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{{use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|Sign language local to Israel's al-Sayyid Bedouin village}}
{{Short description|Sign language local to Israel's al-Sayyid Bedouin village}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox language
{{use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox language
|name=Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
|name=Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
|nativename={{native name|ar|لغة الإشارة لعشيرة السيد|italics=off}}<br/><small>{{transliteration|ar|Lughat il-Ishārah il-Ashīrat al-Sayyid}}</small>
|states=[[Israel]]
|states=[[Israel]]
|region=[[Negev]]
|region=[[Negev]]
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'''Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language''' ('''ABSL''') is a [[village sign language]] used by about 150 [[deaf]] and many hearing members of the [[al-Sayyid, Israel|al-Sayyid]] [[Bedouin]] tribe in the [[Negev|Negev desert]] of southern [[Israel]].
'''Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language''' ('''ABSL''') is a [[village sign language]] used by about 150 [[deaf]] and many hearing members of the [[al-Sayyid, Israel|al-Sayyid]] [[Bedouin]] tribe in the [[Negev|Negev desert]] of southern [[Israel]].


As deafness is so frequent (4% of the population is deaf, compared to 0.1% in the United States)<ref name=TalkingHands>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Margalit|title=Talking Hands|year=2008|publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks|location=New York, New York}}</ref> and deaf and hearing people share a language, deaf people are not stigmatised in this community, and marriage between deaf and hearing people is common. There is also no separate [[deaf culture]] or politics.<ref name="TalkingHands"/>
As deafness is so frequent (4% of the village's population is deaf, compared to 0.1% in the United States)<ref name=TalkingHands>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Margalit|title=Talking Hands|year=2008|publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks|location=New York, New York}}</ref> and deaf and hearing people share a language, deaf people are not stigmatised in this community and marriage between deaf and hearing people is common.

ABSL grammar developed quickly, with the signing of each generation becoming more complex than the last. Even though no evidence of [[Phonology|phonological]] structure was found throughout the community, it seems to be emerging within individual families.


==History==
==History==
In 2004, the Al-Sayyid community numbered around 3,000, most of whom trace their ancestry to the time the village was founded, in the mid-19th century, by a local woman and an [[Egypt]]ian man. Two of this founding couple's five sons carried a gene for nonsyndromic, genetically recessive, profound pre-lingual neurosensory deafness. The descendants of the founding couple often [[Cousin marriage|married their cousins]] due to the tribe's rejection by its neighbours for being "foreign [[fellah]]in".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=434665 One in Twenty] Haaretz, 2 June 2004</ref> The gene became [[homozygous]] in several members of the family.
In 2004, the Al-Sayyid community numbered around 3,000, most of whom trace their ancestry to the time the village was founded, in the mid-19th century, by a local woman and an Egyptian man. Two of this founding couple's five sons carried a gene for [[Nonsyndromic deafness|nonsyndromic]], genetically recessive, profound [[Prelingual deafness|pre-lingual]] [[neurosensory deafness]]. The descendants of the founding couple often [[Cousin marriage|married their cousins]] owing to the tribe's rejection by its neighbours for being "foreign [[fellah]]in".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=434665 One in Twenty] Haaretz, 2 June 2004</ref> The gene became [[homozygous]] in several members of the family.


Four deaf siblings were born into the community approximately 75 years after its founding. Deafness spread to other families in the following two generations; in 2011 there were about 120-150 deaf individuals in the community. This unique set of circumstances led to a [[Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistic]] environment not often found elsewhere. The deaf individuals were not only accepted into the greater community, but the resulting sign language was being used by a significant proportion of hearing people in the community as well. Additionally, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language is being passed down from generation to generation in a natural social setting.<ref name="grad" /> There is no separate [[deaf culture]] or politics.<ref name="TalkingHands" />
⚫
ABSL was first studied in the late 1990s by anthropologist Shifra Kisch<ref>Kisch, Shifra. 2000. ‘Deaf discourse’: Social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community in the Negev. MA thesis, Tel Aviv University.</ref> and came to worldwide attention in February 2005 when an international group of researchers published a study of the language in the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/102/7/2661.full The emergence of grammar: Systematic structure in a new language], Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Wendy Sandler, Irit Meir, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff</ref> The spontaneous emergence of the language in the last 70 years, which has developed a complex grammar in near-isolation, is of particular interest to [[linguistics|linguists]] for the insights it provides into the birth of human language.

