Grassing (textiles): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Old method of bleaching}} |
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{{About|a method of bleaching|3=Grassing (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Distinguish|Gassing (textile process)}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Grassing''' is one of the oldest methods of [[ |
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[[File:Splendor_Solis_-_Trait%C3%A9_d'Alchimie_-_Femmes_lavant_le_linge.jpg|right|thumb|Grassing, laying out linens to bleach in sunlight]] |
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| ⚫ | '''Grassing''' is one of the oldest methods of [[Textile bleaching|bleaching]] [[textile]] goods. The grassing method has been long been used in Europe to bleach [[linen]] and [[cotton]] based fabrics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Nystrom|first=Paul Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MH81AAAAMAAJ&q=Grassing.%E2%80%94The+oldest+bleaching|title=Textiles|date=1916|publisher=D. Appleton|pages=266|language=en|quote=''Grassing . — The oldest bleaching method is that of “ grassing , ” still used to a certain extent in Europe for bleaching linens. The linen fabrics are laid on the grass or ground for weeks . The oxygen of the air and that given off by green plants''}}</ref> |
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== Method == |
== Method == |
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The linens were laid out on the grass for over seven days after boiling with the <nowiki>''lyes of ashes and rinsing''</nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sansone|first=Antonio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmBDAQAAIAAJ& |
The linens were laid out on the grass for over seven days after boiling with the <nowiki>''lyes of ashes and rinsing''</nowiki>.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Sansone|first=Antonio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmBDAQAAIAAJ&q=Grassing+bleaching&pg=PA109|title=Dyeing: Comprising the Dyeing and Bleaching of Wool, Silk, Cotton, Flax, Hemp, China Grass &c|date=1888|publisher=A. Heywood & son|pages=109|language=en}}</ref> The atmospheric [[oxygen]] and the oxygen left by the grass provide the whitening action. The cloth becomes whiter day by day until it attains the full whiteness. It was a slow process, but safer for the subjected material. Chemical bleaching may harm the cloth, but in the grassing it hardly affects the cloth's strength.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fraser|first=Grace Lovat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fp4AhNfWhEC&q=Grassing.%E2%80%94The+oldest+bleaching|title=Textiles by Britain|date=1948|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|pages=136|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=England)|first=Textile Institute (Manchester|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jbOAAAAMAAJ&q=Grassing.%E2%80%94The+oldest+bleaching|title=Journal of the Textile Institute|date=1923|publisher=The Institute|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Bleachfield == |
== Bleachfield == |
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[[Bleachfield]] was an open area to spread cloth |
The [[Bleachfield]] was an open area to spread cloth. It was a field near the watercourse used by a bleachery. Bleachfields were common in and around the [[mill town]]s [[Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution|during the British Industrial Revolution]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Aspin|first=C. (Christopher)|url=http://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi|title=The cotton industry|date=1981|publisher=Aylesbury : Shire Publications Ltd|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-85263-545-2|pages=24}}</ref> |
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== Chemical bleaching == |
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With the discovery of [[Chlorine]] in the late 18th century, chemical bleaching took over from grassing, as it was quicker and could be done indoors.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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| ⚫ | It is |
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=== Oxygen bleaching action === |
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| ⚫ | It is the [[Conjugated system|conjugated double bonds]] of the substrate that makes the substrate capable of absorbing visible light. The absorption of light makes the cloth look yellowish. Bleaching with oxygen removes the chromophoric sites and makes the cloths whiter. Oxygen is a degrading bleaching agent. Its bleaching action is based on <nowiki>''destroying the phenolic groups and the carbon–carbon double bonds.''</nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bleaching Agent - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/bleaching-agent|access-date=2021-07-27|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> A major source of chemical bleaching is [[hydrogen peroxide]] ({{chem|H|2|O|2}}) that contains a [[Covalent bond|single bond]], (–O–O–). When the bond breaks, it gives rise to very reactive oxygen specie, which is the active agent of the bleach. Around sixty percent of the world's hydrogen peroxide is used in chemical bleaching of textiles and wood pulp.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hage|first1=Ronald|last2=Lienke|first2=Achim|date=2006|title=Applications of Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.200500525|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=206–222|doi=10.1002/anie.200500525|pmid=16342123|issn=1521-3773}}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery mode="traditional"> |
