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The term penetration fighter has been used to describe a long-range fighter aircraft designed to penetrate enemy air defences and attack defensive interceptors. The concept is similar to the escort fighter, but differs primarily in that the aircraft would not operate in close concert with bombers. Both types are sub-classes of the strategic fighter. The same general mission is also carried out by intruders, but these are generally night fighters or light bombers that do not have the air combat performance of this concept.

The presence of the North American P-51 Mustang above Germany allowed USAAF bombers to fly at will over the country, and is considered one of the turning points of the air war. In the post-war period, the development of jet-powered strategic bombers made this role difficult to fill; aircraft with performance to protect the bombers had very short range, and those with the range were propeller designs that could not keep up.^[1] The desire for a fighter that could penetrate enemy airspace along with the bombers led to several prototype designs in the early 1950s, including the McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo, Lockheed XF-90 and North American YF-93. In order to be competitive with existing interceptors, these had to be jet powered. The XF-88 was developed into the F-101 Voodoo supersonic penetration fighter-bomber.^[2]^[3]

The North American XF-108 Rapier project was for a long-range interceptor intended to launch from the continental United States and intercept Soviet bombers while still in the far Arctic. This long range meant that if they were launched from forward bases in Europe, Turkey or Alaska, the F-108 would be able to travel a fair distance over the USSR and help disrupt the defences for the following North American XB-70 bombers. The F-108 was ultimately cancelled in budget cuts.^[4]^[5]

References

^ "USAF Air Materiel Command Design 938A Penetration Fighter Study of 1948"
^ "F-101 'Voodoo'", globalsecurity.org (retrieved 22 January 2020): "In 1953, AAC altered the requirement to a strategic fighter capable of delivering nuclear weapons, causing diversions, and fighting off enemy interceptors. McDonnell Aircraft corporation redesigned the XF-88 to carry larger engines, lengthened the fuselage to provide additional fuel storage, and submitted its strategic fighter proposal. The new aircraft, designated the F-101A, was the first Air Force fighter designed to be supersonic."
^ Green & Swanborough (1994), p.367: "Evolved from the XF-88 by a team led by E M Flesh as a deep penetration escort fighter, the Voodoo..."
^ Robert Lyons Jr., "The Search For An Advanced Fighter", US Air Force Air Command and Staff College, 1986
^ "Fact Sheet: North American F-108A Rapier" Archived 2014-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of the United States Air Force

[1] "USAF Air Materiel Command Design 938A Penetration Fighter Study of 1948"

[2] "F-101 'Voodoo'", globalsecurity.org (retrieved 22 January 2020): "In 1953, AAC altered the requirement to a strategic fighter capable of delivering nuclear weapons, causing diversions, and fighting off enemy interceptors. McDonnell Aircraft corporation redesigned the XF-88 to carry larger engines, lengthened the fuselage to provide additional fuel storage, and submitted its strategic fighter proposal. The new aircraft, designated the F-101A, was the first Air Force fighter designed to be supersonic."

[3] Green & Swanborough (1994), p.367: "Evolved from the XF-88 by a team led by E M Flesh as a deep penetration escort fighter, the Voodoo..."

[4] Robert Lyons Jr., "The Search For An Advanced Fighter", US Air Force Air Command and Staff College, 1986

[5] "Fact Sheet: North American F-108A Rapier" Archived 2014-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of the United States Air Force

