Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai: Difference between revisions
Ssriram mt (talk | contribs) replicated from Aiyarappar temple |
|||
| (9 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai''' |
'''Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai''' (also called '''Oppillaselvar Temple''') is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in the village of Tiruchotruthurai, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>''Census of India, 1961, Volume 7; Volume 9''</ref> The Five Rivers are Vadavaru, Vennaaru, Vettaaru, Kudamuruttiyaaru and Kaaviriyaaru. Shiva is worshiped as Odhanavaneswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' and his consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Annapoorani. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil poet saints known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. |
||
This temple is known as [[Mount Kailash|Dakshina Kailasham]](Kailash of the South). This is the place where [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]](the divine bull of lord Shiva) was born and became the mount for Shiva. The divine wedding of Nandi and Suyasayambikai was held at [[Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswami Temple|Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswamy temple]] in [[Ariyalur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This is celebrated as Saptha Stanam festival which includes seven Shiva temples of the region. |
|||
There are many inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from [[Cholas]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]. The oldest parts of the present masonry structure were built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions, are attributed to later periods, up to the Thanjavur Nayaks during the 16th century. |
|||
The temple complex is one of the largest in the state and it houses four gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Odhavaneswarar and Annapoorani being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts. The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and five yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is now maintained and administered by [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. |
|||
==Legend== |
==Legend== |
||
As per Hindu legend, Shiva was pleased by the devotion by one of his devotees named Arulalan and bestowed him with a vessel with never ending food giving capabilities. As per another legend, during one time, there was a never ending famine. Sage [[Gautama]] performed penance in the place, pleased by which Shiva gave a boon that the place would have never ending food supplied capabilities. The place where paddy grew is referred as ''arisi vilaintha vayal'' and the canal is referred as ''cottrudayan vaaykal''. The place was thus referred as ''Thiruchotruthurai'', meaning the banks of the canal where rice grew. Another variant of the legend indicates that Parvathi appeared as Annapoorani and fed his devotees in the place. The place where Ambal fed the devotees was called ''Annam Paintha Vayal'' (the field where food was produced). Following the legend, the devotees who participate in the Sapthastanam festival are fed in the temple.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=273–4}}</ref> |
|||
The temple is revered by the hymns of 7th century [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saint poet, [[Appar]]. The temple is built in the early [[Chola]] style of 9th century made of granite.<ref>''Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism ''.P.53.Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan.</ref> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=30|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref> |
|||
==Architecture== |
|||
The temple is located in Tiruchotruturai, a village in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri, 10 km from [[Thanjavur]], and 3 km from Thiruvaiyaru on the Thirukandiyur - Thanjavur road. |
|||
The temple has three ''[[prakarams]]'' (closed precincts of a temple) and many ''mandapams'' (halls). The temple faces east and is entered via a three-tiered pyramidal ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The presiding deity in the form of [[lingam]] is housed in the sanctum in square shape. The attached hall, the ''ardhamandapa'' measures the same width as the sanctum, while its length is twice the sanctum. The ''ardhamandapa'' projects towards the east. The ''Mukhamandapa'' has a square structure. There are five ''devakoshtas'' that cover the exterior walls of the sanctum. The images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] and [[Brahma]] are the only ones remaining out of the five. There are two large [[Dvarapala]], guardian deities on either side of the entrance of the ''ardhamandapa''. There are images of Lingas replicating Sapthavidangam and [[Saptamatrika]].<ref name=R/> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
==Saptha Stanam== |
==Saptha Stanam== |
||
{{main|Saptha Stana Temples}} |
|||
[[File:Odhavaneswarar temple, Thiruchotruthurai (7).jpg|250px|thumb|left|The decorated palanquin used during the festival]] |
[[File:Odhavaneswarar temple, Thiruchotruthurai (7).jpg|250px|thumb|left|The decorated palanquin used during the festival]] |
||
{| style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; |
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:275" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|left]] '''Sapthastanam''' [[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|right]] |
!style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|left]] '''Sapthastanam''' [[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|right]] |
||
| Line 48: | Line 59: | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi|Vedapuriswarar Temple]] ||[[Thiruvedhikudi]] |
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi|Vedapuriswarar Temple]] ||[[Thiruvedhikudi]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kandeeswarar Temple]] ||[[ |
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kandeeswarar Temple]] ||[[Kandiyur|Thirukkandiyur]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Puvananathar Temple]] ||Thirupanturuthi |
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Puvananathar Temple]] ||Thirupanturuthi |
||
| Line 58: | Line 69: | ||
==Worship practices== |
==Worship practices== |
||
| ⚫ | |||
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Odhavaneswarar and Annapoorani. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February - March is the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Odhavaneswarar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=371|year=2019|accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref> |
