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{{Short description|Species of shark}}
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The '''ornate wobbegong''' (''Orectolobus ornatus'') is a [[species]] of [[carpet shark]] that lives in Australia and possibly other countries in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is coloured golden brown, yellow-green and blueish-grey, and it grows to maximum {{convert|3.9|ft|cm|order=flip}}. Described by [[Charles Walter De Vis]] in 1883, it is similar in appearance to other Australian wobbegongs and has previously been classified as the same species as the [[Gulf wobbegong]]. It is a nocturnal species, hunting at night, and it can bite humans when disturbed. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] has listed it as a [[least-concern species]].
The '''ornate wobbegong''' (''Orectolobus ornatus'') is a [[species]] of [[carpet shark]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Orectolobidae]], which lives in Australia and possibly other countries in the Western Pacific Ocean.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The ornate wobbegong was described by [[Charles Walter De Vis]] in 1883. It has sometimes been classified as the same species as the [[Gulf wobbegong]] (''Orectolobus halei''); similarities between the two species have caused the ornate wobbegong to previously be considered the juvenile form of the Gulf wobbegong. However, there are multiple differences between the two species: for example, the ornate wobbegong is smaller in size, has a smaller head relative to its body, and is less freckled than the Gulf wobbegong. Therefore, the two are considered to be separate species.<ref name="iucn"/>
The ornate wobbegong was described by [[Charles Walter De Vis]] in 1883. It was previously assumed to be the juvenile form of the [[Gulf wobbegong]] (''Orectolobus halei''), due to similarities between the two species. However, there are multiple differences: for example, the ornate wobbegong is smaller, has a smaller head relative to its body, and is less freckled.<ref name="iucn"/>


The ornate wobbegong has been called the "banded wobbegong";<ref name="ausmuseum"/> however, this common name has also been used for the Gulf wobbegong.<ref name="iucn2"/>
"Banded wobbegong" is an alternative common name for the ornate wobbegong;<ref name="ausmuseum"/> however, it is also used for the Gulf wobbegong.<ref name="iucn2"/>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The ornate wobbegong is golden brown in colour on its upperside, with blueish-grey areas, and yellow-green on its underside. It has two dorsal fins, a large flat head, and small eyes.<ref name="ausmuseum"/> Its mouth and lower head are covered with flaps of skin.<ref name="Gerry"/> It reaches sexual maturity at about {{convert|80|cm|in}}. According to the [[Australian Museum]], it grows to {{convert|1.1|m|ft}} in length,<ref name="ausmuseum"/> although [[Neville Coleman|Coleman]] wrote that it can grow to {{convert|2.8|m|ft}}.<ref name="coleman"/> It is similar in appearance to the gulf wobbegong and the [[spotted wobbegong]] (''Orectolobus maculatus''). However, it is smaller than the former and it does not have the distinctive O-shaped spots of the latter, distinguishing it from the two species.<ref name="ausmuseum"/> The ornate wobbegong also has markings with black edges, further differentiating it from the spotted wobbegong. The distinct colour pattern of the ornate wobbegong allows it to camouflage well with its surroundings; it is barely discernible when amidst plants on the sea floor. As specimens grow older, however, this pattern becomes less prominent.<ref name="coleman"/>
The ornate wobbegong's upperside is golden brown in colour with blueish-grey areas, and it is yellow-green on its underside. It has two dorsal fins, a large flat head, and small eyes.<ref name="ausmuseum"/> Its mouth and lower head are covered with flaps of skin.<ref name="Gerry"/> Juveniles are {{convert|7.9|in|cm|order=flip}} in total length and sexual maturity is reached at {{convert|2.6|ft|cm|order=flip}}. For adults, the maximum reported size is {{convert|3.9|ft|cm|order=flip}}.<ref name="flormuseum"/>
The ornate wobbegong is similar in appearance to the gulf wobbegong and the [[spotted wobbegong]] (''Orectolobus maculatus''). However, it is smaller than the former and it does not have the distinctive O-shaped spots of the latter.<ref name="ausmuseum"/> The ornate wobbegong also has markings with black edges, further differentiating it from the spotted wobbegong. Its distinct colour pattern provides good camouflage: it is barely discernible when amidst plants on the sea floor. As specimens grow older, however, this pattern becomes less prominent.<ref name="coleman"/>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
The ornate wobbegong is a nocturnal species, with most activity and feeding taking place in the nighttime. In the daytime, it has occasionally been known to hunt and eat fish, but generally it is in a "somewhat sleepy state", resting out in the open or under caves and ledges,<ref name="coleman"/> often on sand or weed bottoms.<ref name="Gerry"/> Habitats include algae-covered sea floors, coral reefs, or bays. It usually lives in clearer waters than the spotted wobbegong.<ref name="flormuseum"/> Its prey consists of crustaceans, fish, and octopuses.<ref name="coleman"/> A study of the diet of specimens in [[Port Jackson]] showed that fish, primarily [[luderick]]s, [[moray eels]], and [[Lutjanidae|snappers]], composed 86.5% of the species' diet, and [[cephalopods]] composed 13.5% of it.<ref name="ecology"/> [[Gestation]] takes almost a year, with young hatching in September or October.<ref name="csiro"/> Reproduction is [[ovoviviparous]] and over 12 pups are born at a time.<ref name="flormuseum"/> The species has all of its adult teeth and can defend itself when it is one day old.<ref name="coleman"/>
The ornate wobbegong is a nocturnal species, with most activity and feeding taking place in the nighttime. In the daytime, it has occasionally been known to hunt for food, but generally it is in a "somewhat sleepy state", resting out in the open or under caves and ledges,<ref name="coleman"/> often on sand or weed bottoms.<ref name="Gerry"/> Habitats include algae-covered sea floors, coral reefs, or bays. The species usually lives in clearer waters than the spotted wobbegong.<ref name="flormuseum"/> Its prey consists of crustaceans, fish, and octopuses.<ref name="coleman"/> A study of the diet of specimens in [[Port Jackson]] showed that fish, primarily [[parore|luderick]], [[moray eel]]s, and [[Lutjanidae|snappers]], composed 86.5% of the species' diet, and [[cephalopod]]s composed 13.5% of it.<ref name="ecology"/>