⚫
ABSL was first studied in the late 1990s by anthropologist Shifra Kisch<ref>Kisch, Shifra. 2000. 'Deaf discourse': Social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community in the Negev. MA thesis, Tel Aviv University.</ref> and came to worldwide attention in February 2005 when an international group of researchers published a study of the language in the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/102/7/2661.full The emergence of grammar: Systematic structure in a new language], Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Wendy Sandler, Irit Meir, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff</ref> The spontaneous emergence of the language in the last 70 years and the development of a complex grammar in near-isolation are of particular interest to [[linguistics|linguists]] for the insights it provides into the birth of human language.

⚫
The community was isolated from the outside not by geography, but by social stigma. Contact with the outside world is growing as pupils are exposed to Israeli Sign Language and Jordanian Sign Language in schools and community members are marrying outside the community.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=February 1, 2005 |title=A New Language Arises, and Scientists Watch It Evolve |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/01/science/01lang.html |access-date=2012-11-11}}</ref>


==Linguistics==
==Linguistics==
Scholars study ABSL because since deaf people in Al-Sayyid cannot hear Arabic or Hebrew and they have not been exposed to any other sign languages, ABSL is a brand new language, uninfluenced by any other.{{clarify|date=February 2015}} ABSL is in its early stages, so researchers are observing the language as it develops.<ref name="TalkingHands"/>
Scholars study ABSL because, as deaf people in Al-Sayyid cannot hear Arabic or Hebrew and they have not been exposed to any other sign languages, ABSL is a brand new language, uninfluenced by any other. ABSL is in its early stages, so researchers are observing the language as it develops.<ref name="TalkingHands"/>

=== Syntax ===
ABSL consistently shows [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV) [[word order]] (e.g., "woman child feed") and head-modifier order.<ref name="grad" /><ref name=":0" /> SVO order is prominent only when the [[Object (grammar)|object]] is a [[pronoun]].<ref name=":0" /> This word order is marked contrast to the dialect of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] spoken by hearing members of the community ([[subject–verb–object|SVO]]) as well as [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ([[subject–verb–object|SVO]]), classical Arabic ([[verb–subject–object|VSO]]) and the predominant sign languages in the region, [[Israeli Sign Language]] and [[Jordanian Sign Language]].<ref name="TalkingHands" />

ABSL has a tendency to limit [[Predicate (grammar)|predicates]] to containing one [[Animacy|animate]] [[Argument (linguistics)|argument]]. Events involving multiple animate referents are therefore often conveyed through the use of multiple clauses as seen below.<ref name=":0" /> {{interlinear|GIRL STAND; MAN BALL THROW; GIRL CATCH||The man throws the ball to the girl.|lang=syy|indent=3}}ABSL is seen as evidence for the human tendency to construct communication along [[grammar|grammatical]] lines. Researchers have remarked on the speed with which a grammar emerged, with the SOV word-order emerging with the first generation of signers, as well as the continuing rapid development of the language: the third generation is signing twice as fast as the first and is using longer sentences. ABSL does not contain "agreeing" verbs as most known sign languages do.<ref name="TalkingHands" />

Few syntactic markers such as [[complementizer]]s, signs to signal [[Conditional sentence|conditionals]] or structures to mark questions have been found. These functions are instead expressed through the use of [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic]] cues to designate when a [[clause]] starts or ends or in order to link them together. For example, conditional and when-clauses are marked by raising the eyebrows and tilting the head forward.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Aronoff |first1=Mark |last2=Meir |first2=Irit |last3=Padden |first3=Carol A. |last4=Sandler |first4=Wendy |date=2008-01-01 |title=The roots of linguistic organization in a new language |journal=Interaction Studies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=133–153 |doi=10.1075/is.9.1.10aro |issn=1572-0373 |pmc=3311507 |pmid=22448152}}</ref>


