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{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| box_width =
| name = Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section
| name = Guntakal–Renigunta section
| color =
| color =
| logo =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_width =
| image = File:Chennai-Mumbai Mail.jpg|Chennai-Mumbai Mail
| image = Chennai-Mumbai Mail.jpg
| image_width =
| image_width =
| caption = Chennai-Mumbai Mail is prestigious Train in this route
| caption = The prestigious Chennai Mumbai Mail runs along this section.
| type =
| type =
| system =
| system =
| status = Operational
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| start = [[Guntakal railway station|Guntakal]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}
| end = [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]
| end = {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
| stations =
| stations =
| routes = [[Mumbai-Chennai line]]
| routes =
| ridership =
| open =
⚫
| open = 1871
| close =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railway]]
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway Zone (India)|South Central Railway]], [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| character =
| character =
| depot = Guntakal, Renigunta, Arakkonam
| depot =
⚫
| stock =
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D and WDG-3A diesel locos; WAP-1 , [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]], [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] electric locos.
| linelength =
| linelength = {{Convert|144.30|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracklength = {{convert|454|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br/> Branch lines<br/>Gooty-Pendekallu {{convert|29|km|mi|0|abr=on}}<br/>Gooty-kalluru {{ convert|29|km|mi|0|abr=on}}<br/>Yerraguntla-Nandyal{{ convert|123|km|mi|0|abr=on}}<br/>Renigunta-Gudur {{ convert|84|km|mi|0|abr=on}}<br/>Renigunta-pakala {{ convert|52|km|mi|abr=on}}
⚫
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| notrack = 2
⚫
| minradius =
⚫
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}} [[Indian gauge|broad gauge]]
| ogauge =
⚫
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| racksystem =
| el =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = Up to 130 km/h
| speed =
| elevation = [[Guntakal railway station|Guntakal]] {{convert|453|m|ft}}
| elevation =
| website =
| website =
| map = [[File:Guntakal-chennai route.png|300px]]{{Guntakal–Renigunta section}}
| map =
| map_state =
| map_state = collapsed
}}
}}
{{Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section |collapse=y}}
The '''Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section''' (also known as Guntakal-Chennai line) is part of the [[Mumbai-Chennai line]]. It connects [[Guntakal railway station|Guntakal]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].


'''Guntakal–Renigunta section''' connects {{stnlnk|Guntakal}} and {{stnlnk|Renigunta}} in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]]. It has a total route length of {{Convert|309.50|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Section Wise Route (kms &#91;sic&#93;)|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,353,1280,1351|website=South Central Railway|access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Guntakal Railway Division System Map|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,353,1864|website=South Central Railway|access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
⚫
==History==
The first train service in southern India and the third in India was operated by [[Madras Railway]] from [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram]] / Veyasarapady to Wallajah Road (Arcot) in 1856. Madras Railway extended its trunk route to Beypur / Kadalundi (near Calicut) and initiated work on a north-western branch out of [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]] in 1861. The branch line reached Renigunta in 1862.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title = IR History – Early days|work= 1832-1869|last=|first= | publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref> The branch line out of Arakkonam reached [[Raichur railway station|Raichur]] in 1871, where it connected to the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] line from Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870-1899| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>


⚫
== History ==
===Chennai suburban services===
EMU trains are operated between Chennai Central and Arakkonam via [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West Line]]. It covers the distance of {{convert|68|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} with 27 halts in a scheduled time of 1 hour 50 mins.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/arakkonam-chennai-emu-43438-ajj-to-mas/14190/428/35|title =Arakkonam Chennai EMU | publisher= India Rail Info| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref> As of 2005, 200,000 passengers daily used the EMU services in this sector.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web| url = http://www.hindu.com/op/2005/03/15/stories/2005031500251900.htm |title = Public transport in Chennai and its suburbs | publisher= ''The Hindu'', 15 March 2005 | accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>
The first train service in southern India and the third in India was operated by [[Madras Railway]] from {{stnlnk|Royapuram}} / Veyasarapady to Wallajah Road (Arcot) in 1856. Madras Railway extended its trunk route to Beypur / Kadalundi (near Calicut) and initiated work on a north-western branch out of [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]] in 1861. The branch line reached Renigunta in 1862.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title = IR History – Early days|work= 1832–1869| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 14 December 2013}}</ref> The branch line out of Arakkonam reached {{stnlnk|Raichur}} in 1871, where it connected to the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] line from Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870–1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 14 December 2013}}</ref>


