout Building]]
|
''Truss''
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
''Solar Arrays''
*[[Crystalline silicon]]
*[[Shape-memory alloy]]
*[[Copper indium gallium diselenide]]
*[[Nylon]]
*[[Polyethylene terephthalate]]
|2005/06
| 15,900
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
*Aluminum [[extrusion]]
*[[Investment Casting]]
*[[Photovoltaic system|Photovoltaic]] assembly
| [[File:S4 truss.jpg|110px]]
[[File:ISS Solar Array manufacturing 2.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P5, S5 trusses|P5 Truss]]<ref name="STS-118-presskit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf|title=STS-118 MISSION OVERVIEW: BUILD THE STATION…BUILD THE FUTURE|publisher=NASA PAO|accessdate=2007-12-02|date=July 2007|format=PDF| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071201130531/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf| archivedate= 1 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
*[[Boeing]]
| [[Operations and Checkout Building]]
| [[Anodizing|Anodized steel]]
| February 2007
| 1,818
|
*[[Roll forming]]
*[[Anodizing]]
| [[File:P5 Truss segment prepared for launch on STS-116.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies|S3/S4 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| [[NASA]]
* [[Lockheed Martin]]
* [[Boeing]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
* [[Operations and Checkout Building]]
| ''Same as P3/P4 trusses''
| May 12, 2005
| 15,900
| ''Same as P3/P4 trusses''
| [[File:STS-117 payload in PCR.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P5, S5 trusses|S5 Truss]] and [[External Stowage Platform|ESP]]-3
| [[NASA]]
*[[Airbus]]
*[[Boeing]]
| [[Operations and Checkout Building]]
*[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
| [[Steel]] (some anodized)
| 2007
| 13.795
| ''Same as P5 and ESP-1 and 2''
| [[File:STS-118 ESP-3.jpg|110px]]
[[File:KSC-00PP-1103 STS-106b.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']] (Node 2) <br/>Relocation of [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|P6 Truss]]
| [[European Space Agency]], [[Italian Space Agency]]
*[[Thales Alenia Space]]
| [[Thales Alenia Space]] factory in [[Cannes, France]]
| [[Stainless steel]]
| May 2003
| 14,288
|
*[[Roll bending]]
*[[Gas metal arc welding|Metal inert gas welding]]
| [[File:ISS Node 2 module.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'']] (European Laboratory)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html|title=Columbus laboratory|publisher=ESA|accessdate=2009-03-06|date=10 January 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090330191925/http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html| archivedate= 30 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[European Space Agency]]
*[[EADS Astrium Space Transportation]]
| [[European Space Research and Technology Centre]]
*[[EADS]] factory in [[Bremen]], Germany
|[[Stainless steel]]
| April 2006
| 12,800
|
*[[Roll bending]]
*Hot and cold rolling
*[[Gas metal arc welding|Metal inert gas welding]]
| [[File:Columbus module delivered to KSC.jpg|110px]]
|-
| ''[[Dextre]]''
| [[Canadian Space Agency]]
*[[MacDonald Dettwiler]]
| [[MacDonald Dettwiler]] (now [[MDA Space Missions]]) factory in Brampton Ontario
|
*[[Titanium]]
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Kevlar]] fabric
| 2004
| 1,734
|
*[[CNC]] milling
*[[Tube beading]]
*Robotic assembly
| [[File:Dextre characteristics.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module|Japanese Logistics Module]] (ELM-PS)
| [[JAXA]]
| [[Tanegashima Space Center]]
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Kevlar]]
| April 2, 2007
| 8,386
|
*[[Deep drawing]]
*[[Roll bending]]
*[[Gas metal arc welding|Metal inert gas welding]]
*[[Friction welding]]
| [[File:ELM PS kibo.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module|Japanese Pressurized Module]] (JEM-PM)<br/>[[Japanese Experiment Module|JEM Robotic Arm]] (JEM-RMS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/ |publisher=JAXA |accessdate=2009-03-06 |date=25 September 2008 |title=About Kibo |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310171550/http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/ |archivedate=10 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nasa-jem">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html|title=Kibo Japanese Experiment Module|publisher=NASA|date=23 November 2007|accessdate=2008-11-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081023071601/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html| archivedate= 23 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[JAXA]] (formerly [[National Space Development Agency of Japan|NASDA]])
*[[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]]
| [[Tanegashima Space Center]]
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Kevlar]]
| November 2005
| 15,900 (JEM-PM)
|
*[[Deep drawing]]
*[[Roll bending]]
*[[Gas metal arc welding|Metal inert gas welding]]
| [[File:JAXA Kibo 001.jpg|110px]]
[[File:JEM in November 2006.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|S6 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| [[NASA]]
*[[Lockheed Martin]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
| ''same as P4/S4 truss and solar arrays''
| 2006/07
| 15,900
| ''same as P4/S4 truss and solar arrays''
| [[File:ISS Solar Array manufacturing 1.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module|Japanese Exposed Facility]] (JEM-EF)
| [[JAXA]]
*[[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]]
| [[Tanegashima Space Center]]
|
*[[Stainless Steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Ceramic]] fabric
*[[Kevlar]]
| May 28, 2003
| 4,100
|
*[[Laser cutting]]
*[[Press brake]] bending
*[[TIG welding]]
*[[Brazing]]
| [[File:Kibo EF in TKSC-01.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Poisk (ISS module)|''Poisk'']] (MRM-2)<ref name="dc1_dc2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html|title=Docking Compartment-1 and 2|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|first=Anatoly |last=Zak|accessdate=26 March 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090210130224/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html| archivedate= 10 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=Chris |last=Bergin|date=9 November 2009|accessdate=10 November 2009|title=Russian module launches via Soyuz for Thursday ISS docking|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091113190354/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/| archivedate= 13 November 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]]
