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Abbevillian (formerly also Chellean) is a term for the oldest lithic industry found in Europe, dated to between roughly 600,000 and 400,000 years ago.

The original artifacts were collected from road construction sites on the Somme river near Abbeville by a French customs officer, Boucher de Perthes. He published his findings in 1836. Subsequently, Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet (1821–1898), professor of prehistoric anthropology at the School of Anthropology in Paris, published (1882) "Le Prehistorique, antiquité de l'homme", in which he was the first to characterize periods by the name of a site.

Chellean included artifacts discovered at the town of Chelles, a suburb of Paris. They are similar to those found at Abbeville. Later anthropologists substituted Abbevillian for Chellean, the latter of which is no longer in use.

Abbevillian tool users were the first archaic humans in Europe, classified as either late Homo erectus^[1] as Homo antecessor or as Homo heidelbergensis.

History

The label Abbevillian prevailed until the Leakey family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at Olduvai Gorge (a.k.a. Oldupai Gorge), starting in 1959, and promoted the African origin of man.^[2] Olduwan (or Oldowan) soon replaced Abbevillian in describing African and Asian paleoliths. The term Abbevillian is still used, but it is now restricted to Europe. The label, however, continues to lose popularity as a scientific designation.

Mortillet had portrayed his traditions as chronologically sequential. In the Abbevillian, early Palaeolithic hominins used cores; in the Acheulian, flakes. Olduwan tools, however, indicate that in the earliest Palaeolithic, the distinction between flake and core is less clear. Consequently, there also is a tendency to view Abbevillian as an early phase of Acheulian.

Provenience of the type

The Abbevillian type site is on the 150-foot terrace of the River Somme.^[3] Tools found there are rough chipped bifacial handaxes made during the Elsterian Stage of the Pleistocene Ice Age, which covered central Europe between 478,000 and 424,000 years ago.

The Abbevillian is a phase of Olduwan that occurred in Europe near, but not at, the end of the Lower Palaeolithic (2.5 mya. – 2,500,000 years ago). Those who adopt the Abbevillian scheme refer to it as the middle Acheulian, about 600,000-500,000 years ago. Geologically it occurred in the Middle Pleistocene, younger than about 700,000 years ago.^[3] It spanned the Günz-Mindel interglacial period between the Günz and the Mindel, but more recent finds of the East Anglian Palaeolithic push the date back into the Günz, closer to the 700,000 ya mark.^{[nb 1]}

The Abbevillian culture bearers are not believed to have evolved in Europe, but to have entered it from further east. It was thus preceded by the earlier Olduwan of Homo erectus, and the Upper Acheulian, of which Clactonian and Tayacian are considered phases, supplanted it. The Acheulian there went on into the Levalloisian and Mousterian are associated with Neanderthal man.

Abbevillian sites in Europe

To avoid the question of what culture name should be used to describe European artifacts, some, such as Schick and Toth, refer to "non-handaxe" and "handaxe" sites.^[4] Handaxes came into use at about the 500,000 ya mark.^{[nb 2]} Non-handaxe sites are often the same sites as handaxe sites, the difference being one of time, or, if geographically different, have no discernible spatial pattern. The physical evidence is summarized in the table below Note that the dates assigned vary widely after 700,000 ya and, except where substantiated by scientific methods, should be viewed as tentative and on the speculative side.