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Odhavaneswarar and Annapoorani. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February - March is the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Odhavaneswarar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=371|year=2019|accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref> |
||
==Religious importance== |
==Religious importance== |
||
[[File:Odhavaneswarar temple, Thiruchotruthurai ( |
[[File:Odhavaneswarar temple, Thiruchotruthurai (4).jpg|250px|Entrance from the second precicnt|thumb]] |
||
[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Odhavaneswarar in the 28th ''padigam'' in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled in the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. [[Appar]], a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Odhanvaneswarar in four ''padigams'' in ''Tevaram'', compiled in the fourth, fifth and Sixth Tirumurai. [[Sundarar]], the 8th century [[Nayanmar]] revered Odhavaneswarar in a padigam, which is compiled in Seventh Tirumuari.<ref name=Thevaram>{{cite web|title=Chotruthurai|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam|url=http://thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=141|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the 13th in the list of temples in the Southern banks of Cauvery.<ref name="appar">{{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf|title=Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)|accessdate=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |publisher=projectmadurai.org|pages=33–34}}</ref> |
[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Odhavaneswarar in the 28th ''padigam'' in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled in the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. [[Appar]], a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Odhanvaneswarar in four ''padigams'' in ''Tevaram'', compiled in the fourth, fifth and Sixth Tirumurai. [[Sundarar]], the 8th century [[Nayanmar]] revered Odhavaneswarar in a padigam, which is compiled in Seventh Tirumuari.<ref name=Thevaram>{{cite web|title=Chotruthurai|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam|url=http://thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=141|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the 13th in the list of temples in the Southern banks of Cauvery.<ref name="appar">{{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf|title=Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)|accessdate=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |publisher=projectmadurai.org|pages=33–34}}</ref> As per accounts in ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by [[Sekkizhar]], Sundarar visited multiple Shiva temples in the region and visited this temple. He sung ''Azhal neer ozhugi anaya'' in praise of Odhanavaneswarar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam|year=2015|isbn=9788179506851|last=P.|first=Ponnuswamy|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsDtDwAAQBAJ&dq=thiruchotruthurai&pg=PT29}}</ref> [[Arunagirinathar]], the 15th century Saivite saints, has sung praise about the [[Muruga]] in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory A Wide Angle Exposition|year=2019|last=Venkatraman|first=Sekar|isbn=9781645876250|publisher=Notion Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&dq=thiruchotruthurai&pg=PT257|page=275}}</ref> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=30|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref> |
||
== References == |
== References == |
||
| Line 71: | Line 82: | ||
{{commons category|Odhavaneswarar temple, Thiruchotruthurai}} |
{{commons category|Odhavaneswarar temple, Thiruchotruthurai}} |
||
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}} |
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}} |
||
{{Saptha Stana Temples}} |
|||
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]] |
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]] |
||
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam| ]] |
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam| ]] |
||
Latest revision as of 11:29, 12 August 2023
| Odhanavaneswarar Temple | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Odhanavaneswarar Temple vimana | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Deity | Odhanavaneswarar (Shiva) Annapoorani (Parvati) |
| Location | |
| Location | Tiruchotruturai |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Country | India |
  Location in Tamil Nadu | |
| Geographic coordinates | 10°52′32″N 79°8′16″E / 10.87556°N 79.13778°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Dravidian architecture |
Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai (also called Oppillaselvar Temple) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in the village of Tiruchotruthurai, Tamil Nadu, India.[1] The Five Rivers are Vadavaru, Vennaaru, Vettaaru, Kudamuruttiyaaru and Kaaviriyaaru. Shiva is worshiped as Odhanavaneswarar, and is represented by the lingam and his consort Parvati is depicted as Annapoorani. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil poet saints known as the nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam.
This temple is known as Dakshina Kailasham(Kailash of the South). This is the place where Nandi(the divine bull of lord Shiva) was born and became the mount for Shiva. The divine wedding of Nandi and Suyasayambikai was held at Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswamy temple in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. This is celebrated as Saptha Stanam festival which includes seven Shiva temples of the region.
There are many inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from Cholas, Pandyas, Thanjavur Nayaks and Thanjavur Maratha kingdom. The oldest parts of the present masonry structure were built during the Chola dynasty in the 9th century, while later expansions, are attributed to later periods, up to the Thanjavur Nayaks during the 16th century.
The temple complex is one of the largest in the state and it houses four gateway towers known as gopurams. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Odhavaneswarar and Annapoorani being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts. The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and five yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is now maintained and administered by Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.