=== Phonology ===
ABSL shows a preference for [[subject–object–verb]] [[word order]] (e.g., "woman child feed"), in marked contrast to the dialect of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] spoken by hearing members of the community ([[subject–verb–object|SVO]]), as well as [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ([[subject–verb–object|SVO]]), classical Arabic ([[verb–subject–object|VSO]]), and the predominant sign languages in the region, [[Israeli Sign Language]] and [[Jordanian Sign Language]]. The authors of the study ([[Mark Aronoff]] from [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]], [[Irit Meir]] and [[Wendy Sandler]] from the [[University of Haifa]] and [[Carol Padden]] from the [[University of California, San Diego]]) see ABSL as evidence for the human tendency to construct communication along [[grammar|grammatical]] lines. These authors remarked on the speed with which a grammar emerged, with the SOV word-order emerging with the first generation of signers, as well as the language's continuing rapid development – the third generation is signing twice as fast as the first and is using longer sentences.
ABSL has not been found to have a fully fledged [[phonology]]. This can be seen in the absence of [[Double articulation|duality of patterning]], which means signs in ABSL cannot be analyzed as being composed of smaller, meaningless units.<ref name="grad">{{Cite journal |last1=Sandler |first1=Wendy |last2=Aronoff |first2=Mark |last3=Meir |first3=Irit |last4=Padden |first4=Carol |date=May 2011 |title=The gradual emergence of phonological form in a new language |journal=Nat Lang Linguist Theory |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=503–543 |doi=10.1007/s11049-011-9128-2 |pmc=3250231 |pmid=22223927}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sedivy |first1=Julie |title=The Unusual Language That Linguists Thought Couldn't Exist |url=https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-unusual-language-that-linguists-thought-couldn-t-exist |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=Nautilus}}</ref> Other features common of phonologies, such as [[Minimal pair|signs differing in single feature]] or rigid [[Phonological constraints|constraints]] on well-formed signs were also not found. Sign features that often contrast in established sign languages, such as [[Location (sign language)|where the sign is articulated]] or the [[Orientation (sign language)|orientation]] of the hand do not seem relevant.<ref name="grad" /> [[Mouthing]], the visual depictions of spoken words with the mouth, is not used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tkachman |first=Oksana |last2=Sandler |first2=Wendy |date=2013-12-31 |title=The noun–verb distinction in two young sign languages |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/gest.13.3.02tka |journal=Gesture |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=253–286 |doi=10.1075/gest.13.3.02tka |issn=1568-1475}}</ref> It seemed that the ABSL speakers were "aiming for an [[Iconicity|iconic]] and holistic [[Prototype (linguistics)|prototype]]" when producing a sign rather than adhering to strictly defined features, which is what one would expect from a language with a phonology.<ref name="grad" /><!-- familylect -->


The form of a given sign varies considerably throughout the community and is understood by others through iconicity. However, within households that have fluent deaf or hearing signers the signs have a much more conventionalized agreed-upon form. Certain phonological processes, such as [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilation]] of handshape within a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]], have also been observed within families. These types of households might eventually give rise to the type of phonology found in more established sign languages.<ref name="grad" />
Researchers have detected examples of abstraction in the language, a sure sign of grammatical development. For example, the sign for "man" is formed by the curling of the finger in the shape of a mustache, although Bedouin men no longer wear mustaches.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas |title=A New Language Arises, and Scientists Watch It Evolve |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/01/science/01lang.html|access-date=2012-11-11|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 1, 2005}}</ref> However, the language does not currently contain "agreeing" verbs, as most known sign languages do, which may indicate that the language has more grammatical development in store.<ref name="TalkingHands"/> Additionally, {{as of|2011|lc=yes}}, there was no distinction into a [[phonology|phonological]] structure.<ref name="grad">{{Cite journal |title=The gradual emergence of phonological form in a new language |last1=Sandler |first1=Wendy |last2=Aronoff |first2=Mark |last3=Meir |first3=Irit |last4=Padden |first4=Carol |date=May 2011 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=503–543 |doi=10.1007/s11049-011-9128-2 |pmid = 22223927|pmc = 3250231|journal=Nat Lang Linguist Theory}}</ref>


=== Lexicon ===
A unique feature of the language is that it currently lacks [[Double articulation|Duality of Patterning]]. Its words and meanings come from single gestures, rather than combinations of smaller units of gestures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sedivy |first1=Julie |url=https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-unusual-language-that-linguists-thought-couldn-t-exist |website=Nautilus |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref>
New signs are often creating through compounding, whereby two noun signs are combined. One method of compounding includes the addition of what appears to be an [[affix]] to the base sign to indicate its length. This length affix cannot be used in isolation and is produced by touching the wrist with the non-dominant hand at different points to indicate the relative length of the object in question. The dominant hand meanwhile indicates its thickness through the extension of more or less fingers. For example, the word 'pencil' is translated with the compound 'WRITE+LONG-THIN-OBJECT' by first performing the sign for WRITE, then extending the index finger to represent the pencil and having the other hand represent its relative length. This compound also undergoes handshape assimilation, whereby both hands take on the same handshape. This could be considered as the beginnings of a phonology.<ref name="grad" />