Site	Notes
Arago Cave near the village of Tautavel in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.	A community of about 100 individuals discovered over the years in the ongoing excavations of the cave by a team of the Centre Européen de Recherches Préhistoriques de Tautavel under the direction of Henry de Lumley. Excavations began in 1964, the first mandible came to light in 1969, and the first "Tautavel Man" in 1971, though in fact many subsequent Tautavel men and women appeared. The date range is a fairly secure 690,000-300,000 years ago by many methods. The prevailing view is that the fossils are intermediary to the Neanderthals. Tools were found as well.^{[citation needed]}
Barnfield Pit near Swanscombe in Kent, England	Portions of a skull excavated from a gravel pit by Alvin T. Marston in 1935-36 along with handaxes and animal bones. Two more pieces and some charcoal were found in 1955 by John Wymer. Estimated date 250,000 ya.^{[citation needed]}
Boxgrove, outside Chichester, Great Britain.	Shin bone & two teeth found in 1994 and 1996 in a quarry, with butchered animal bones and handaxes, ca. 500,000 ya.^{[citation needed]}
Mauer near Heidelberg, Germany	Mauer 1 (lower jaw & tooth) discovered 1907 in a gravel pit.^[5] Dated to 600,000-250,000 ya.^{[citation needed]}
Petralona cave in Chalcidice, Greece.	Skull found in a cave with animal bones, stone tools and evidence of fire in 1960. Studied by Aris Poulianos, given various dates. ESR date range is 240,000-160,000, but all other fossils associated indicate a much older date circa 800,000.^[6]^[7]^[8]
Sima de los huesos, "pit of bones", a chimney site in a cave, one of many fossil hominin sites in the hills of Atapuerca, Castile-Leon, Spain	About 4,000 Hominin bones from which about 30 individuals have been reconstructed since the mid-1970s. Bones of carnivores are mixed in and a handaxe was found in 1998. Date is 500,000-350,000 ya.^{[citation needed]}
Steinheim an der Murr, north of Stuttgart, Germany.	Skull found in 1933^[9] by Karl Sigrist, currently dated to about 250,000 ya.^{[citation needed]}
Vértesszőlős, Vértesszőlős, near Budapest	Occipital bone and a few teeth excavated 1964-65 in a quarry site that was in the open and used for butchery by László Vértes. Human fossils were with a hearth, dwelling, tools, footprints, plant and animal fossils.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ An important point to remember is that tool-makers advanced at different rates throughout the globe. For example, the style of tool-making that is called Abbevillian was practiced at a different time period in Africa than in Europe.
^ Acheulean or later Acheulean, dated to 500,000-100,000 ya.

Footnotes

^ Rohrer 1983, p. 1 "While the type is identified as Homo erectus, there are modifications that suggest it is filling a gap between Homo erectus and the Neanderthal."
^ Daniel 1973, p. 105
^ ^a ^b Hoiberg 2010, p. 11
^ Schick & Toth 1993^{[page needed]}
^ Cohen 1998, p. 1920
^ Kurtén 1983, p. 58
^ Poulianos 1983^{[page needed]}
^ Cohen 1998a, p. 2418
^ Cohen 1998b, p. 3020

References

Cohen, Saul B., ed. (1998). "Mauer". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World. Vol. 2: H to O. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11040-2. LCCN 98071262.
Cohen, Saul B., ed. (1998a). "Petralona Cave". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World. Vol. 3: P to Z. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11040-2. LCCN 98071262.
Cohen, Saul B., ed. (1998b). "Steinheim an der Murr". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World. Vol. 3: P to Z. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11040-2. LCCN 98071262.
Daniel, Glyn (1973). Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. VIII: Jonathon Homer Lane - Pierre Joseph Macquer. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-10119-4. LCCN 69018090. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abbevillian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-5933-9837-8. LCCN 2008934270.
Kurtén, Björn (1983). "Faunal Sequence in Petralona Cave" (PDF). Anthropos. 10: 53–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Poulianos, N. Aris (December 1983). "Faunal and Tool Distribution in the Layers of Petralona Cave". Journal of Human Evolution. 12 (8): 743–746. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80129-8.
Rohrer, George W. (Winter 1983). "The First Settlers in France" (PDF). Old World Archaeologist: 1–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03.
Schick, Kathy Diane; Toth, Nicholas (1993). Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-69371-8. LCCN 92035337.

External links

The Abbevillian Culture Archived 2010-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, section in a pdf document. Search on Abbevillian.
Early Palaeolithic. This site presents the view that Olduwan and Abbevillian are phases of the Acheulean.

