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{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Convoy HX.156
|conflict=Convoy HX.156
|partof=[[World War II]]
|partof=[[World War II]]
|date=22 October 1941-5 November 1941
|date=22 October 1941-5 November 1941
|place=[[North Atlantic]]
|place=[[North Atlantic]]
|combatant1=[[File:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|25px]] [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|combatant1= {{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|combatant2= {{navy|UK}}<br>{{navy|United States}}
|combatant2=[[File:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[United Kingdom]]<br>
{{navy|United States}}
|commander1=[[Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]]
|commander1=[[Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]]
|commander2=Rear-Admiral E W Leir DSO
|commander2=Rear-Admiral E W Leir DSO
Line 15: Line 14:
{{campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}}
{{campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}}


'''Convoy HX-156''' was the 156th of the numbered series of [[World War II]] [[HX convoys]] of merchant ships from [[Halifax Harbour|'''H'''alifa'''X''']] to [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127">Hague 2000 p.127</ref> Forty-three ships departed Halifax on 22 October 1941;<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/> and were met two days later by [[United States Navy]] Task Unit 4.1.3 consisting of [[Gleaves class destroyer]] ''[[USS Niblack (DD-424)|Niblack]]'', [[Clemson class destroyer]] ''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|Reuben James]]'', [[Wickes class destroyer]] ''[[USS Tarbell (DD-142)|Tarbell]]'', and [[Benson class destroyer]]s ''[[USS Benson (DD-421)|Benson]]'' and ''[[USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)|Hilary P. Jones]]''.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94">Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94</ref><br><br>
'''Convoy HX 156''' was the 156th of the numbered series of [[World War II]] [[HX convoys]] of merchant ships from [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] to [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127">Hague 2000 p.127</ref> Forty-three ships departed Halifax on 22 October 1941,<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/> and were met two days later by [[United States Navy]] Task Unit 4.1.3 consisting of {{Sclass|Gleaves|destroyer}} {{USS|Niblack|DD-424|2}}, {{Sclass|Clemson|destroyer|2}} {{USS|Reuben James|DD-245|2}}, {{Sclass|Wickes|destroyer|2}} {{USS|Tarbell|DD-142|2}}, and {{Sclass|Benson|destroyer|2}}s {{USS|Benson|DD-421|2}} and {{USS|Hilary P. Jones|DD-427|2}}.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94">Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94</ref>

{{toclimit|2}}
{{toclimit|2}}

==The Action==
==The Action==
[[File:dd245reubenjames.jpg|left|upright|thumb|USS ''Reuben James'' was the only loss from convoy HX 156]]
===31 October 1941===

{{GS|U-552||2}} sighted the convoy at dawn on 31 October 1941, and torpedoed ''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|Reuben James]]'' as the destroyer approached to investigate the [[Huff-Duff]] bearing of the sighting report.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94">Morison 1975 p.94</ref> A [[torpedo]] struck the port side and detonated the forward [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]].<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/> The hull aft of the third stack remained afloat for 5 minutes; and 44 men were rescued from the crew of 159.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/><br><br>
=== 31 October 1941 ===
The {{GS|U-552}} sighted the convoy at dawn on 31 October 1941, and [[torpedo]]ed {{USS|Reuben James|DD-245|2}} as the [[destroyer]] approached to investigate the [[Huff-Duff]] bearing of the sighting report.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94">Morison 1975 p.94</ref> A torpedo struck the port side and detonated the forward [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]].<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/> The hull aft of the third stack remained afloat for 5 minutes; and 44 men were rescued from the crew of 159.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/>

''Reuben James'' was the first United States warship sunk during [[World War II]].<ref>Silverstone 1968 p.9</ref> ''U-552'' was driven off by the escort; but {{GS|U-567||2}} found the convoy that afternoon.
''Reuben James'' was the first United States warship sunk during [[World War II]].<ref>Silverstone 1968 p.9</ref> ''U-552'' was driven off by the escort; but {{GS|U-567||2}} found the convoy that afternoon.