Reproduction is [[ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] and over 12 pups are born at a time.<ref name="flormuseum"/> [[Gestation]] takes almost a year, with young hatching in September or October.<ref name="csiro"/> A one-day-old specimen was observed by [[Neville Coleman]] to have a full set of teeth and be able to defend itself.<ref name="coleman"/>
⚫
The ornate wobbegong is usually not hostile towards humans,<ref name="ausmuseum"/> but it can bite when disturbed.<ref name="coleman"/> It uses its sharp anterior teeth to inflict "shallow but painful wounds".<ref name="flormuseum"/> Because it camouflages so well, divers are often in close quarters of the species but fail to see it, which has caused bites.<ref name="coleman"/> It has bitten people who go into tidepools, including fishers and waders. The species sometimes swims to divers close to it, possibly in a hostile way. The International Shark Attack File has recorded 39 attacks by wobbegongs, but only one of these was confirmed to be by an ornate wobbegong.<ref name="flormuseum"/>

⚫
The ornate wobbegong is usually not hostile towards humans,<ref name="ausmuseum"/> but it can bite when disturbed.<ref name="coleman"/> It uses its sharp anterior teeth to inflict "shallow but painful wounds".<ref name="flormuseum"/> Because it camouflages so well, divers often fail to see it even when they are close, and some are bitten.<ref name="coleman"/> It has bitten people who go into [[tide pool]]s, including fishers and waders. It sometimes swims towards nearby divers, possibly with hostile intent. The [[International Shark Attack File]] has recorded 32 attacks by wobbegongs species in general because it is difficult to do an accurate identification of wobbegongs.<ref name="flormuseum"/>


== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
The ornate wobbegong lives in tropical and warm temperate waters no deeper than {{convert|100|m|ft}}.<ref name="relatives"/> It is native to eastern Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean. Reports have been confirmed at [[Port Stephens (New South Wales)|Port Stephens]] and [[Sydney]]. Although it has also been reported to live in Indonesia, Japan, and Papua New Guinea, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) states that these reports probably misidentified other fish for this species, which would make the ornate wobbegong endemic to Australia.<ref name="iucn"/> However, according to the [[Florida Museum of Natural History]], it does live in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.<ref name="flormuseum"/>
The ornate wobbegong lives in [[tropics|tropical]] and warm [[Temperate climate|temperate]] waters no deeper than {{convert|100|m|ft}}.<ref name="relatives"/> It is native to eastern Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean. Reports have been confirmed at [[Port Stephens (New South Wales)|Port Stephens]] and [[Sydney]]. Although it has also been reported to live in Indonesia, Japan, and Papua New Guinea, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) states that these reports probably misidentified other fish for this species, which would make the ornate wobbegong [[endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name="iucn"/> However, according to the [[Florida Museum of Natural History]], it does live in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. This report has to be verified.<ref name="flormuseum"/>