*[[RKK Energia]]
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
|
*[[Aluminum alloy]]
*[[Steel]]
*[[Ceramic]] fabric
*[[Kevlar]]
| 2008/09
| 3,670
| ''same as Pirs''
| [[File:Poisk.Jpeg|110px]]
|-
| [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier|ExPRESS Logistics Carriers 1 & 2]]
| [[NASA]]
*[[Brazilian Space Agency]]
*[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
*[[Johnson Space Center]]
| ''All three contracting facilities''
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Carbon steel]]
*[[Kevlar]]
*[[Aluminum]] alloy
| 2008/09
| 6,277
|
*[[Punch cutting]]
*[[Roll forming]]
*[[Robotic welding]]
| [[File:402222main Techs working on ELC 1019.jpg|110px]]
[[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|110px]]
|-
| [[Tranquility (ISS module)|''Tranquility'']] (Node 3)
| [[NASA]], [[European Space Agency]]
*[[Italian Space Agency]]
*[[Thales Alenia Space]]
*[[Tata Steel Europe]]
| [[Thales Alenia Space]] factory, [[Cannes]] France
| [[Stainless steel]]
| April 2005
| 12,247
|
*[[Roll bending]]
*[[Gas metal arc welding|Metal inert gas welding]]
*Stamp forming
| [[File:Iss Node 3.JPG|110px]]
|-
| [[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]]
| [[NASA]], [[European Space Agency]]
*Alenia Spazio
*[[Tata Steel Europe]]
| [[Thales Alenia Space]] factory, [[Cannes]] France
|
*Forged [[Aluminum]]
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Anodizing|Anodized steel]]
*[[silica]] and [[borosilicate]] [[bulletproof glass]]
| 2003/07
| 1,800
|
*[[Forging]]
*[[Laser cutting]]
*[[CNC]] [[milling]]
*[[Glass fusing]]
| [[File:Cupola at KSC.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Rassvet (ISS module)|''Rassvet'']] (MRM-1)<ref>{{cite press | url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html | title = NASA Extends Contract With Russia's Federal Space Agency | publisher = NASA|date=9 April 2007|accessdate=2007-06-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070623120556/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html| archivedate= 23 June 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]], [[NASA]]
*[[RKK Energia]]
*[[Astrotech]]
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
*[[Space Station Processing Facility]]
*[[Astrotech]] factory at KSC
|
*[[Aluminum]] alloy
*Sheet metal [[stainless steel]]
*[[Ceramic]] and [[Kevlar]] fabric
|July 2009
| 5,075
|
*[[Brazing]]
*[[Roll bending]]
*[[Forging]]
*[[CNC]] milling
| [[File:STS132 MRM1 Astrotech1.jpg|110px]]
[[File:STS-132 MRM1 Astrotech March1.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Permanent Multipurpose Module|''Leonardo'']] (PMM)
| [[Italian Space Agency]], [[NASA]]
| [[Thales Alenia Space]] factory in Turin, Italy
| [[Stainless steel]]
| 2000/01
| 9,896
|
*[[Roll bending]]
*[[Brazing]]
*[[TIG welding]]
| [[File:STS-131 MPLM Leonardo preparations 1.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[EXPRESS Logistics Carrier|EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3]]
| [[NASA]]
| [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
*[[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
| 2010/11
| 6,637
| ''Same as ELC 1 & 2''
| [[File:ELC-3 top view.png|110px]]
|-
| [[EXPRESS Logistics Carrier|EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4]]
| [[NASA]]
| [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Titanium]]
| 2010/11
| 6,731
| ''Same as ELC 1 & 2''
| [[File:HRSR.png|110px]]
|-
| [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]]
| [[CERN]]
*[[United States Department of Energy]]
| [[CERN]], Geneva Switzerland
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Spectrometer]] materials and instruments
| August 2010
| 6,731
| [[Spectrometer]] development and assembly
*[[Investment casting]]
| [[File:AMS01Geneva.jpg|110px]]
[[File:AMS-01.jpg|110px]]
|-
| [[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.html|title=NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station|date=16 January 2013|publisher=NASA|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
*[[Bigelow Aerospace]]
*[[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]
| [[Bigelow Aerospace]] factory in [[Las Vegas]], Nevada<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/content/new-expandable-addition-on-space-station-to-gather-critical-data-for-future-space-habitat</ref>
|
*[[Vinyl polymer]] foam
*[[Kevlar]]
*[[BoPET|Metalized mylar]]
| March 12, 2015
| 3.2
| Composite lamination
| [[File:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module at Bigelow’s facility in Las Vegas.jpg|110px]]
|
|-
|[[NanoRacks Airlock Module]]
|[[NanoRacks]]
*[[Boeing]]
| [[Thales Alenia Space]] factory<ref>http://nanoracks.com/nanoracks-adds-thales-alenia-space-to-airlock/</ref>
|
*[[Stainless steel]]
*[[Composite materials]]
| 2017/18
|
|
|-
| [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] (MLM)<br />[[European Robotic Arm]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002737/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190|archivedate=27 September 2007|publisher=Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre|title=FGB-based Multipurpose Lab Module (MLM)|accessdate=2008-10-31}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]]
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
| ''Same as Zarya''
| 2005/18
| 20,300
| ''Same as Zarya, with additions''
| [[File:MLM Nauka module - 3D rendering.jpg|110px]]
|-
|[[Prichal (ISS module)|Prichal]]
| [[Roscosmos]]
*[[RKK Energia]]
|[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
| 2017/20
|
|
|
|[[File:Mockup of Uzlovoy Module (Pritchal).jpg|110px]]
|-
! Space Station element
! Overseeing agency and contractor
! Manufacturing<br/>facility
! Materials<br/>used
! Manufacturing date
! data-sort-type="number" | Mass<br/>(kg)
! Manufacturing Processes
! class="unsortable" | Isolated View
|-
|}