[[Image:dd245reubenjames.jpg|left|250px|thumb|USS Reuben James was the only loss from convoy HX-156]]
=== 1 November 1941 ===
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
===1 November 1941===
Task Unit 4.1.3 handed the convoy off to the British 6th Escort Group on 1 November 1941.<br>
Task Unit 4.1.3 handed the convoy off to the British 6th Escort Group on 1 November 1941.<br>
''U-552'' and ''U-567'' made two unsuccessful torpedo attacks on 1 November and maintained contact with the convoy through 3 November.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94"/> The convoy reached [[Liverpool]] on 5 November.<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/>
''U-552'' and ''U-567'' made two unsuccessful torpedo attacks on 1 November and maintained contact with the convoy through 3 November.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94"/> {{SS|Empire Foam||2}} launched her [[Hawker Hurricane|Hawker Sea Hurricane]] to intercept a [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor]] aircraft, which it chased off. The Hurricane pilot was rescued by {{HMS|Broke|D83|6}} after ditching his aircraft.<ref name=Wise>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wise |first=James E. Jr. |title=Catapult Off – Parachute Back |encyclopedia=United States Naval Institute Proceedings |year=1974 |pages=70–77 }}</ref><ref name=Hague>{{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-55750-019-3 |page=79 }}</ref> The convoy reached [[Liverpool]] on 5 November.<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/>


{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
==Ships in the Convoy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/hx/index.html|title=Convoy HX.156|publisher=Arnold Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref>==