[4] An important point to remember is that tool-makers advanced at different rates throughout the globe. For example, the style of tool-making that is called Abbevillian was practiced at a different time period in Africa than in Europe.

[6] Acheulean or later Acheulean, dated to 500,000-100,000 ya.

[1] Rohrer 1983, p. 1 "While the type is identified as Homo erectus, there are modifications that suggest it is filling a gap between Homo erectus and the Neanderthal."

[2] Daniel 1973, p. 105

[EB-3] Hoiberg 2010, p. 11

[5] Schick & Toth 1993^{[page needed]}

[7] Cohen 1998, p. 1920

[kurten-8] Kurtén 1983, p. 58

[poulianos1983-9] Poulianos 1983^{[page needed]}

[10] Cohen 1998a, p. 2418

[11] Cohen 1998b, p. 3020

[1]

[2]

[3]

[nb 1]

[4]

[nb 2]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Early stone age tool culture}}
 [[Image:Bifaz abbevillense.png|thumb|Abbevillian biface flake from the [[Douro]] river region near [[Valladolid]], [[Spain]]. It is unretouched and is not distinguishable from [[Olduwan]]. The one small spot of smaller flaking on one edge may indicate that it is borderline between Olduwan and [[Acheulean]]. Both are found in Europe.]]
+'''Abbevillian''' (formerly also ''Chellean'') is a term for the oldest [[lithic industry]] found in Europe, dated to between roughly 600,000 and 400,000 years ago.
-'''Abbevillian''' is a currently obsolescent name for a tool tradition that is increasingly coming to be called [[Oldowan]] (or Olduwan). The original artifacts were collected from road construction sites on the [[Somme (river)|Somme]] river near [[Abbeville]] by a French customs officer, Boucher de Perthes. He published his findings in 1836.
+The original artifacts were collected from road construction sites on the [[Somme (river)|Somme]] river near [[Abbeville]] by a French customs officer, [[Boucher de Perthes]]. He published his findings in 1836.
-Subsequently [[Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet]] (1821–1898), professor of prehistoric anthropology at the School of Anthropology in [[Paris]], published (1882) "''Le Prehistorique, antiquité de l'homme''", in which he was the first to characterize periods by the name of a site. Many of his names are still in use. His first two were [[Chellean]] and [[Acheulean]].
+Subsequently, [[Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet]] (1821–1898), professor of prehistoric anthropology at the School of Anthropology in [[Paris]], published (1882) "''Le Prehistorique, antiquité de l'homme''", in which he was the first to characterize periods by the name of a site.
-Chellean included artifacts discovered at the town of [[Chelles, Seine-et-Marne|Chelles]], a suburb of Paris. They are similar to those found at Abbeville. Later anthropologists substituted Abbevillian for Chellean, the latter which is no longer in use.
+Chellean included artifacts discovered at the town of [[Chelles, Seine-et-Marne|Chelles]], a suburb of Paris. They are similar to those found at Abbeville. Later anthropologists substituted Abbevillian for Chellean, the latter of which is no longer in use.
+Abbevillian tool users were the first [[archaic human]]s in Europe, classified as either late [[Homo erectus]]<ref>{{harvnb|Rohrer|1983|p=1}}
+''"While the type is identified as Homo erectus, there are modifications that suggest it is filling a gap between Homo erectus and the Neanderthal."''</ref>
+as [[Homo antecessor]] or as [[Homo heidelbergensis]].
 ==History ==
-The label Abbevillian prevailed until the [[Louis Leakey|Leakey]] family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at [[Olduvai Gorge]] (a.k.a. [[Oldupai Gorge]]) and promoted the African origin of man. Olduwan (or Oldowan) soon replaced Abbevillian in describing African and Asian paleoliths. The term Abbevillian is still used, but it is now restricted to Europe. The label, however, continues to lose popularity as a scientific designation.