The size of the ornate wobbegong's population is not known, nor is whether it is increasing or decreasing. Its main threat in eastern Australia is commercial fishing. A survey from May 2000 to April 2001 concluded that 5,174 total wobbegongs (including other species) were fished and kept in [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], and [[Western Australia]]. Its flesh is edible, which has caused it to be a target for human consumption, and its skin has previously been utilized for decorative purposes. It is not severely threatened currently; it is only caught in parts of its range and not often. As of 20 February 2015, it is listed as a [[least-concern species]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], after two assessments as [[near threatened]] in 2003 and 2009.<ref name="iucn"/>
The ornate wobbegong's population is not known, nor whether it is increasing or decreasing. Its main threat in eastern Australia is [[commercial fishing]]. A survey from May 2000 to April 2001 concluded that 5,174 total wobbegongs (including other species) were fished and kept in [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], and [[Western Australia]]. Its flesh is edible, which makes it a target for human consumption, and its skin has previously been utilised for decoration. It is not threatened currently, as it is only caught in parts of its range and not often. As of 20 February 2015, it is listed as a [[least-concern species]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], after two assessments as [[near threatened]] in 2003 and 2009.<ref name="iucn"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="iucn">{{cite journal |last1=Huveneers |first1=C. |last2=Pollard |first2=D. A. |last3=Gordon |first3=I. |last4=Flaherty |first4=A. A. |last5=Pogonoski |first5=J. |title=Orectolobus ornatus (Ornate Wobbegong) |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41838A68638906.en}}</ref>
<ref name="iucn">{{cite journal |last1=Huveneers |first1=C. |last2=Pollard |first2=D. A. |last3=Gordon |first3=I. |last4=Flaherty |first4=A. A. |last5=Pogonoski |first5=J. |title=Orectolobus ornatus (Ornate Wobbegong) |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41838A68638906.en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="ausmuseum">{{cite web |last1=McGrouther |first1=Mark |title=Banded Wobbegong, Orectolobus ornatus (De Vis, 1883) |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/banded-wobbegong-orectolobus-ornatus-de-vis-1883/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="ausmuseum">{{cite web |last1=McGrouther |first1=Mark |title=Banded Wobbegong, Orectolobus ornatus (De Vis, 1883) |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/banded-wobbegong-orectolobus-ornatus-de-vis-1883/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="iucn2">{{cite web |last1=Huveneers |first1=C. |last2=Pollard |first2=D. A. |last3=Gordon |first3=I. |last4=Flaherty |first4=A. A. |last5=Pogonoski |first5=J. |title=Orectolobus halei |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161709/68638176 |website=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="iucn2">{{cite journal |last1=Huveneers |first1=C. |last2=Pollard |first2=D. A. |last3=Gordon |first3=I. |last4=Flaherty |first4=A. A. |last5=Pogonoski |first5=J. |title=Orectolobus halei (Banded Wobbegong) |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161709A68638176.en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Gerry">{{cite book |first=Gerry |last=Allen | title="Marine Fishes of South-East Asia" |page=40 |year=2000 |publisher=Periplus Editions |location=Singapore |isbn=962-593-267-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Gerry">{{cite book |first=Gerry |last=Allen | title=Marine Fishes of South-East Asia: A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9JGCgAAQBAJ |page=40 |edition=illustrated |date=10 June 1999 |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |isbn=1462917070}}</ref>
<ref name="coleman">{{cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Neville |author-link=Neville Coleman |title=Australia's Sharks & Rays |date=1996 |publisher=National Book Distributors and Publishers |isbn=1864362537 |pages=25–27 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXQWAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="coleman">{{cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Neville |author-link=Neville Coleman |title=Australia's Sharks & Rays |date=1996 |publisher=National Book Distributors and Publishers |isbn=1864362537 |pages=25–27 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXQWAQAAIAAJ |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="ecology">{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Scoresby |last2=Edgar |first2=Graham |title=Ecology of Australian Temperate Reefs: The Unique South |date=October 23, 2013 |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |isbn=1486300103 |page=405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud5_AQAAQBAJ |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="ecology">{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Scoresby |last2=Edgar |first2=Graham |title=Ecology of Australian Temperate Reefs: The Unique South |date=23 October 2013 |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |isbn=1486300103 |page=405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud5_AQAAQBAJ |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="csiro">{{cite book |last1=Last |first1=Peter Robert |last2=Stephens |first2=John Donald |title=Sharks and Rays of Australia |date=2009 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=0643094571 |page=664 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjkIPwAACAAJ |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="csiro">{{cite book |last1=Last |first1=Peter Robert |last2=Stephens |first2=John Donald |title=Sharks and Rays of Australia |date=2009 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=0643094571 |page=664 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjkIPwAACAAJ |access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="flormuseum">{{cite web |last1=Bester |first1=Cathleen |title=Orectolobus ornatus |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/orectolobus-ornatus/ |website=[[Florida Museum of Natural History]] |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="flormuseum">{{cite web |last1=Bester |first1=Cathleen |title=Orectolobus ornatus |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/orectolobus-ornatus/ |website=[[Florida Museum of Natural History]] |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="relatives">{{cite book |last1=Carrier |first1=Jeffrey C. |last2=Musick |first2=John A. |last3=Heithaus |first3=Michael R. |title=Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation |date=March 9, 2010 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=1420080482 |page=205 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VioW40mAljUC |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="relatives">{{cite book |last1=Carrier |first1=Jeffrey C. |last2=Musick |first2=John A. |last3=Heithaus |first3=Michael R. |title=Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation |date=9 March 2010 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=1420080482 |page=205 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VioW40mAljUC |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
}}
}}
* {{FishBase_species|genus = Orectolobus | species = ornatus | month = May | year = 2006}}
* {{FishBase|genus = Orectolobus | species = ornatus | month = May | year = 2006}}
* Huveneers, C. (2006). ''Redescription of two species of wobbegongs (Chondrichthyes: Orectolobidae) with elevation of Orectolobus halei Whitley 1940 to species level.'' Zootaxa 1284: 29-51.
* {{cite journal |last1=Huveneers |first1=Charlie |title=Redescription of two species of wobbegongs (Chondrichthyes: Orectolobidae) with elevation of Orectolobus halei Whitley 1940 to species level |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |date=August 2006 |issue=1284 |pages=29–51 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236021232_Redescription_of_two_species_of_wobbegongs_Chondrichthyes_Orectolobidae_with_elevation_of_Orectolobus_halei_Whitley_1940_to_species_level |access-date=9 February 2019}}