==Ships in the convoy==
These ships were members of Convoy HX 156.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/hx/index.html|title=Convoy HX.156|publisher=Arnold Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" width="180px" |Name
! scope="col" width="180px" |Name
! scope="col" width="150px" |Flag
! scope="col" width="150px" |Flag
! scope="col" width="30px" |Tonnage [[gross register tons|(GRT)]]
! scope="col" width="100px" |Tonnage [[gross register tons|(GRT)]]
! scope="col" width="400px" |Notes
! scope="col" width="400px" |Notes
|-
|-
Line 49: Line 55:
|align="right"|9,057
|align="right"|9,057
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS MacKenzie (DD-175)|HMCS Annapolis (I04)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|Canada|1921}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 22 Oct - 24 Oct<br>Destroyer
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Arabian Prince'' (1936)
|align="left"|''Arabian Prince'' (1936)
Line 64: Line 65:
|align="right"|8,410
|align="right"|8,410
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Begonia (K66)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov<br>Corvette
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Benmacdhui'' (1911)
|align="left"|''Benmacdhui'' (1911)
Line 89: Line 85:
|align="right"|6,840
|align="right"|6,840
|align="left"|Scapa Flow
|align="left"|Scapa Flow
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Broke (D83)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov<br>Flotilla leader
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Edwards (DD-265)|HMS Buxton (H96)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Camellia (K31)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov<br>Corvette
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Cape Breton'' (1940)
|align="left"|''Cape Breton'' (1940)
Line 139: Line 120:
|align="right"|8,871
|align="right"|8,871
|align="left"|27 Passengers
|align="left"|27 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Norwegian Navy|HNoMS Eglantine]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 05 Nov
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Eidanger'' (1938)
|align="left"|''Eidanger'' (1938)
Line 170: Line 146:
|align="left"|[[CAM ship]]
|align="left"|[[CAM ship]]
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Empire ships (F)#Empire Foam|Empire Foam]]'' (1941)
|align="left"|{{SS|Empire Foam||2}} (1941)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,047
|align="right"|7,047
Line 204: Line 180:
|align="right"|3,799
|align="right"|3,799
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[Naval trawler|HMS King Sol (FY235)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Kollbjorg'' (1937)
|align="left"|''Kollbjorg'' (1937)
Line 214: Line 185:
|align="right"|8,259
|align="right"|8,259
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Navy|HMS Larkpsur (K82)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 05 Nov
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Leiv Eiriksson I'' (1936)
|align="left"|''Leiv Eiriksson I'' (1936)
Line 249: Line 215:
|align="right"|1,368
|align="right"|1,368
|align="left"|Iceland to Clyde
|align="left"|Iceland to Clyde
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Norwegian Navy|HNoMS Montbretia]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 05 Nov
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Munin'' (1899)
|align="left"|''Munin'' (1899)
Line 335: Line 296:
|align="left"|6 Passengers
|align="left"|6 Passengers
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Alchiba (AKA-6)]]'' (1939)
|align="left"|{{HMCS|Annapolis|I04}}
|align="left"|{{naval|Canada|1911}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 22 – 24 Oct, Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|{{USS|Alchiba|AKA-6}} (1939)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|6,198
|align="right"|6,198
|align="left"|Reykjavik<br>Armed 'Attack cargo ship'
|align="center"|to Reykjavik, Armed 'Attack cargo ship'
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Benson (DD-421)]]''
|align="left"|{{USS|Benson|DD-421}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|align="center"|Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)]]''
|align="left"|{{USS|Hilary P. Jones|DD-427}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|align="center"|Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Niblack (DD-424)]]''
|align="left"|{{USS|Niblack|DD-424}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|align="center"|Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)]]''
|align="left"|{{USS|Reuben James|DD-245}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 03 Nov<br>Sunk by {{GS|U-552||2}} on 31 Oct 41 (prior to US declaration of war)
|align="center"|Escort 24 Oct, sunk by {{GS|U-552||2}} on 31 Oct 41 (prior to US declaration of war)
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Tarbell (DD-142)]]''
|align="left"|{{USS|Tarbell|DD-142}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|align="center"|Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Verity|D63}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 31 Oct – 4 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Wolverine|D78}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 31 Oct – 4 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Camellia|K31}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 31 Oct – 4 Nov, Corvette
|-
|align="left"|[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Navy|HMS ''Larkspur'' (K82)]]
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 31 Oct – 5 Nov, Corvette
|-
|align="left"|[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Norwegian Navy|HNoMS ''Montbretia'']]
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 31 Oct – 5 Nov, Corvette
|-
|align="left"|[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Norwegian Navy|HNoMS ''Eglantine'']]
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 1 – 5 Nov, Corvette
|-
|align="left"| {{HMS|Broke|D83}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 1 – 4 Nov, Flotilla leader
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Buxton|H96}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|Escort 1 – 4 Nov, Destroyer
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Verity (D63)]]''
|align="left"| {{HMS|Begonia|K66}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov<br>Destroyer
|align="right"|Escort 1 – 4 Nov, Corvette
|-
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Wolverine (D78)]]''
|align="left"|HMT ''King Sol''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov<br>WW1-era Destroyer
|align="right"|Escort 1 Nov, Trawler
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|30em}}


== References ==
== References ==
* {{cite book| title=The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 |author=Hague, Arnold |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-55750-019-3}}
* {{cite book| title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |author=Hague, Arnold |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-55750-019-3}}
* {{cite book| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 |author=Morison, Samuel Eliot |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1975}}
* {{cite book| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 |author=Morison, Samuel Eliot |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1975}}
* {{cite book| title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945 |author=Rohwer, J. and Hummelchen, G. |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1992 |isbn=1-55750-105-X}}
* {{cite book| title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945 |author1=Rohwer, J. |author2=Hummelchen, G. |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1992 |isbn=1-55750-105-X}}
* {{cite book| title=U.S. Warships of World War II |author=Silverstone, Paul H. |publisher=Doubleday and Company |year=1968}}
* {{cite book| title=U.S. Warships of World War II |author=Silverstone, Paul H. |publisher=Doubleday and Company |year=1968}}


[[Category:North Atlantic convoys of World War II|HX156]]
[[Category:North Atlantic convoys of World War II|HX156]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United States|HX 156]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada]]

Latest revision as of 13:19, 16 August 2023

Convoy HX.156
Part of World War II
Date22 October 1941-5 November 1941
Location
North Atlantic
Belligerents
 Kriegsmarine  Royal Navy
 United States Navy
Commanders and leaders
Admiral Karl Dönitz Rear-Admiral E W Leir DSO
Strength
52 merchant ships
16 escorts
Casualties and losses
1 ship sunk

