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{{short description|Historic district in Michigan, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Grand Circus Park Historic District
| name = Grand Circus Park Historic District
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}}
}}


The '''Grand Circus Park Historic District''' contains the {{convert|5|acre|ha|adj=on}} Grand Circus Park in [[Downtown Detroit]], [[Michigan]] that connects the [[Theatre in Detroit|theatre district]] with its [[Detroit Financial District|financial district]]. It is bisected by Woodward Avenue, four blocks north of [[Campus Martius Park]], and is roughly bounded by Clifford, John R. and Adams Streets. The district was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris"/> The building at 25 West Elizabeth Street was added to the district in 2000, and additional structures located within the district, but built between 1932 and 1960, were approved for inclusion in 2012.<ref name="freep13">{{cite news| title=Grand Circus Park national historic site distinction in Detroit updated| date=January 8, 2013| newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]| url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130108/NEWS05/301080060/Grand-Circus-Park-national-historic-site-distinction-in-Detroit-updated| accessdate=2014-01-31}}</ref>
The '''Grand Circus Park Historic District''' contains the {{convert|5|acre|ha|adj=on}} Grand Circus Park in [[Downtown Detroit]], [[Michigan]] that connects the [[Theatre in Detroit|theatre district]] with its [[Detroit Financial District|financial district]]. It is bisected by Woodward Avenue, four blocks north of [[Campus Martius Park]], and is roughly bounded by Clifford, John R. and Adams Streets. The district was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris"/> The building at 25 West Elizabeth Street was added to the district in 2000, and additional structures located within the district, but built between 1932 and 1960, were approved for inclusion in 2012.<ref name="freep13">{{cite news| title=Grand Circus Park national historic site distinction in Detroit updated| date=January 8, 2013| newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]| url=http://www.freep.com/article/20130108/NEWS05/301080060/Grand-Circus-Park-national-historic-site-distinction-in-Detroit-updated| access-date=2014-01-31}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Old map 1807 plan.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Augustus Woodward]]'s plan for Detroit's baroque styled radial avenues and Grand Circus Park]]
[[File:Old map 1807 plan.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Augustus Woodward]]'s plan for Detroit's baroque styled radial avenues and Grand Circus Park]]
A part of [[Augustus Woodward]]'s plan to rebuild the city after the [[History of Detroit#1805 fire|fire of 1805]], the city established the park in 1850. Woodward's original plan called for the park to be a full circle, but after construction began, property owners north of Adams Street were reluctant to sell due to rising land values.<ref name=aia>{{Cite book| last1=Hill| first1=Eric J.| first2=John| last2=Gallagher| title=AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture| year=2002| publisher=Wayne State University Press| isbn=0-8143-3120-3| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/aiadetroitameric0000hill}}</ref> The [[Detroit Opera House]] overlooks the eastern edge of the park and the grounds include statuary and large fountains. Near this historic site, General [[George Armstrong Custer]] delivered a eulogy for thousands gathered to mourn the death of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. Architect [[Henry Bacon]] designed the ''[[Russell Alger Memorial Fountain]]'' (1921) in Grand Circus Park. Bacon's other projects include the ''[[Lincoln Memorial]]'' (1915–1922) in [[Washington, D.C.]] The fountain contains a classic Roman figure symbolizing Michigan by American sculptor [[Daniel Chester French|Daniel French]] who sculpted the figure of Lincoln for the Memorial.<ref name=Monuments>{{cite news| last=Zacharias| first=Pat| date=5 September 1999| url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165| title=Michigan History: Monuments of Detroit| work=[[The Detroit News]]| accessdate=November 21, 2007| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121208215908/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165| archivedate=8 December 2012}}</ref>
A part of [[Augustus Woodward]]'s plan to rebuild the city after the [[History of Detroit#1805 fire|fire of 1805]], the city established the park in 1850. Woodward's original plan called for the park to be a full circle, but after construction began, property owners north of Adams Street were reluctant to sell due to rising land values.<ref name=aia>{{Cite book| last1=Hill| first1=Eric J.| first2=John| last2=Gallagher| title=AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture| year=2002| publisher=Wayne State University Press| isbn=0-8143-3120-3| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/aiadetroitameric0000hill}}</ref> The [[Detroit Opera House]] overlooks the eastern edge of the park and the grounds include statuary and large fountains. Near this historic site, General [[George Armstrong Custer]] delivered a eulogy for thousands gathered to mourn the death of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. Architect [[Henry Bacon]] designed the ''[[Russell Alger Memorial Fountain]]'' (1921) in Grand Circus Park. Bacon's other projects include the ''[[Lincoln Memorial]]'' (1915–1922) in [[Washington, D.C.]] The fountain contains a classic Roman figure symbolizing Michigan by American sculptor [[Daniel Chester French|Daniel French]] who sculpted the figure of Lincoln for the Memorial.<ref name=Monuments>{{cite news| last=Zacharias| first=Pat| date=5 September 1999| url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165| title=Michigan History: Monuments of Detroit| work=[[The Detroit News]]| access-date=November 21, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208215908/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165| archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref>