==External links==
* {{sealifephotos|281932}}
* <small>[https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1976 Banded Wobbegong @ Fishes of Australia]</small>


{{Orectolobiformes}}
{{Orectolobiformes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q31788}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q31788}}


[[Category:Orectolobus]]
[[Category:Orectolobus|ornate wobbegong]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Eastern Australia]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1883]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1883|ornate wobbegong]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Walter De Vis]]

Latest revision as of 15:14, 12 August 2023

Ornate wobbegong
Ornate wobbegong among rocks on the sea floor
Ornate wobbegong in the Great Barrier Reef
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Orectolobiformes
Family: Orectolobidae
Genus: Orectolobus
Species:
O. ornatus
Binomial name
Orectolobus ornatus
(De Vis, 1883)
Confirmed range of the ornate wobbegong (see text)

The ornate wobbegong (Orectolobus ornatus) is a species of carpet shark that lives in Australia and possibly other countries in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is coloured golden brown, yellow-green and blueish-grey, and it grows to maximum 120 centimetres (3.9 ft). Described by Charles Walter De Vis in 1883, it is similar in appearance to other Australian wobbegongs and has previously been classified as the same species as the Gulf wobbegong. It is a nocturnal species, hunting at night, and it can bite humans when disturbed. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed it as a least-concern species.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The ornate wobbegong was described by Charles Walter De Vis in 1883. It was previously assumed to be the juvenile form of the Gulf wobbegong (Orectolobus halei), due to similarities between the two species. However, there are multiple differences: for example, the ornate wobbegong is smaller, has a smaller head relative to its body, and is less freckled.[1]

"Banded wobbegong" is an alternative common name for the ornate wobbegong;[2] however, it is also used for the Gulf wobbegong.[3]

Description

[edit]

The ornate wobbegong's upperside is golden brown in colour with blueish-grey areas, and it is yellow-green on its underside. It has two dorsal fins, a large flat head, and small eyes.[2] Its mouth and lower head are covered with flaps of skin.[4] Juveniles are 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in total length and sexual maturity is reached at 79 centimetres (2.6 ft). For adults, the maximum reported size is 120 centimetres (3.9 ft).[5]