==Transportation==
[[File:Airbus (A300-600ST) Beluga unloading Columbus.jpg|thumb|left|The European Columbus module being unloaded from the [[Airbus Beluga]] at the [[Shuttle Landing Facility]]]]
[[File:Issnode-VAB-medium.jpg|thumb|Node 2 inside its transportation container on its way by road to the [[Space Station Processing Facility|SSPF]], past the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] from the SLF runway]]
Once manufactured or fabricated sufficiently, most of the space station elements were transported by aircraft (usually the [[Airbus Beluga]] or the [[Antonov An-124]]) to the Kennedy Space Center [[Space Station Processing Facility]] for final manufacturing stages, checks and launch processing.

Each module for aircraft transport was safely housed in a custom-designed shipping container with foam insulation and an outer shell of sheet metal, to protect it from damage and the elements.
At their respective European, Russian and Japanese factories, the modules were transported to their nearest airport by road in their containers, loaded into the cargo aircraft and were flown to Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility for unloading and final transfers to the SSPF and or the Operations and Checkout Building in the KSC industrial area. The American and Canadian-built components such as the US lab, Node 1, Quest airlock, truss and solar array segments, and the Canadarm-2 were either flown by the [[Aero Spacelines Super Guppy]] to KSC, or transported by road and rail.