[[File:Grand Circus Park from D.A.C. Building (NBY 10338).jpg|thumb|Grand Circus Park, circa 1910s]]
[[File:Grand Circus Park from D.A.C. Building (NBY 10338).jpg|thumb|Grand Circus Park, circa 1910s]]


In 1957, the City of Detroit constructed a parking garage under the two halves of the park.<ref name=Mayberry>{{cite web| title=William Cotter Maybury Monument - Old photos| url=http://www.historicdetroit.org/galleries/william-cotter-maybury-monument-old-photos/| publisher=HistoricDetroit.org| accessdate=2014-01-30}}</ref> The eastern portion houses space for 250 cars and the western portion accommodates 540.<ref name=mpd>{{cite web| title=Public Parking Facilities| url=http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/MunicipalParkingDepartment/PublicParkingFacilities/tabid/718/Default.aspx| publisher=City of Detroit| accessdate=2014-01-30| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231830/http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/MunicipalParkingDepartment/PublicParkingFacilities/tabid/718/Default.aspx| archivedate=2014-02-01}}</ref>
In 1957, the City of Detroit constructed a parking garage under the two halves of the park.<ref name=Mayberry>{{cite web| title=William Cotter Maybury Monument - Old photos| url=http://www.historicdetroit.org/galleries/william-cotter-maybury-monument-old-photos/| publisher=HistoricDetroit.org| access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> The eastern portion houses space for 250 cars and the western portion accommodates 540.<ref name=mpd>{{cite web| title=Public Parking Facilities| url=http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/MunicipalParkingDepartment/PublicParkingFacilities/tabid/718/Default.aspx| publisher=City of Detroit| access-date=2014-01-30| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231830/http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/MunicipalParkingDepartment/PublicParkingFacilities/tabid/718/Default.aspx| archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref>


The half-moon shaped park is divided down its center by [[Woodward Avenue]], the city's main thoroughfare. The Alger Fountain anchors the eastern half and is capped on its north western edge with a statue of mayor [[William Cotter Maybury]]. Its western half is anchored by the Edison Fountain and capped on its north eastern edge with a statue of mayor [[Hazen Pingree]].
The half-moon shaped park is divided down its center by [[Woodward Avenue]], the city's main thoroughfare. The Alger Fountain anchors the eastern half and is capped on its north western edge with a statue of mayor [[William Cotter Maybury]]. Its western half is anchored by the Edison Fountain and capped on its north eastern edge with a statue of mayor [[Hazen Pingree]].


The Maybury and Pingree monuments have been relocated several times. The Pingree statue was erected in 1904 near Woodward and Park Avenues facing south,<ref name=monument>{{cite web| title=Hazen S. Pingree Monument - Old photos| url=http://www.historicdetroit.org/galleries/hazen-s-pingree-monument-old-photos/| publisher=HistoricDetroit.org| accessdate=2014-01-30}}</ref> while his rival, Maybury, occupied a site in the eastern half of the park facing Pingree across Woodward Avenue. After the 1957 garage construction, Pingree was returned to his original site while Maybury was placed at the north boundary of the park with his back to his foe. In the 1990s, both statues moved once again to their current locations.
The Maybury and Pingree monuments have been relocated several times. The Pingree statue was erected in 1904 near Woodward and Park Avenues facing south,<ref name=monument>{{cite web| title=Hazen S. Pingree Monument - Old photos| url=http://www.historicdetroit.org/galleries/hazen-s-pingree-monument-old-photos/| publisher=HistoricDetroit.org| access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> while his rival, Maybury, occupied a site in the eastern half of the park facing Pingree across Woodward Avenue. After the 1957 garage construction, Pingree was returned to his original site while Maybury was placed at the north boundary of the park with his back to his foe. In the 1990s, both statues moved once again to their current locations.


Among the notable buildings encircling the park are the [[David Broderick Tower]] and [[David Whitney Building]] on the south, [[Kales Building]], and [[Central United Methodist Church (Detroit, Michigan)|Central United Methodist Church]] on the north, and [[Comerica Park]] and [[Detroit Opera House]] on the East.
Among the notable buildings encircling the park are the [[David Broderick Tower]] and [[David Whitney Building]] on the south, [[Kales Building]], and [[Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)|Central United Methodist Church]] on the north, and [[Comerica Park]] and [[Detroit Opera House]] on the East.