+The label Abbevillian prevailed until the [[Louis Leakey|Leakey]] family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at [[Olduvai Gorge]] (a.k.a. Oldupai Gorge), starting in 1959, and promoted the African origin of man.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniel|1973|p=105}}</ref> Olduwan (or [[Oldowan]]) soon replaced Abbevillian in describing African and Asian paleoliths. The term Abbevillian is still used, but it is now restricted to Europe. The label, however, continues to lose popularity as a scientific designation.
 Mortillet had portrayed his traditions as chronologically sequential. In the Abbevillian, early Palaeolithic hominins used cores; in the Acheulian, flakes. Olduwan tools, however, indicate that in the earliest Palaeolithic, the distinction between flake and core is less clear. Consequently, there also is a tendency to view Abbevillian as an early phase of Acheulian.
 ==Provenience of the type==
-The Abbevillian [[type site]] is on the 150-foot terrace of the [[Somme River|River Somme]].<ref name=EB/> Tools found there are rough chipped bifacial [[handaxe]]s made during the [[Anglian Stage|Elsterian Stage]] of the [[Pleistocene]] Ice Age, which covered central Europe between {{formatnum:478000}} and {{formatnum:424000}} years ago.
+The Abbevillian [[type site]] is on the 150-foot terrace of the [[Somme River|River Somme]].<ref name=EB/> Tools found there are rough chipped bifacial [[handaxe]]s made during the [[Elster glaciation|Elsterian Stage]] of the [[Pleistocene]] Ice Age, which covered central Europe between {{formatnum:478000}} and {{formatnum:424000}} years ago.
-The Abbevillian is a phase of Olduwan that occurred in Europe near, but not at, the end of the [[Lower Palaeolithic]] (2.5 mya. – 250,000 years ago). Those who adopt the Acheulian scheme refer to it as the middle Acheulian, about {{formatnum:600000}}-{{formatnum:500000}} years ago. Geologically it occurred in the [[Middle Pleistocene]], younger than about 700,000 years ago.<ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=11}}</ref> It spanned the interglacial between the [[Beestonian stage|Günz]] and the [[Mindel]], but more recent finds of the East Anglian Palaeolithic push the date back into the Günz, closer to the {{formatnum:700000}} ya mark.
+The Abbevillian is a phase of Olduwan that occurred in Europe near, but not at, the end of the [[Lower Palaeolithic]] (2.5 mya. – 2,500,000 years ago). Those who adopt the Abbevillian scheme refer to it as the middle Acheulian, about {{formatnum:600000}}-{{formatnum:500000}} years ago. Geologically it occurred in the [[Middle Pleistocene]], younger than about 700,000 years ago.<ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=11}}</ref> It spanned the [[Cromerian Stage|Günz-Mindel interglacial period]] between the [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]] and the [[Mindel glaciation|Mindel]], but more recent finds of the East Anglian Palaeolithic push the date back into the Günz, closer to the {{formatnum:700000}} ya mark.<ref group=nb>An important point to remember is that tool-makers advanced at different rates throughout the globe. For example, the style of tool-making that is called Abbevillian was practiced at a different time period in Africa than in Europe.</ref>
-The Abbevillian culture bearers are not believed to have evolved in Europe, but to have entered it from further east. It was thus preceded by the earlier Olduwan of Homo erectus, and was supplanted by the classical [[Acheulian]], of which [[Clactonian]] and [[Tayacian]] are considered phases. The Acheulian there went on into the [[Levallois technique|Levalloisian]] and [[Mousterian]] associated with Neanderthal man.
+The Abbevillian culture bearers are not believed to have evolved in Europe, but to have entered it from further east. It was thus preceded by the earlier [[Olduwan]] of Homo erectus, and the Upper [[Acheulian]], of which [[Clactonian]] and [[Tayacian]] are considered phases, supplanted it.
+The Acheulian there went on into the [[Levallois technique|Levalloisian]] and [[Mousterian]] are associated with Neanderthal man.
-==Abbevillian tool users==
+==Abbevillian sites in Europe==