⚫
=== Railway reorganization ===
⚫
==Electrification==
⚫
In the early 1950s legislation was passed authorizing the central government to take over independent railway systems that were there. On 14 April 1951 the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]], the [[South Indian Railway Company]] and Mysore State Railway were merged to form [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]. Subsequently, [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was also merged into Southern Railway. On 2 October 1966, the Secunderabad, Solapur, Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions, covering the former territories of Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway and certain portions of Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway were separated from Southern Railway to form the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]. In 1977, Guntakal division of Southern Railway was transferred to South Central Railway and the Solapur division transferred to Central Railway. Amongst the seven new zones created in 2003 was [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]], which was carved out of Southern Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 14 December 2013}}</ref>
The Chennai Beach-Tambaram sector was electrified with DC overhead line in 1931 and was converted to 25 kv AC in 1967. The Chennai Central-Tiruvallur sector, as well as the Basin Bridge-Chennai Beach sector were electrified in 1979-80. The Tiruvallu-Arakkonam sector was electrified in 1982-83, Arakkonam-Tiruttani sector in 1983-84 and the Tiruttani-Renigunta sector in 1984-85.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification|work= |last= |first=| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 14 December 2013 }}</ref>


⚫
== Electrification ==
⚫
Electrification of the 308&nbsp;km long Renigunta-Guntakal section was announced in 2003 at a cost of Rs. 168 crore. The Renigunta-Nandalur sector electrification was completed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Renigunta_-_Guntakal_Rly_Electrification/Project/pid14748.htm |title = Reenigunta-Guntakal Railway Electrification Project | publisher= Progress Register| accessdate = 14 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=22318 |title = Rail Projects in Andhra Pradesh | publisher= Press Information Bureau, 21 November 2006 | accessdate = 14 December 2013 }}</ref> The Nandalur-Guntakal sector was electrified by 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |title = Brief on Railway Electrification |work=Electrification Work in Progress | publisher= Central Organisation for Railway Electrification | accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>


⚫
Electrification of the 308&nbsp;km long Renigunta–Guntakal section was announced in 2003 at a cost of Rs. 168 crore. The Renigunta–Nandalur sector electrification was completed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Renigunta_-_Guntakal_Rly_Electrification/Project/pid14748.htm |title = Renigunta–Guntakal Railway Electrification Project | publisher= Progress Register| access-date = 14 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=22318 |title = Rail Projects in Andhra Pradesh | publisher= Press Information Bureau|date=21 November 2006 | access-date = 14 December 2013 }}</ref> The Nandalur-Guntakal sector was electrified by 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |title = Brief on Railway Electrification |work=Electrification Work in Progress | publisher= Central Organisation for Railway Electrification | access-date = 14 December 2013}}</ref>
⚫
==Speed limit==
The Kalyan-Pune-Daund-Wadi-Secunderabad-Kazipet line and the Wadi-Raichur-Arrakonam-Chennai Central line are classified as 'Group B' lines and can take speeds up to 130&nbsp;km/h.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| publisher= | accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>


== Connectivity ==
The construction of Arakkonam-Renigunta third line has been sent to Planning Commission for appraisal as per Railway Budget 2012-13.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://latestpressrelease.blogspot.in/2012/03/salient-features-of-railway-budget-2012.html |title =Salient Features of Railway Budget 2012-2013 pertaining to East Coast Railway Waltair Division and South Central Railway | publisher= | accessdate = 14 December 2013 }}</ref>
Obulavaripalli in this line connects the newly constructing [[Krishnapatnam–Obulavaripalle section|Krishnapatnam–Obulavaripalle]] railway line.


⚫
== Speed limit ==
As of 2012, doubling of the Renigunta-Guntakal section was expected to be completed soon.
⚫
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kadapabangalore-railway-line-in-7-years/article2989365.ece |title = Kadapa-Bangalore railway line in 7 years | publisher= The Hindu, 13 March 2012 | accessdate = 14 December 2013 }}</ref>


As of 2022, doubling and electrification of the Renigunta–Guntakal section has been completed and commissioned with 130 KM Max. Permissible Speed.
⚫
==Sheds and Workshops==
⚫
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kadapabangalore-railway-line-in-7-years/article2989365.ece |title = Kadapa–Bangalore railway line in 7 years |work=The Hindu|date=13 March 2012| access-date = 14 December 2013 }}</ref>
⚫
[[Diesel loco shed,Guntakal|Guntakal diesel loco shed]] was started as a metre gauge shed but after gauge conversions in Guntakal and Hubli divisions a broad gauge shed was opened in 1995. It houses [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D and WDG-3A locos. There is a routine overhaul depot for wagon maintenance at Raichur and a coaching maintenance depot at Guntakal.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>