==Development==
==Development==
On November 12, 2007, [[Quicken Loans]] announced its development agreement with the city to move its headquarters to downtown Detroit, consolidating about 4,000 of its suburban employees in a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.<ref name=howes>{{cite news| last=Howes| first=Daniel| title=Quicken to move to Detroit| date=13 November 2007| url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20071113/OPINION03/711130398| work=[[The Detroit News]]| accessdate=2013-01-31| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155820/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20071113/OPINION03/711130398| archivedate=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=duggan>{{cite news| last1=Duggan| first1=Daniel| first2=Tom| last2=Henderson| date=13 November 2007| url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20071113/SUB/71113001/gilbert-moving-to-detroit-the-right-thing-and-the-smart-thing| title=Gilbert: Moving to Detroit the right thing' - 'and the smart thing'| work=[[Crain Communications|Crains Detroit Business]]| accessdate=2014-01-31}}</ref> The construction sites reserved for development under the agreement include the location of the former [[Statler Hotel|Statler]] on Grand Circus Park and the former Hudson's location.<ref name=howes/> (The western edge of the park was formerly home to the now demolished [[Statler Hotel|Statler]] and [[Hotel Tuller|Tuller]] hotels). Grand Circus is serviced by a [[Detroit People Mover|People Mover]] [[Grand Circus Park (Detroit People Mover)|station]].
On November 12, 2007, [[Quicken Loans]] announced its development agreement with the city to move its headquarters to downtown Detroit, consolidating about 4,000 of its suburban employees in a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.<ref name=howes>{{cite news| last=Howes| first=Daniel| title=Quicken to move to Detroit| date=13 November 2007| url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20071113/OPINION03/711130398| work=[[The Detroit News]]| access-date=2013-01-31| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155820/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20071113/OPINION03/711130398| archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=duggan>{{cite news| last1=Duggan| first1=Daniel| first2=Tom| last2=Henderson| date=13 November 2007| url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20071113/SUB/71113001/gilbert-moving-to-detroit-the-right-thing-and-the-smart-thing| title=Gilbert: Moving to Detroit the right thing' - 'and the smart thing'| work=[[Crain Communications|Crains Detroit Business]]| access-date=2014-01-31}}</ref> The construction sites reserved for development under the agreement include the location of the former [[Statler Hotel|Statler]] on Grand Circus Park and the former Hudson's location.<ref name=howes/> (The western edge of the park was formerly home to the now demolished [[Statler Hotel|Statler]] and [[Hotel Tuller|Tuller]] hotels). Grand Circus is serviced by a [[Detroit People Mover|People Mover]] [[Grand Circus Park (Detroit People Mover)|station]].