+To avoid the question of what culture name should be used to describe European artifacts, some, such as Schick and Toth, refer to "non-handaxe" and "handaxe" sites.<ref>{{harvnb|Schick|Toth|1993}}{{page needed|date=May 2015}}</ref> Handaxes came into use at about the 500,000 ya mark.<ref group=nb>Acheulean or later Acheulean, dated to 500,000-100,000 ya.</ref> Non-handaxe sites are often the same sites as handaxe sites, the difference being one of time, or, if geographically different, have no discernible spatial pattern. The physical evidence is summarized in the table below Note that the dates assigned vary widely after 700,000 ya and, except where substantiated by scientific methods, should be viewed as tentative and on the speculative side.
-Abbevillian tool users were the first Hominin inhabitants of Europe. They are generally conceded to be the immediate ancestors of [[Neanderthal Man]], whose classification, though not entirely undisputed, is most often given as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis; that is, Neanderthal Man is a subspecies of modern man. Our own subspecies has for many generations been fixed at Homo sapiens sapiens.
-Beyond these basic concessions, there is a dispute of a purely semantic nature. Three points of view are emergent:
-*The first European men are late variants of [[Homo erectus]]; that is, not modern at all. And yet, those who hold and present this view make such concessions as:<ref>{{harvnb|Rohrer|1983|p=1}}</ref>
-:''"While the type is identified as Homo erectus, there are modifications that suggest it is filling a gap between Homo erectus and the Neanderthal."''
-*The first European men are a set of distinct species intermediary between Homo erectus and [[Neanderthal Man]], such as [[Homo heidelbergensis]] (Heidelberg Man) and [[Homo antecessor]] (Atapuerca man).
-*The first European men are early varieties of modern man, [[Homo sapiens]]:<ref>{{harvnb|Schick|Toth|1993|p=269}}</ref>
-:''"In Europe there are, as yet, no hominid<ref group=nb>In accordance with the latest genetic classifications, [[Hominid]], as used in this quote, refers to [[Hominin]]. Hominin, the sub-tribe, contains the [[Homo]] genus, whereas Hominid generally refers to the family Hominidae, but also has referred to Hominid, the sub-tribe, synonymous with Hominin.</ref> fossils classified definitely as typical Homo erectus remains; all of the more compete skulls have been classified by most authorities as forms of [[archaic Homo sapiens]]."''
-==Early hominids of Europe==
-The Abbevillian became the European [[Acheulean]] and the [[Clactonian]] at about 500,000 ya. To avoid the question of what culture name should be used to describe European artifacts, some, such as Schick and Toth, refer to "non-handaxe" and "handaxe" sites.<ref>{{harvnb|Schick|Toth|1993}}{{page needed}}</ref> Handaxes came into use at about the 500,000 ya mark.<ref group=nb>Acheulean or later Acheulean, dated to 500,000-100,000 ya.</ref> Non-handaxe sites are often the same sites as handaxe sites, the difference being one of time, or, if geographically different, have no discernible spatial pattern. The hominins therefore are the same. The physical evidence is summarized in the table below, with links to the appropriate Wikipedia and other articles. Note that the dates assigned vary widely after 700,000 ya and, except where substantiated by scientific methods, should be viewed as tentative and on the speculative side.
 {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
 ! Site
-! Names
 ! Notes
 |-
 |Arago Cave near the village of [[Tautavel]] in the [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] region of France.
+|A community of about 100 individuals discovered over the years in the ongoing excavations of the cave by a team of the Centre Européen de Recherches Préhistoriques de Tautavel under the direction of Henry de Lumley. Excavations began in 1964, the first mandible came to light in 1969, and the first "Tautavel Man" in 1971, though in fact many subsequent Tautavel men and women appeared. The date range is a fairly secure 690,000-300,000 years ago by many methods. The prevailing view is that the fossils are intermediary to the Neanderthals. Tools were found as well.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-|Arago Man;<br />Tautavel Man;<br />Homo erectus tautavelensis;<br />Archaic Homo sapiens;<br />Homo heidelbergensis;<br />Arago n, where n is a catalog number assigned to the bone.