Some signs have been found to not iconically represent the concept in question. For example, the sign for "man" is formed by the curling of the finger in the shape of a moustache although Bedouin men no longer wear them.<ref name="NYT" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}}
⚫
The community was isolated not by geography but by social stigma,<ref name="NYT"/> on several levels. Contact with the outside world is growing, as students are exposed to Israeli Sign Language and Jordanian Sign Language in schools, and community members are marrying outside the community.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 44: Line 60:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://sandlersignlab.haifa.ac.il/html/html_eng/al_sayyid.html Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language] Sign Language Research Laboratory, University of Haifa
* [https://signlab.haifa.ac.il/index.php/2013-01-15-07-03-14/56-absl-1 Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language] Sign Language Research Laboratory, University of Haifa
* [[Wendy Sandler|Sandler W]], Meir I, Padden C, Aronoff M. (2005) ''[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0405448102v1?ct The emergence of grammar: systematic structure in a new language]'', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.


{{Languages of Israel}}
{{Languages of Israel}}
Line 54: Line 69:
[[Category:Village sign languages]]
[[Category:Village sign languages]]
[[Category:Endangered sign language isolates]]
[[Category:Endangered sign language isolates]]
[[Category:Languages of Israel]]
[[Category:Sign languages of Israel]]

Latest revision as of 00:48, 1 August 2023

Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
لغة الإشارة لعشيرة السيد (Arabic)
Lughat il-Ishārah il-Ashīrat al-Sayyid
Native toIsrael
RegionNegev
Native speakers
120–150 deaf (2008)[1]
Also used by many of the 3,500 hearing people of the village. Recognized as the local second language.
Language codes
ISO 639-3syy
Glottologalsa1242
ELPAl-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language

Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) is a village sign language used by about 150 deaf and many hearing members of the al-Sayyid Bedouin tribe in the Negev desert of southern Israel.

As deafness is so frequent (4% of the village's population is deaf, compared to 0.1% in the United States)[2] and deaf and hearing people share a language, deaf people are not stigmatised in this community and marriage between deaf and hearing people is common.

ABSL grammar developed quickly, with the signing of each generation becoming more complex than the last. Even though no evidence of phonological structure was found throughout the community, it seems to be emerging within individual families.

History

[edit]

In 2004, the Al-Sayyid community numbered around 3,000, most of whom trace their ancestry to the time the village was founded, in the mid-19th century, by a local woman and an Egyptian man. Two of this founding couple's five sons carried a gene for nonsyndromic, genetically recessive, profound pre-lingual neurosensory deafness. The descendants of the founding couple often married their cousins owing to the tribe's rejection by its neighbours for being "foreign fellahin".[3] The gene became homozygous in several members of the family.

Four deaf siblings were born into the community approximately 75 years after its founding. Deafness spread to other families in the following two generations; in 2011 there were about 120-150 deaf individuals in the community. This unique set of circumstances led to a sociolinguistic environment not often found elsewhere. The deaf individuals were not only accepted into the greater community, but the resulting sign language was being used by a significant proportion of hearing people in the community as well. Additionally, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language is being passed down from generation to generation in a natural social setting.[4] There is no separate deaf culture or politics.[2]

ABSL was first studied in the late 1990s by anthropologist Shifra Kisch[5] and came to worldwide attention in February 2005 when an international group of researchers published a study of the language in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.[6] The spontaneous emergence of the language in the last 70 years and the development of a complex grammar in near-isolation are of particular interest to linguists for the insights it provides into the birth of human language.

The community was isolated from the outside not by geography, but by social stigma. Contact with the outside world is growing as pupils are exposed to Israeli Sign Language and Jordanian Sign Language in schools and community members are marrying outside the community.[7]

Linguistics

[edit]

Scholars study ABSL because, as deaf people in Al-Sayyid cannot hear Arabic or Hebrew and they have not been exposed to any other sign languages, ABSL is a brand new language, uninfluenced by any other. ABSL is in its early stages, so researchers are observing the language as it develops.[2]

Syntax

[edit]

ABSL consistently shows subject–object–verb (SOV) word order (e.g., "woman child feed") and head-modifier order.[4][8] SVO order is prominent only when the object is a pronoun.[8] This word order is marked contrast to the dialect of Arabic spoken by hearing members of the community (SVO) as well as Hebrew (SVO), classical Arabic (VSO) and the predominant sign languages in the region, Israeli Sign Language and Jordanian Sign Language.[2]

ABSL has a tendency to limit predicates to containing one animate argument. Events involving multiple animate referents are therefore often conveyed through the use of multiple clauses as seen below.[8]

GIRL

STAND;

MAN

BALL

THROW;

GIRL

CATCH

GIRL STAND; MAN BALL THROW; GIRL CATCH

The man throws the ball to the girl.