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+{{Short description|Fighter aircraft designed to operate inside enemy airspace}}
-The term '''penetration fighter''' was used for a short time to describe a theoretical long-range [[fighter aircraft]] designed to penetrate enemy air defences and attack defensive [[interceptor aircraft|interceptors]]. The concept is similar to the [[escort fighter]], but differs primarily in that the aircraft would not operate in close concert with [[bomber]]s. The [[North American P-51 Mustang]] performed the penetrator mission during [[World War II]], and was the basis on which later designs were compared. The same general mission is also carried out by [[Intruder (air combat)|intruders]], but these are generally [[night fighter]]s or [[light bomber]]s that do not have the air combat performance of this concept.
+The term '''penetration fighter''' has been used to describe a long-range [[fighter aircraft]] designed to penetrate enemy air defences and attack defensive [[interceptor aircraft|interceptors]]. The concept is similar to the [[escort fighter]], but differs primarily in that the aircraft would not operate in close concert with [[bomber]]s. Both types are sub-classes of the [[strategic fighter]]. The same general mission is also carried out by [[Intruder (air combat)|intruders]], but these are generally [[night fighter]]s or [[light bomber]]s that do not have the air combat performance of this concept.
-The presence of the Mustang above Germany allowed [[USAAF]] bombers to fly at will over the country, and is considered one of the turning points of the air war. In the post-war period the development of jet powered [[strategic bomber]]s made this role difficult to fill; aircraft with performance to protect the bombers had very short range, and those with the range were propeller designs that could not keep up. The desire for a fighter that could penetrate enemy airspace along with the bombers led to several prototype designs in the early 1950s, including the [[McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo]], [[Lockheed XF-90]] and [[North American YF-93]]. In order to be competitive with existing interceptors these had to be jet powered, this severely limited their range and demanded huge fuel loads. None proved able to compete with shorter range designs, and the penetration fighter concept faded.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20111126160741/http://retromechanix.com/articles/aerospace/usaf-air-materiel-command-design-938a-penetration-fighter-study-of-1948 "USAF Air Materiel Command Design 938A Penetration Fighter Study of 1948"]</ref>
+The presence of the [[North American P-51 Mustang]] above Germany allowed [[USAAF]] bombers to fly at will over the country, and is considered one of the turning points of the air war. In the post-war period, the development of jet-powered [[strategic bomber]]s made this role difficult to fill; aircraft with performance to protect the bombers had very short range, and those with the range were propeller designs that could not keep up.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126160741/http://retromechanix.com/articles/aerospace/usaf-air-materiel-command-design-938a-penetration-fighter-study-of-1948 "USAF Air Materiel Command Design 938A Penetration Fighter Study of 1948"]</ref> The desire for a fighter that could penetrate enemy airspace along with the bombers led to several prototype designs in the early 1950s, including the [[McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo]], [[Lockheed XF-90]] and [[North American YF-93]]. In order to be competitive with existing interceptors, these had to be jet powered. The XF-88 was developed into the [[McDonnell F-101 Voodoo|F-101 Voodoo]] supersonic penetration fighter-bomber.<ref>[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-101.htm "F-101 'Voodoo'"], globalsecurity.org (retrieved 22 January 2020): "''In 1953, AAC altered the requirement to a strategic fighter capable of delivering nuclear weapons, causing diversions, and fighting off enemy interceptors. McDonnell Aircraft corporation redesigned the XF-88 to carry larger engines, lengthened the fuselage to provide additional fuel storage, and submitted its strategic fighter proposal. The new aircraft, designated the F-101A, was the first Air Force fighter designed to be supersonic.''"</ref><ref>Green & Swanborough (1994), p.367: "''Evolved from the XF-88 by a team led by E M Flesh as a deep penetration escort fighter, the Voodoo...''"</ref>
-The concept re-appeared with the [[North American XF-108 Rapier]] project, a long-range interceptor intended to launch from the [[continental United States]] and intercept Soviet bombers while still in the far [[Arctic]]. This long range meant that if they were launched from forward bases in Europe, Turkey or Alaska, the F-108 would be able to travel a fair distance over the [[USSR]] and help disrupt the defences for the following [[North American XB-70]] bombers. The F-108 was ultimately cancelled in budget cuts, and its short-lived replacement, the [[Lockheed YF-12]], was not considered in this role.<ref>Robert Lyons Jr., [http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a166724.pdf "The Search For An Advanced Fighter"], US Air Force Air Command and Staff College, 1986</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2319 "Fact Sheet: North American F-108A Rapier"], National Museum of the United States Air Force</ref>
+The [[North American XF-108 Rapier]] project was for a long-range interceptor intended to launch from the [[continental United States]] and intercept Soviet bombers while still in the far [[Arctic]]. This long range meant that if they were launched from forward bases in Europe, Turkey or Alaska, the F-108 would be able to travel a fair distance over the [[USSR]] and help disrupt the defences for the following [[North American XB-70]] bombers. The F-108 was ultimately cancelled in budget cuts.<ref>Robert Lyons Jr., [http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a166724.pdf "The Search For An Advanced Fighter"], US Air Force Air Command and Staff College, 1986</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2319 "Fact Sheet: North American F-108A Rapier"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228184033/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2319 |date=2014-12-28 }}, National Museum of the United States Air Force</ref>
 ==See also==