-|A community of about 100 individuals discovered over the years in the ongoing excavations of the cave by a team of the Centre Européen de Recherches Préhistoriques de Tautavel under the direction of Henry de Lumley. Excavations began in 1964, the first mandible came to light in 1969, and the first "Tautavel Man" in 1971, though in fact many subsequent Tautavel men and women appeared. The date range is a fairly secure 690,000-300,000 years ago by many methods. The prevailing view is that the fossils are intermediary to the Neanderthals. Tools were found as well.
 |-
 |[[Barnfield Pit]] near [[Swanscombe]] in [[Kent]], England
+|Portions of a skull excavated from a gravel pit by [[Alvin T. Marston]] in 1935-36 along with handaxes and animal bones. Two more pieces and some charcoal were found in 1955 by [[John Wymer]]. Estimated date 250,000 ya.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-|Swanscombe Man (female);<br />Homo sapiens;<br />Homo swanscombensis;<br />Homo heidelbergensis;<br />Homo erectus;<br />Archaic Homo sapiens;<br />Acheulean Man
-|Portions of a skull excavated from a gravel pit by Alvin T. Marston in 1935-36 along with handaxes and animal bones. Two more pieces and some charcoal were found in 1955 by John Wymer. Estimated date 250,000 ya.
 |-
 | [[Boxgrove]], outside [[Chichester]], Great Britain.
+| Shin bone & two teeth found in 1994 and 1996 in a quarry, with butchered animal bones and handaxes, ca. 500,000 ya.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-| Homo heidelbergensis
-| Shin bone & two teeth found in 1994, 1996 in a quarry, with butchered animal bones & handaxes, ca. 500,000 ya.
 |-
 | [[Mauer (Baden)|Mauer]] near [[Heidelberg]], Germany
+| [[Mauer 1]] (lower jaw & tooth) discovered 1907 in a gravel pit.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|1998|p=1920}}</ref> Dated to 600,000-250,000 ya.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-| [[Homo Heidelbergensis]];<br />Heidelberg Man;<br />[[Mauer Jaw]]
-| Lower jaw & tooth discovered 1907 in a gravel pit. Dated to 600,000-250,000 ya.
 |-
-|Petralona in [[Chalcidice]], Greece.
+|[[Petralona cave]] in [[Chalcidice]], Greece.
+|Skull found in a cave with animal bones, stone tools and evidence of fire in 1960. Studied by [[Aris Poulianos]], given various dates. [[Electron spin resonance|ESR]] date range is 240,000-160,000, but all other fossils associated indicate a much older date ''circa'' 800,000.<ref name="kurten">{{harvnb|Kurtén|1983|p=58}}</ref><ref name="poulianos1983">{{harvnb|Poulianos|1983}}{{page needed|date=May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|1998a|p=2418}}</ref>
-|Homo heidelbergensis;<br />Homo neanderthalensis;<br />Archanthropus mausoleum;<br />Archanthropus europaeus petralonsiensis;<br />Homo erectus petralonensis;<br />Petralona 1.
-|Skull found in a cave with animal bones, stone tools and evidence of fire in 1960. Studied by [[Aris Poulianos]], given various dates. [[Electron spin resonance|ESR]] date range is 240,000-160,000, but all other fossils associated indicate a much older date range ''circa'' 700,000-800,000.<ref name="kurten">{{harvnb|Kurtén|1983}}{{page needed}}</ref><ref name="poulianos1983">{{harvnb|Poulianos|1983}}{{page needed}}</ref>
 |-
-|Sima de los huesos, "pit of bones", a chimney site in a cave, one of many fossil hominin sites in the hills of Atapuerca, [[Castile-Leon]], Spain
+|[[Atapuerca Mountains#Sima de los Huesos|Sima de los huesos]], "pit of bones", a chimney site in a cave, one of many fossil hominin sites in the hills of Atapuerca, [[Castile-Leon]], Spain
+|About 4,000 Hominin bones from which about 30 individuals have been reconstructed since the mid-1970s. Bones of carnivores are mixed in and a handaxe was found in 1998. Date is 500,000-350,000 ya.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-|Homo heidelbergensis