After final stages of manufacturing, systems testing and launch checkout, all ISS components are loaded into a payload transfer container in the shape of the Space Shuttle payload bay. This container safely carries the component in its launch configuration until it is hoisted vertically at the launch pad gantry for transfer to the Space Shuttle orbiter for launch and in-orbit assembly of the International Space Station.

<gallery>
File:Columbus on a truck.jpg|Columbus entering the SSPF loading yard for launch processing
File:Columbus beluga.jpg|Airbus Beluga loading
File:Airbus Beluga - unloading Columbus at KSC.jpg|Unloading the Columbus module in its container at the shuttle landing facility
File:Columbus laboratory will be lifted onto a truck.jpg|Transportation container
File:Antonov An-124 - Volga Dnepr RA-82045 at Kennedy Space Center.jpg|[[Antonov An-124]] arrives at KSC with the Kibo module from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan
File:Rassvet arrives at KSC 4.jpg|The Rassvet module in its container at KSC being unloaded from the Antonov 124 inbound from Khrunichev
File:Tranquility arrives at the KSC.jpg|Node 3 being hoisted by cranes before loading onto truck
File:STS-130 Payload Canister 1.jpg|ISS payload transfer container
File:STS-98 payload U.S. Lab Destiny is moved into Atlantis' payload bay (KSC-01PP-0060).jpg|The US laboratory module being moved vertically from the payload transfer container to the Space Shuttle orbiter inside its installation structure
</gallery>
==Final manufacturing and launch processing stages==
With the exception of all but one Russian-built module: Rassvet, all ISS components end up here at either one or both of these buildings at Kennedy Space Center.
===Space Station Processing Facility===
At the SSPF, ISS modules, trusses and solar arrays are prepped and made ready for launch. In this iconic building are two large 100,000 class clean work environment areas.<ref>https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/sspf.html</ref> Workers and engineers wear full non-contaminant clothing while working. Modules receive cleaning and polishing, and some areas are temporarily disassembled for the installation of cables, electrical systems and plumbing. In another area, shipments of spare materials are available for installation. [[International Standard Payload Rack]] frames are assembled and welded together, allowing the installation of instruments, machines and science experiment boxes to be fitted. Once racks are fully assembled, they are hoisted by a special manually operated robotic crane and carefully maneuvered into place inside the space station modules. Each rack weighs from 700 to 1,100 kg, and connect inside the module on special mounts with screws and latches.