⚫
== Sheds and workshops ==
[[Diesel loco shed,Gooty]] has one of the largest sheds with 175+ locos that include WDG-3A, WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-4, WDP-4 diesel locos. It also handles routine maintenance for WDG-4 locos. It earlier used to be broad gauge steam loco shed.<ref name="sheds"/>
⚫
[[Diesel Loco Shed, Guntakal]] was started as a metre-gauge shed but after gauge conversions in Guntakal and Hubli divisions a broad-gauge shed was opened in 1995. It houses [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D and WDG-3A locos. There is a routine overhaul depot for wagon maintenance at Raichur and a coaching maintenance depot at Guntakal.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 14 December 2013}}</ref>


Arakkonam earlier had a steam loco shed, now has an electric loco shed that holds 135+ locos, which include WAP-1, [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] locos. Royapuram electric loco shed holds 65+ locos including WAP-1, WAP-4, and [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locos.<ref name="sheds"/>
[[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty]] has one of the largest sheds with 175+ locos that include WDG-3A, WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-4, WDP-4 diesel locos. It also handles routine maintenance for WDG-4 locos. It earlier used to be broad-gauge steam loco shed.<ref name="sheds" /> Renigunta has an electric trip shed.<ref name="sheds" />


⚫
== References ==
Renigunta has an electric trip shed. Egmore had an important metre gauge diesel/ electric loco shed but with gauge conversions in the area the shed was demolished.<ref name="sheds"/>

The Carriage and Wagon Workshops at Perambur repairs broad gauge coaches and wagons. The Locomotive Workshops at Perambur was the premier broad gauge steam loco repair shop in the south. Even now performs the annual overhaul of the [[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen]]. The workshop now primarily handles the repair and maintenance of electric locomotives from all over the south an even beyond.<ref name="sheds"/>

⚫
==Railway reorganization==
⚫
In the early 1950s legislation was passed authorizing the central government to take over independent railway systems that were there. On 14 April 1951 the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]], the [[South Indian Railway Company]] and Mysore State Railway were merged to form [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]. Subsequently, [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was also merged into Southern Railway. On 2 October 1966, the Secunderabad, Solapur, Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions, covering the former territories of Nizam’s Guaranteed State Railway and certain portions of Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway were separated from Southern Railway to form the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]. In 1977, Guntakal division of Southern Railway was transferred to South Central Railway and the Solapur division transferred to Central Railway. Amongst the seven new zones created in 2003 was [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]], which was carved out of Southern Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>

⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/guntakal-junction-gtl/141 Trains at Guntakal]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/guntakal-junction-gtl/141 Trains at Guntakal]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/renigunta-junction-ru/838 Trains at Renigunta]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/renigunta-junction-ru/838 Trains at Renigunta]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/arakkonam-junction-ajj/428 Trains at Arakkonam]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/chennai-egmore-ms/779 Trains at Chennai Egmore]


{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Guntakal-Chennai Egmore section}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guntakal - Renigunta section}}
[[Category:Broad gauge railway lines in India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
Line 94: Line 80:
[[Category:Guntakal railway division|*]]
[[Category:Guntakal railway division|*]]
[[Category:1871 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1871 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Guntakal]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]

Latest revision as of 15:19, 31 July 2023

Guntakal–Renigunta section
The prestigious Chennai Mumbai Mail runs along this section.
Overview
StatusOperational
OwnerIndian Railways
LocaleAndhra Pradesh
Termini
Service
Operator(s)South Central Railway
Technical
Line length144.30 km (89.66 mi)
Track gauge5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge
ElectrificationYes
Route map