-|About 4000 hominin bones from which about 30 individuals have been reconstructed since the mid-1970s. Bones of carnivores are mixed in. A handaxe was found in 1998. Date is 500,000-350,000 ya.
 |-
 |[[Steinheim an der Murr]], north of [[Stuttgart]], Germany.
+|Skull found in 1933<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|1998b|p=3020}}</ref> by [[Karl Sigrist]], currently dated to about 250,000 ya.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-|Homo heidelbergensis;<br />Homo steinheimensis;<br />[[Steinheim Man]];<br />Archaic Homo sapiens;<br />Homo sapiens praesapius.
-|Skull found in 1933 by Karl Sigrist, currently dated to about 250,000 ya.
 |-
-|Vértesszőlős,<br />Vértesszőlős,<br />near [[Budapest]]
+|[[Vértesszőlős]],<br />Vértesszőlős,<br />near [[Budapest]]
+|Occipital bone and a few teeth excavated 1964-65 in a quarry site that was in the open and used for butchery by [[László Vértes]]. Human fossils were with a hearth, dwelling, tools, footprints, plant and animal fossils.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-|Homo erectus paleohungaricus;<br />Homo sapiens paleohungaricus;<br />Vértesszőlős Man;<br />Samuel;<br />Samu
-|Occipital bone and a few teeth excavated 1964-65 in a quarry by László Vértes. The site was in the open and used for butchery. Human fossils were with a hearth, dwelling, tools, footprints, plant and animal fossils.
 |}
@@ Line 73: / Line 61: @@
 ==Footnotes==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
 ==References==
-* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Abbevillian | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-1-5933-9837-8 | lccn = 2008934270 | ref = harv }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | volume = 2: H to O | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-231-11040-2 | year = 1998 | lccn = 98071262 | title = Mauer }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | volume = 3: P to Z | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-231-11040-2 | year = 1998a | lccn = 98071262 | title = Petralona Cave }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | volume = 3: P to Z | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-231-11040-2 | year = 1998b | lccn = 98071262 | title = Steinheim an der Murr }}
-* {{cite journal | last = Kurtén | first = Björn | url = http://www.aee.gr/hellenic/1st%20month/10/100401/Kurten%20%281983%29%20Faunal%20sequence%20in%20Petralona%20Cave.%20Anthropos,%2010%2053-59.pdf | journal = Anthropos | title = Faunal Sequence in Petralona Cave | publisher = | location = Athens, Greece | year = 1983 | pages = 53-59 | format = PDF | archive-date = May 12, 2015 | archive-url = http://www.webcitation.org/6YTge8dJU | volume = 10 | deadurl = no | ref = harv }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Daniel | first = Glyn | editor-last = Gillispie | editor-first = Charles Coulston | encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume = VIII: Jonathon Homer Lane - Pierre Joseph Macquer | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York, NY | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-684-10119-4 | lccn = 69018090 }}
-* {{cite journal | last = Poulianos | first = N. Aris | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248483801298 | subscription = yes | title = Faunal and Tool Distribution in the Layers of Petralona Cave | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 743–746 | month = December | year = 1983 | doi = 10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80129-8 | ref = harv }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Abbevillian | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-1-5933-9837-8 | lccn = 2008934270 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Kurtén |first=Björn |url=http://www.aee.gr/hellenic/1st%20month/10/100401/Kurten%20%281983%29%20Faunal%20sequence%20in%20Petralona%20Cave.%20Anthropos,%2010%2053-59.pdf |journal=Anthropos |title=Faunal Sequence in Petralona Cave |year=1983 |pages=53–59 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182309/http://www.aee.gr/hellenic/1st%20month/10/100401/Kurten%20(1983)%20Faunal%20sequence%20in%20Petralona%20Cave.%20Anthropos,%2010%2053-59.pdf |volume=10 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-02-25 }}