==East necklace==
==East necklace==
The [[Detroit Opera House]] is located at Broadway and Grand Circus. The ''east necklace'' of downtown links Grand Circus and the stadium area to Greektown along Broadway. The east necklace contains a sub-district sometimes called the ''Harmonie Park District,'' which has taken on the renowned legacy of [[Music of Detroit|Detroit's music]] from 1930s through the 1950s to the present.<ref name=Harmonie>{{cite news| title=Harmonie Park Entertainment District – A Tribute To "Paradise Valley"| url=http://www.harmoniepark.com/district.htm| date=16 March 2007| publisher=Harmonie Park District| last=Gallagher| first=John| work=[[Detroit Free Press]]| accessdate=2014-01-31| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509060449/http://harmoniepark.com/district.htm| archivedate=9 May 2015}}</ref> Near the [[Detroit Opera House|Opera House]], and emanating from Grand Circus along the east necklace are other venues including the [[Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts]] and the [[Gem Theatre|Gem Theatre and Century Club]]. The historic [[Harmonie Club (Detroit, Michigan)|Harmonie Club]] and [[Harmonie Centre]] are located along Broadway. The Harmonie Park area ends near Gratiot and Randolph. The [[Detroit Athletic Club]] stands in view of center field at [[Comerica Park]]. Part of the east necklace, the area contains architecturally notable buildings planned for renovation as high-rise residential condominiums such as the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] [[Metropolitan Building (Detroit)|Metropolitan Building]] at 33 John R Street. The [[Hilton Garden Inn]] is also in the Harmonie Park area. The east necklace area is serviced by the People Mover at the Cadillac and Broadway Stations.
The [[Detroit Opera House]] is located at Broadway and Grand Circus. The ''east necklace'' of downtown links Grand Circus and the stadium area to Greektown along Broadway. The east necklace contains a sub-district sometimes called the ''Harmonie Park District,'' which has taken on the renowned legacy of [[Music of Detroit|Detroit's music]] from 1930s through the 1950s to the present.<ref name=Harmonie>{{cite news| title=Harmonie Park Entertainment District – A Tribute To "Paradise Valley"| url=http://www.harmoniepark.com/district.htm| date=16 March 2007| publisher=Harmonie Park District| last=Gallagher| first=John| work=[[Detroit Free Press]]| access-date=2014-01-31| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509060449/http://harmoniepark.com/district.htm| archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> Near the [[Detroit Opera House|Opera House]], and emanating from Grand Circus along the east necklace are other venues including the [[Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts]] and the [[Gem Theatre|Gem Theatre and Century Club]]. The historic [[Harmonie Club (Detroit, Michigan)|Harmonie Club]] and [[Harmonie Centre]] are located along Broadway. The Harmonie Park area ends near Gratiot and Randolph. The [[Detroit Athletic Club]] stands in view of center field at [[Comerica Park]]. Part of the east necklace, the area contains architecturally notable buildings planned for renovation as high-rise residential condominiums such as the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] [[Metropolitan Building (Detroit)|Metropolitan Building]] at 33 John R Street. The [[Hilton Garden Inn]] is also in the Harmonie Park area. The east necklace area is serviced by the People Mover at the Cadillac and Broadway Stations.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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File:Summer in Grand Circus Park.JPG|Grand Circus Park, looking north
File:Summer in Grand Circus Park.JPG|Grand Circus Park, looking north
File:RussellAlgersfoundGCircParkdetroit.jpg|''[[Russell Alger Memorial Fountain]]'' is the only [[Daniel Chester French]] work in Detroit
File:RussellAlgersfoundGCircParkdetroit.jpg|''[[Russell Alger Memorial Fountain]]'' is the only [[Daniel Chester French]] work in Detroit
File:Central Methodist at Detroit Grand Circus Park.jpg|Central United Methodist Church, in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian gothic]] style, overlooks Grand Circus Park
File:Central Methodist at Detroit Grand Circus Park.jpg|[[Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)|Central United Methodist Church]], in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian gothic]] style, overlooks Grand Circus Park
File:CheliBarrooflooking at Grand Circus park.jpg|Cheli's Chili Bar on West Adams Street overlooking [[Comerica Park]]
File:CheliBarrooflooking at Grand Circus park.jpg|Cheli's Chili Bar on West Adams Street overlooking [[Comerica Park]]
File:25ElizabethDetroit.jpg|The building at 25 West Elizabeth, part of the [[Michigan Mutual Liability Company Complex]]
File:25ElizabethDetroit.jpg|The building at 25 West Elizabeth, part of the [[Michigan Mutual Liability Company Complex]]
File:Park Avenue Building 1.jpg|[[Park Avenue Building (Detroit, Michigan)|Park Avenue Building]]
File:Park Avenue Building 1.jpg|[[Park Avenue Building]]
File:Detroitkalesbldg.jpg|[[Kales Building]]
File:Detroitkalesbldg.jpg|[[Kales Building]]
</gallery>
</gallery>
Line 64: Line 67:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{Cite book| last=Sobocinski| first=Melanie Grunow| title=Detroit and Rome: building on the past| publisher=Regents of the University of Michigan | year=2005| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu7pQ5RYkpwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0-933691-09-2}}
*{{Cite book| last=Sobocinski| first=Melanie Grunow| title=Detroit and Rome: building on the past| publisher=Regents of the University of Michigan | year=2005| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu7pQ5RYkpwC| isbn=0-933691-09-2}}


{{commons category|Grand Circus Park Historic District}}
{{commons category|Grand Circus Park Historic District}}

Latest revision as of 22:21, 6 August 2023

Grand Circus Park Historic District
Looking southwest
LocationDetroit, Michigan, U.S.
Coordinates42°20′10″N 83°3′2″W / 42.33611°N 83.05056°W / 42.33611; -83.05056
Built1867
NRHP reference No.83000894; 00001488 (boundary increase)[1]
Added to NRHPFebruary 28, 1983; December 07, 2000 (boundary increase); December 12, 2012 (additional documentation approved)[2]

The Grand Circus Park Historic District contains the 5-acre (2.0 ha) Grand Circus Park in Downtown Detroit, Michigan that connects the theatre district with its financial district. It is bisected by Woodward Avenue, four blocks north of Campus Martius Park, and is roughly bounded by Clifford, John R. and Adams Streets. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.[1] The building at 25 West Elizabeth Street was added to the district in 2000, and additional structures located within the district, but built between 1932 and 1960, were approved for inclusion in 2012.[3]