Legend
km
to Solapur–Guntakal section
to Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section
0
 Guntakal
to Guntakal–Nandyal section
to Guntakal–Bangalore section
3
 Timmanacherla
12
 Nakkanadoddi
17
 Patakottacheruvu
to Pendekullam
28
 Gooty
to Dharmavaram
40
 Jakkalacheruvu
52
 Rayalacheruvu
58
 Vemulapadu
Ultratech Cement
64
 Jutturu
Penna River
70
 Komali
77
 Tadipatri
83
 Challavaripalli
89
 Vanganur
97
 Regadipalli
Chitravathi River
105
 Kondapuram
114
 Mangapatnam
120
 Chintakunta
128
 Muddanaru
State Highway 28
Rayalaseema TPS
137
 Kalamalia
to Nandyal–Yerraguntla section
144
 Yerraguntla
Zuari Cements
153
 Yerragudipad
160
 Kamalapuram
Papagni River
167
 Gangavpalle
Kadapa Airport
176
 Krishnapuram
Kadapa Bypass Road
Kadapa Road
to Kadapa–Bangalore section
184
 Kadapa (Cuddapah)
Kadapa Ring Road
195
 Kanamalo Palle
200
 Bhakarapet
206
 Ontimitta
217
 Mantapampalle
224
 Nandalur
Cheyyeru River
230
 Hastavarmu
235
 Razampeta
244
 Pullampet
248
 Reddipalle
Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section
255
 Obulavaripalli
261
 Anantarajupet
268
 Koduru
277
 Settigunta
284
 Balapalle
295
 Mamandru
to Gudur–Chennai section
309
 Renigunta / Tirupati Airport
to Gudur–Chennai section
to Gudur–Chennai section
Sources:[1]

Guntakal–Renigunta section connects Guntakal and Renigunta in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is administered under Guntakal railway division of South Central Railway zone. It has a total route length of 309.50 km (192.31 mi).[2][3]

History

[edit]

The first train service in southern India and the third in India was operated by Madras Railway from Royapuram / Veyasarapady to Wallajah Road (Arcot) in 1856. Madras Railway extended its trunk route to Beypur / Kadalundi (near Calicut) and initiated work on a north-western branch out of Arakkonam in 1861. The branch line reached Renigunta in 1862.[4] The branch line out of Arakkonam reached Raichur in 1871, where it connected to the Great Indian Peninsula Railway line from Mumbai.[5]

Railway reorganization

[edit]

In the early 1950s legislation was passed authorizing the central government to take over independent railway systems that were there. On 14 April 1951 the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway Company and Mysore State Railway were merged to form Southern Railway. Subsequently, Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was also merged into Southern Railway. On 2 October 1966, the Secunderabad, Solapur, Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions, covering the former territories of Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway and certain portions of Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway were separated from Southern Railway to form the South Central Railway. In 1977, Guntakal division of Southern Railway was transferred to South Central Railway and the Solapur division transferred to Central Railway. Amongst the seven new zones created in 2003 was South Western Railway, which was carved out of Southern Railway.[6]

Electrification

[edit]

Electrification of the 308 km long Renigunta–Guntakal section was announced in 2003 at a cost of Rs. 168 crore. The Renigunta–Nandalur sector electrification was completed in 2006.[7][8] The Nandalur-Guntakal sector was electrified by 2013.[9]

Connectivity

[edit]

Obulavaripalli in this line connects the newly constructing Krishnapatnam–Obulavaripalle railway line.

Speed limit

[edit]

As of 2022, doubling and electrification of the Renigunta–Guntakal section has been completed and commissioned with 130 KM Max. Permissible Speed. [10]

Sheds and workshops

[edit]

Diesel Loco Shed, Guntakal was started as a metre-gauge shed but after gauge conversions in Guntakal and Hubli divisions a broad-gauge shed was opened in 1995. It houses WDM-2, WDM-3A, WDM-3D and WDG-3A locos. There is a routine overhaul depot for wagon maintenance at Raichur and a coaching maintenance depot at Guntakal.[11]

Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty has one of the largest sheds with 175+ locos that include WDG-3A, WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-4, WDP-4 diesel locos. It also handles routine maintenance for WDG-4 locos. It earlier used to be broad-gauge steam loco shed.[11] Renigunta has an electric trip shed.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mumbai Dadar-Chennai Egmore Superfast Express 12163". India Rail Info.
  2. ^ "Section Wise Route (kms [sic])". South Central Railway. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  3. ^ "Guntakal Railway Division System Map". South Central Railway. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  4. ^ "IR History – Early days". 1832–1869. IRFCA. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  5. ^ "IR History:Early days II". 1870–1899. IRFCA. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  6. ^ "Geography – Railway Zones". IRFCA. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Renigunta–Guntakal Railway Electrification Project". Progress Register. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  8. ^ "Rail Projects in Andhra Pradesh". Press Information Bureau. 21 November 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  9. ^ "Brief on Railway Electrification". Electrification Work in Progress. Central Organisation for Railway Electrification. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  10. ^ "Kadapa–Bangalore railway line in 7 years". The Hindu. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  11. ^ a b c "Sheds and Workshops". IRFCA. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
[edit]
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