ABSL is seen as evidence for the human tendency to construct communication along grammatical lines. Researchers have remarked on the speed with which a grammar emerged, with the SOV word-order emerging with the first generation of signers, as well as the continuing rapid development of the language: the third generation is signing twice as fast as the first and is using longer sentences. ABSL does not contain "agreeing" verbs as most known sign languages do.[2]

Few syntactic markers such as complementizers, signs to signal conditionals or structures to mark questions have been found. These functions are instead expressed through the use of prosodic cues to designate when a clause starts or ends or in order to link them together. For example, conditional and when-clauses are marked by raising the eyebrows and tilting the head forward.[8]

Phonology

[edit]

ABSL has not been found to have a fully fledged phonology. This can be seen in the absence of duality of patterning, which means signs in ABSL cannot be analyzed as being composed of smaller, meaningless units.[4][9] Other features common of phonologies, such as signs differing in single feature or rigid constraints on well-formed signs were also not found. Sign features that often contrast in established sign languages, such as where the sign is articulated or the orientation of the hand do not seem relevant.[4] Mouthing, the visual depictions of spoken words with the mouth, is not used.[10] It seemed that the ABSL speakers were "aiming for an iconic and holistic prototype" when producing a sign rather than adhering to strictly defined features, which is what one would expect from a language with a phonology.[4]

The form of a given sign varies considerably throughout the community and is understood by others through iconicity. However, within households that have fluent deaf or hearing signers the signs have a much more conventionalized agreed-upon form. Certain phonological processes, such as assimilation of handshape within a compound, have also been observed within families. These types of households might eventually give rise to the type of phonology found in more established sign languages.[4]

Lexicon

[edit]

New signs are often creating through compounding, whereby two noun signs are combined. One method of compounding includes the addition of what appears to be an affix to the base sign to indicate its length. This length affix cannot be used in isolation and is produced by touching the wrist with the non-dominant hand at different points to indicate the relative length of the object in question. The dominant hand meanwhile indicates its thickness through the extension of more or less fingers. For example, the word 'pencil' is translated with the compound 'WRITE+LONG-THIN-OBJECT' by first performing the sign for WRITE, then extending the index finger to represent the pencil and having the other hand represent its relative length. This compound also undergoes handshape assimilation, whereby both hands take on the same handshape. This could be considered as the beginnings of a phonology.[4]

Some signs have been found to not iconically represent the concept in question. For example, the sign for "man" is formed by the curling of the finger in the shape of a moustache although Bedouin men no longer wear them.[7][better source needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d e Fox, Margalit (2008). Talking Hands. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
  3. ^ One in Twenty Haaretz, 2 June 2004
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Sandler, Wendy; Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Padden, Carol (May 2011). "The gradual emergence of phonological form in a new language". Nat Lang Linguist Theory. 29 (2): 503–543. doi:10.1007/s11049-011-9128-2. PMC 3250231. PMID 22223927.
  5. ^ Kisch, Shifra. 2000. 'Deaf discourse': Social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community in the Negev. MA thesis, Tel Aviv University.
  6. ^ The emergence of grammar: Systematic structure in a new language, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Wendy Sandler, Irit Meir, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff
  7. ^ a b Wade, Nicholas (February 1, 2005). "A New Language Arises, and Scientists Watch It Evolve". New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Padden, Carol A.; Sandler, Wendy (January 1, 2008). "The roots of linguistic organization in a new language". Interaction Studies. 9 (1): 133–153. doi:10.1075/is.9.1.10aro. ISSN 1572-0373. PMC 3311507. PMID 22448152.
  9. ^ Sedivy, Julie. "The Unusual Language That Linguists Thought Couldn't Exist". Nautilus. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  10. ^ Tkachman, Oksana; Sandler, Wendy (December 31, 2013). "The noun–verb distinction in two young sign languages". Gesture. 13 (3): 253–286. doi:10.1075/gest.13.3.02tka. ISSN 1568-1475.
[edit]
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