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File:Linen Bleach Green (8251136135).jpg| Linen Bleaching/ Grassing |
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File:Bleekveld.jpg|''Bleaching Ground'' |
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File:Jan Brueghel (I) and Joos de Momper (II) - Market and washing place in Flanders.jpg|Market and washing place in Flanders |
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File:Catalyst 2188.jpg| A bleach worker |
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File:Bleaching vats for cloth in the piece. Silk industry, South Manchester, Conn., U.S.A (NYPL b11707678-G90F070 026F).tiff|Bleaching vats for cloth in the piece. |
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File:EB1911 Bleaching - Fig. 4. —High Pressure Blow-through Kier.jpg|High Pressure Blow-through Kier |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology]] |
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* [[Scouring (textiles)]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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<references /> |
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[[Category:History of the textile industry]] |
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[[Category:Textile arts]] |
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[[Category:Textile techniques]] |
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[[Category:Textile chemistry]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:59, 30 July 2023
Grassing is one of the oldest methods of bleaching textile goods. The grassing method has been long been used in Europe to bleach linen and cotton based fabrics.[1]
Method
[edit]The linens were laid out on the grass for over seven days after boiling with the ''lyes of ashes and rinsing''.[2] The atmospheric oxygen and the oxygen left by the grass provide the whitening action. The cloth becomes whiter day by day until it attains the full whiteness. It was a slow process, but safer for the subjected material. Chemical bleaching may harm the cloth, but in the grassing it hardly affects the cloth's strength.[1][3][4]
Bleachfield
[edit]The Bleachfield was an open area to spread cloth. It was a field near the watercourse used by a bleachery. Bleachfields were common in and around the mill towns during the British Industrial Revolution[5]
Chemical bleaching
[edit]With the discovery of Chlorine in the late 18th century, chemical bleaching took over from grassing, as it was quicker and could be done indoors.[1][5][2]
Oxygen bleaching action
[edit]It is the conjugated double bonds of the substrate that makes the substrate capable of absorbing visible light. The absorption of light makes the cloth look yellowish. Bleaching with oxygen removes the chromophoric sites and makes the cloths whiter. Oxygen is a degrading bleaching agent. Its bleaching action is based on ''destroying the phenolic groups and the carbon–carbon double bonds.''.[6] A major source of chemical bleaching is hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2) that contains a single bond, (–O–O–). When the bond breaks, it gives rise to very reactive oxygen specie, which is the active agent of the bleach. Around sixty percent of the world's hydrogen peroxide is used in chemical bleaching of textiles and wood pulp.[7]
Gallery
[edit]-
Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns -
Linen Bleaching/ Grassing -
Bleaching Ground -
Market and washing place in Flanders -
A bleach worker -
Bleaching vats for cloth in the piece. -
High Pressure Blow-through Kier
.jpg)
_and_Joos_de_Momper_(II)_-_Market_and_washing_place_in_Flanders.jpg)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Nystrom, Paul Henry (1916). Textiles. D. Appleton. p. 266.
Grassing . — The oldest bleaching method is that of " grassing , " still used to a certain extent in Europe for bleaching linens. The linen fabrics are laid on the grass or ground for weeks . The oxygen of the air and that given off by green plants
- ^ a b Sansone, Antonio (1888). Dyeing: Comprising the Dyeing and Bleaching of Wool, Silk, Cotton, Flax, Hemp, China Grass &c. A. Heywood & son. p. 109.
- ^ Fraser, Grace Lovat (1948). Textiles by Britain. G. Allen & Unwin. p. 136.
- ^ England), Textile Institute (Manchester (1923). Journal of the Textile Institute. The Institute. p. 125.
- ^ a b Aspin, C. (Christopher) (1981). The cotton industry. Internet Archive. Aylesbury : Shire Publications Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-85263-545-2.
- ^ "Bleaching Agent - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
- ^ Hage, Ronald; Lienke, Achim (2006). "Applications of Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (2): 206–222. doi:10.1002/anie.200500525. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 16342123.