Legend
[edit]As per Hindu legend, Shiva was pleased by the devotion by one of his devotees named Arulalan and bestowed him with a vessel with never ending food giving capabilities. As per another legend, during one time, there was a never ending famine. Sage Gautama performed penance in the place, pleased by which Shiva gave a boon that the place would have never ending food supplied capabilities. The place where paddy grew is referred as arisi vilaintha vayal and the canal is referred as cottrudayan vaaykal. The place was thus referred as Thiruchotruthurai, meaning the banks of the canal where rice grew. Another variant of the legend indicates that Parvathi appeared as Annapoorani and fed his devotees in the place. The place where Ambal fed the devotees was called Annam Paintha Vayal (the field where food was produced). Following the legend, the devotees who participate in the Sapthastanam festival are fed in the temple.[2]
Architecture
[edit]The temple is located in Tiruchotruturai, a village in Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri, 10 km from Thanjavur, and 3 km from Thiruvaiyaru on the Thirukandiyur - Thanjavur road. The temple has three prakarams (closed precincts of a temple) and many mandapams (halls). The temple faces east and is entered via a three-tiered pyramidal rajagopuram (gateway tower). The presiding deity in the form of lingam is housed in the sanctum in square shape. The attached hall, the ardhamandapa measures the same width as the sanctum, while its length is twice the sanctum. The ardhamandapa projects towards the east. The Mukhamandapa has a square structure. There are five devakoshtas that cover the exterior walls of the sanctum. The images of Dakshinamurthy and Brahma are the only ones remaining out of the five. There are two large Dvarapala, guardian deities on either side of the entrance of the ardhamandapa. There are images of Lingas replicating Sapthavidangam and Saptamatrika.[2]
.jpg)
Saptha Stanam
[edit].jpg)
 | |
|---|---|
| The seven important temples in and around Thiruvaiyaru | |
| Temple | Location |
| Aiyarappar temple | Thiruvaiyaru |
| Apathsahayar Temple | Thirupazhanam |
| Odhanavaneswarar Temple | Tiruchotruturai |
| Vedapuriswarar Temple | Thiruvedhikudi |
| Kandeeswarar Temple | Thirukkandiyur |
| Puvananathar Temple | Thirupanturuthi |
| Neyyadiappar Temple | Tillaistanam |
The divine bull Nandi was born in this temple and became the mount of lord Shiva.The divine wedding of Nandi and Suyasayambikai was held at Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswamy temple in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. This is celebrated as Saptha Stanam festival which includes seven Shiva temples of the region. The sapthasthanam festival is conducted at Tiruvaiyaru during April every year. As per Hindu legend, it is the wedding festival of Nandikeswara, the sacred bull of Shiva on the Punarpoosa star during the Tamil month of Panguni.[3] The festival deity of Aiyarappar temple of Thiruvaiyaru is carried in a decorated glass palanquin along with the images of Nandikeswara and Suyasayambikai to the temples in Thirupazhanam, Thiruchottruthurai, Thiruvedhikudi, Thirukandiyur and Thirupoonthurthi. Each of the festival deities of the respective temples mounted in glass palanquins accompany Aiyarppar on the way to the final destiny, Thillaistanam. There is a grand display of fireworks in Cauvery riverbed outside Thillaistanam temple. The seven palanquins are carried to Aiyarappar temple in Thiruvaiyyaru. Hundreds of people witness the convergence of seven glass palanquins carrying principal deities of respective temples from seven places at Tiruvaiyaru. The devotees perform Poochorithal(flower festival) in which a doll offers flowers to the principal deities in the palanquins. After the Poochorithal, the palanquins leave for their respective temples.[4][5]
Worship practices
[edit]The temple priests perform the puja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Shaiva community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: abhisheka (sacred bath), alangaram (decoration), naivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for both Odhavaneswarar and Annapoorani. The worship is held amidst music with nagaswaram (pipe instrument) and tavil (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the Vedas (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like somavaram (Monday) and sukravaram (Friday), fortnightly rituals like pradosham and monthly festivals like amavasai (new moon day), kiruthigai, pournami (full moon day) and sathurthi. Mahashivaratri during February - March is the major festivals celebrated in the temple.[6]
Religious importance
[edit].jpg)
Tirugnana Sambandar, a 7th-century Tamil Saivite poet, venerated Odhavaneswarar in the 28th padigam in Tevaram, compiled in the First Tirumurai. Appar, a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Odhanvaneswarar in four padigams in Tevaram, compiled in the fourth, fifth and Sixth Tirumurai. Sundarar, the 8th century Nayanmar revered Odhavaneswarar in a padigam, which is compiled in Seventh Tirumuari.[7] As the temple is revered in Tevaram, it is classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam, one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the 13th in the list of temples in the Southern banks of Cauvery.[8] As per accounts in Periya Puranam by Sekkizhar, Sundarar visited multiple Shiva temples in the region and visited this temple. He sung Azhal neer ozhugi anaya in praise of Odhanavaneswarar.[9] Arunagirinathar, the 15th century Saivite saints, has sung praise about the Muruga in the temple.[10] The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of River Kaveri.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Census of India, 1961, Volume 7; Volume 9
- ^ a b R., Dr. Vijayalakshmy (2001). An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam (1st ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. pp. 273–4.
- ^ B. S., Baliga, ed. (1999). Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2). Vol. 10. Government Press. p. 1601.
- ^ "'Sapthasthanam' festival begins". The Hindu. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Venkatraman 2019, p. 205
- ^ "Sri Odhavaneswarar temple". Dinamalar. 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Chotruthurai". Dharumapuram Adheenam. 25 April 2020.
- ^ Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. pp. 33–34. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ P., Ponnuswamy (2015). Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam. Giri Trading Agency Private Limited. ISBN 9788179506851.
- ^ Venkatraman, Sekar (2019). Temples of Forgotten Glory A Wide Angle Exposition. Notion Press. p. 275. ISBN 9781645876250.
- ^ Ka. Vi., Kannan (2019). River cauvery the most battl(r)ed. Notion Press. p. 30. ISBN 9781684666041.
External links
[edit]