The ornate wobbegong is similar in appearance to the gulf wobbegong and the spotted wobbegong (Orectolobus maculatus). However, it is smaller than the former and it does not have the distinctive O-shaped spots of the latter.[2] The ornate wobbegong also has markings with black edges, further differentiating it from the spotted wobbegong. Its distinct colour pattern provides good camouflage: it is barely discernible when amidst plants on the sea floor. As specimens grow older, however, this pattern becomes less prominent.[6]

Ecology

[edit]

The ornate wobbegong is a nocturnal species, with most activity and feeding taking place in the nighttime. In the daytime, it has occasionally been known to hunt for food, but generally it is in a "somewhat sleepy state", resting out in the open or under caves and ledges,[6] often on sand or weed bottoms.[4] Habitats include algae-covered sea floors, coral reefs, or bays. The species usually lives in clearer waters than the spotted wobbegong.[5] Its prey consists of crustaceans, fish, and octopuses.[6] A study of the diet of specimens in Port Jackson showed that fish, primarily luderick, moray eels, and snappers, composed 86.5% of the species' diet, and cephalopods composed 13.5% of it.[7]

Reproduction is ovoviviparous and over 12 pups are born at a time.[5] Gestation takes almost a year, with young hatching in September or October.[8] A one-day-old specimen was observed by Neville Coleman to have a full set of teeth and be able to defend itself.[6]

The ornate wobbegong is usually not hostile towards humans,[2] but it can bite when disturbed.[6] It uses its sharp anterior teeth to inflict "shallow but painful wounds".[5] Because it camouflages so well, divers often fail to see it even when they are close, and some are bitten.[6] It has bitten people who go into tide pools, including fishers and waders. It sometimes swims towards nearby divers, possibly with hostile intent. The International Shark Attack File has recorded 32 attacks by wobbegongs species in general because it is difficult to do an accurate identification of wobbegongs.[5]

Distribution

[edit]

The ornate wobbegong lives in tropical and warm temperate waters no deeper than 100 metres (330 ft).[9] It is native to eastern Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean. Reports have been confirmed at Port Stephens and Sydney. Although it has also been reported to live in Indonesia, Japan, and Papua New Guinea, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) states that these reports probably misidentified other fish for this species, which would make the ornate wobbegong endemic to Australia.[1] However, according to the Florida Museum of Natural History, it does live in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. This report has to be verified.[5]

The ornate wobbegong's population is not known, nor whether it is increasing or decreasing. Its main threat in eastern Australia is commercial fishing. A survey from May 2000 to April 2001 concluded that 5,174 total wobbegongs (including other species) were fished and kept in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia. Its flesh is edible, which makes it a target for human consumption, and its skin has previously been utilised for decoration. It is not threatened currently, as it is only caught in parts of its range and not often. As of 20 February 2015, it is listed as a least-concern species on the IUCN Red List, after two assessments as near threatened in 2003 and 2009.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Huveneers, C.; Pollard, D. A.; Gordon, I.; Flaherty, A. A.; Pogonoski, J. (2015). "Orectolobus ornatus (Ornate Wobbegong)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41838A68638906.en.
  2. ^ a b c d McGrouther, Mark. "Banded Wobbegong, Orectolobus ornatus (De Vis, 1883)". Australian Museum. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  3. ^ Huveneers, C.; Pollard, D. A.; Gordon, I.; Flaherty, A. A.; Pogonoski, J. (2015). "Orectolobus halei (Banded Wobbegong)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T161709A68638176.en.
  4. ^ a b Allen, Gerry (10 June 1999). Marine Fishes of South-East Asia: A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 1462917070.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Bester, Cathleen. "Orectolobus ornatus". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Coleman, Neville (1996). Australia's Sharks & Rays (illustrated, reprint ed.). National Book Distributors and Publishers. pp. 25–27. ISBN 1864362537. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  7. ^ Shepherd, Scoresby; Edgar, Graham (23 October 2013). Ecology of Australian Temperate Reefs: The Unique South. CSIRO Publishing. p. 405. ISBN 1486300103. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  8. ^ Last, Peter Robert; Stephens, John Donald (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia (2 ed.). CSIRO Publishing. p. 664. ISBN 0643094571. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  9. ^ Carrier, Jeffrey C.; Musick, John A.; Heithaus, Michael R. (9 March 2010). Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 205. ISBN 1420080482. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
[edit]
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