-* {{cite journal | last = Rohrer | first = George W. | url = http://www.boneandstone.com/articles/rohrer_09.pdf | title = The First Settlers in France | format = PDF | journal = Old World Archaeologist | date = Winter 1983 | archive-date = May 12, 2015 | archive-url = http://www.webcitation.org/6YTf1fDlB | publisher = Old World Archaeological Study Unit | pages = 1-9 | deadurl = no | ref = harv }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Poulianos | first = N. Aris | title = Faunal and Tool Distribution in the Layers of Petralona Cave | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 743–746 |date=December 1983 | doi = 10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80129-8 }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Rohrer |first=George W. |url=http://www.boneandstone.com/articles/rohrer_09.pdf |title=The First Settlers in France |journal=Old World Archaeologist |date=Winter 1983 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195741/http://www.boneandstone.com/articles/rohrer_09.pdf |pages=1–9 |url-status=live }}
-* {{cite book | last1 = Schick | first1 = Kathy Diane | last2 = Toth | first2 = Nicholas | title = Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-671-69371-9 | lccn = 92035337 | location = New York, NY | ref = harv }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Schick | first1 = Kathy Diane | last2 = Toth | first2 = Nicholas | title = Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-671-69371-8 | lccn = 92035337 | location = New York, NY }}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 91: / Line 79: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* {{cite journal | last1 = Hennig | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Herr | first2 = W. | last3 = Weber | first3 = E. | last4 = Xirotiris | first4 = N. I. | title = ESR-Dating of the Fossil Hominid Cranium from Petralona Cave, Greece | journal = Nature | doi = 10.1038/292533a0 | volume = 292 | pages = 533-536 | date = August 6, 1981 | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | location = UK }}
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Hennig | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Herr | first2 = W. | last3 = Weber | first3 = E. | last4 = Xirotiris | first4 = N. I. | title = ESR-Dating of the Fossil Hominid Cranium from Petralona Cave, Greece | journal = Nature | doi = 10.1038/292533a0 | volume = 292 | issue = 5823 | pages = 533–536 | date = August 6, 1981 | bibcode = 1981Natur.292..533H | s2cid = 4359695 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Wintle | first = A. G. | journal = Nature | title = Hominid Evolution: Dating Tautavel Man | doi = 10.1038/304118b0 | volume = 304 | issue = 5922 | pages = 118–119 | date = July 14, 1983 | pmid = 6408487 | bibcode = 1983Natur.304..118W | s2cid = 4276118 | issn = 0028-0836 }}
-* {{cite journal | last = Wintle | first = A. G. | journal = Nature | title = Hominid Evolution: Dating Tautavel Man | doi = 10.1038/304118b0 | volume = 304 | pages = 118-119 | date = July 14, 1983 | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | issn = 00280836 | location = UK }}
 ==External links==
-* [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/101/10102002.pdf The Abbevillian Culture], section in a pdf document. Search on Abbevillian.
+* [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/101/10102002.pdf The Abbevillian Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217233108/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/101/10102002.pdf |date=2010-12-17 }}, section in a pdf document. Search on Abbevillian.
-* [http://www.originsnet.org/galleryep.html Early Palaeolithic]. This site presents the view that [[Olduwan]] and '''Abbevillian''' are phases of the [[Acheulean]].
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190716201815/http://www.originsnet.org/galleryep.html Early Palaeolithic]. This site presents the view that [[Olduwan]] and '''Abbevillian''' are phases of the [[Acheulean]].
 [[Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe]]
+[[Category:Abbeville]]