Cargo bags for MPLM modules are filled with their cargo such as food packages, science experiments and other miscellaneous items on-site in the SSPF, and are loaded into the module by the same robotic crane and strapped in securely.
<gallery>
File:STS-129 ExPRESS Logistics Carrier 11.jpg|ExPRESS logistics carrier assembly
File:STS-130 Training Kathryn Hire takes a tour of the Tranquility module.jpg|Workers in protective clothing inspect and clean the interior of Node 3
File:Coupe-module-ISS.png|ISPR rack configuration in a typical module
File:STS-131 MPLM Leonardo preparations 2.jpg|Robotic crane arm loading cargo bags in an MPLM
File:STS-135 crew inspects the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module.jpg|Workers fitting and inspecting the rack mounts
File:STS131-Leonardo preparations4.jpg|Workers loading rack covers
File:STS131-leonardo-preparation1.jpg|Leonardo MPLM in its housing jig
File:Kibo ICS in KSC-01.jpg|Checking and testing the antenna
File:First system rack for the Destiny lab module.jpg|A rack being fitted in the Destiny laboratory
</gallery>

===Operations and Checkout Building===
Adjacent to the Space Station Processing Facility, the Operations and Checkout building's spacecraft workshop is used for testing of the space station modules in a vacuum chamber to check for leaks which can be repaired on-site. Additionally, systems checking on various electrical elements and machines is conducted. Similar processing operations to the SSPF are conducted in this building if the SSPF area is full or certain stages of preparation can only be done in the O&C.
<gallery>
File:ISS Quest Airlock Module transported by NASA Super Guppy Turbine (KSC-00PP-1345).jpg|Quest airlock arriving at KSC on its way to the O&C building
File:ISS_US_lab.jpg|US lab
File:US lab O&C container.jpg|US lab unloaded from its container
File:O&C ISS lab vacuum chamber.jpg|US lab loading into vacuum chamber for testing
File:ISS US lab overhead crane.jpg|thumb|Overhead crane hoisting the US lab
File:ISS S0 truss in O&C.jpg|S0 Truss
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|International Space Station}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Space|International Space Station}}
* [[Assembly of the International Space Station]]
* [[Origins of the International Space Station]]
* [[Space architecture]]
* [[Aerospace engineering]]
* [[Space manufacturing]]
* ''[[Space Station 3D]]'' – 2002 Canadian documentary

==External links==
===ISS space agency websites===
* {{flagicon|CAN}}&nbsp;[http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/default.asp Canadian Space Agency]
* [[File:Not the esa logo.png]]&nbsp;[http://www.esa.int/iss/ European Space Agency]
* {{flagicon|FRA}}&nbsp;[https://iss.cnes.fr/en/internatinal-space-station Centre national d'études spatiales (National Centre for Space Studies)]
* {{flagicon|GER}}&nbsp;[https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10300 German Aerospace Center]
* {{flagicon|ITA}}&nbsp;[https://www.asi.it/en/flash/living-space Italian Space Agency]
* {{flagicon|JPN}}&nbsp;[http://iss.jaxa.jp/en/ Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]
* {{flagicon|RUS}}&nbsp;[http://en.roscosmos.ru/ Russian Federal Space Agency]
* {{flagicon|USA}}&nbsp;[https://www.nasa.gov/iss/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration]
===Manufacturer websites===
* {{flagicon|RUS}}&nbsp;[https://www.energia.ru/eng/iss/iss.html S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia]
* {{flagicon|USA}}&nbsp;[https://www.boeing.com/space/international-space-station/ Boeing - International Space Station]
* {{flagicon|USA}}&nbsp;[https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/capabilities/space.html/ Lockheed Martin Space Systems]
* {{flagicon|ITA}}&nbsp;[https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/global/activities/space/ Thales Alenia Group]
* {{flagicon|UK}}&nbsp;[https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/space-uk/ Thales Aerospace UK]
* {{flagicon|CAN}}&nbsp;[https://mdacorporation.com/ MDA Space Missions]
* {{flagicon|JPN}}&nbsp;[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/ Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]

== References ==
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{{reflist}}

{{AFC submission|||ts=20190422130816|u=Raphael.concorde|ns=118}}

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