History

[edit]
Augustus Woodward's plan for Detroit's baroque styled radial avenues and Grand Circus Park

A part of Augustus Woodward's plan to rebuild the city after the fire of 1805, the city established the park in 1850. Woodward's original plan called for the park to be a full circle, but after construction began, property owners north of Adams Street were reluctant to sell due to rising land values.[4] The Detroit Opera House overlooks the eastern edge of the park and the grounds include statuary and large fountains. Near this historic site, General George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy for thousands gathered to mourn the death of President Abraham Lincoln. Architect Henry Bacon designed the Russell Alger Memorial Fountain (1921) in Grand Circus Park. Bacon's other projects include the Lincoln Memorial (1915–1922) in Washington, D.C. The fountain contains a classic Roman figure symbolizing Michigan by American sculptor Daniel French who sculpted the figure of Lincoln for the Memorial.[5]

Grand Circus Park, circa 1910s

In 1957, the City of Detroit constructed a parking garage under the two halves of the park.[6] The eastern portion houses space for 250 cars and the western portion accommodates 540.[7]

The half-moon shaped park is divided down its center by Woodward Avenue, the city's main thoroughfare. The Alger Fountain anchors the eastern half and is capped on its north western edge with a statue of mayor William Cotter Maybury. Its western half is anchored by the Edison Fountain and capped on its north eastern edge with a statue of mayor Hazen Pingree.

The Maybury and Pingree monuments have been relocated several times. The Pingree statue was erected in 1904 near Woodward and Park Avenues facing south,[8] while his rival, Maybury, occupied a site in the eastern half of the park facing Pingree across Woodward Avenue. After the 1957 garage construction, Pingree was returned to his original site while Maybury was placed at the north boundary of the park with his back to his foe. In the 1990s, both statues moved once again to their current locations.

Among the notable buildings encircling the park are the David Broderick Tower and David Whitney Building on the south, Kales Building, and Central United Methodist Church on the north, and Comerica Park and Detroit Opera House on the East.

Development

[edit]

On November 12, 2007, Quicken Loans announced its development agreement with the city to move its headquarters to downtown Detroit, consolidating about 4,000 of its suburban employees in a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.[9][10] The construction sites reserved for development under the agreement include the location of the former Statler on Grand Circus Park and the former Hudson's location.[9] (The western edge of the park was formerly home to the now demolished Statler and Tuller hotels). Grand Circus is serviced by a People Mover station.

East necklace

[edit]

The Detroit Opera House is located at Broadway and Grand Circus. The east necklace of downtown links Grand Circus and the stadium area to Greektown along Broadway. The east necklace contains a sub-district sometimes called the Harmonie Park District, which has taken on the renowned legacy of Detroit's music from 1930s through the 1950s to the present.[11] Near the Opera House, and emanating from Grand Circus along the east necklace are other venues including the Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts and the Gem Theatre and Century Club. The historic Harmonie Club and Harmonie Centre are located along Broadway. The Harmonie Park area ends near Gratiot and Randolph. The Detroit Athletic Club stands in view of center field at Comerica Park. Part of the east necklace, the area contains architecturally notable buildings planned for renovation as high-rise residential condominiums such as the Gothic Revival Metropolitan Building at 33 John R Street. The Hilton Garden Inn is also in the Harmonie Park area. The east necklace area is serviced by the People Mover at the Cadillac and Broadway Stations.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  2. ^ "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/10/12 - 12/14/12". National Park Service. December 21, 2012.
  3. ^ "Grand Circus Park national historic site distinction in Detroit updated". Detroit Free Press. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  4. ^ Hill, Eric J.; Gallagher, John (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
  5. ^ Zacharias, Pat (September 5, 1999). "Michigan History: Monuments of Detroit". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  6. ^ "William Cotter Maybury Monument - Old photos". HistoricDetroit.org. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  7. ^ "Public Parking Facilities". City of Detroit. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  8. ^ "Hazen S. Pingree Monument - Old photos". HistoricDetroit.org. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Howes, Daniel (November 13, 2007). "Quicken to move to Detroit". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  10. ^ Duggan, Daniel; Henderson, Tom (November 13, 2007). "Gilbert: Moving to Detroit the right thing' - 'and the smart thing'". Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  11. ^ Gallagher, John (March 16, 2007). "Harmonie Park Entertainment District – A Tribute To "Paradise Valley"". Detroit Free Press. Harmonie Park District. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2014.

Further reading

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Circus Park Historic District.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grand_Circus_Park_Historic_District&oldid=1169073880"