Convoy HX 156 was the 156th of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Liverpool.[1] Forty-three ships departed Halifax on 22 October 1941,[1] and were met two days later by United States Navy Task Unit 4.1.3 consisting of Gleaves-class destroyer Niblack, Clemson-class destroyer Reuben James, Wickes-class destroyer Tarbell, and Benson-class destroyers Benson and Hilary P. Jones.[2]

The Action

[edit]
USS Reuben James was the only loss from convoy HX 156

31 October 1941

[edit]

The German submarine U-552 sighted the convoy at dawn on 31 October 1941, and torpedoed Reuben James as the destroyer approached to investigate the Huff-Duff bearing of the sighting report.[3] A torpedo struck the port side and detonated the forward magazine.[3] The hull aft of the third stack remained afloat for 5 minutes; and 44 men were rescued from the crew of 159.[3]

Reuben James was the first United States warship sunk during World War II.[4] U-552 was driven off by the escort; but U-567 found the convoy that afternoon.

1 November 1941

[edit]

Task Unit 4.1.3 handed the convoy off to the British 6th Escort Group on 1 November 1941.
U-552 and U-567 made two unsuccessful torpedo attacks on 1 November and maintained contact with the convoy through 3 November.[2] Empire Foam launched her Hawker Sea Hurricane to intercept a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft, which it chased off. The Hurricane pilot was rescued by HMS Broke after ditching his aircraft.[5][6] The convoy reached Liverpool on 5 November.[1]

Ships in the convoy

[edit]

These ships were members of Convoy HX 156.[7]

Name Flag Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Alchiba (1920)  Netherlands 4,427 Iceland
Ancylus (1935)  United Kingdom 8,017 Oil tanker. Onward To N Russia
Anna Knudsen (1931)  Norway 9,057
Arabian Prince (1936)  United Kingdom 1,960 4 Passengers
Athelvictor (1941)  United Kingdom 8,410
Benmacdhui (1911)  United Kingdom 6,869
Brabant (1938)  Belgium 2,483 2 Passengers
Bralanta (1936)  Norway 9,608
British Governor (1926)  United Kingdom 6,840 Scapa Flow
Cape Breton (1940)  United Kingdom 6,044
Charlbury (1940)  United Kingdom 4,836
Chepo (1919)  Panama 5,707 Returned, See Convoy HX 158
Clan Macquarrie (1913)  United Kingdom 6,471
Comanchee (1936)  United Kingdom 6,837
Delilian (1923)  United Kingdom 6,423
Edam (1921)  Netherlands 8,871 27 Passengers
Eidanger (1938)  Norway 9,432
El Capitan (1917)  Panama 5,255 Onward To N Russia
El Estero (1920)  Panama 4,219
Empire Confidence (1935)  United Kingdom 5,023 12 Passengers
Empire Day (1941)  United Kingdom 7,242 CAM ship
Empire Foam (1941)  United Kingdom 7,047 CAM ship
Empire Rainbow (1941)  United Kingdom 6,942 CAM ship
Empire Tern (1919)  United Kingdom 2,479
Gallia (1939)  Norway 9,974
Ganymedes (1917)  Netherlands 2,682
Gudrun Maersk (1937)  United Kingdom 2,294 Iceland to Belfast
K G Meldahl (1938)  Norway 3,799
Kollbjorg (1937)  Norway 8,259
Leiv Eiriksson I (1936)  Norway 9,952 Ex-Iceland
Leonatus (1938)  Panama 2,242
Lewant (1930)  Poland 1,942 2 Passengers
Maihar (1917)  United Kingdom 7,563 1 Passenger
Markhor (1929)  United Kingdom 7,917
Mergus (1906)  Sweden 1,368 Iceland to Clyde
Munin (1899)  Norway 1,285 Iceland To Clyde
Nestor (1913)  United Kingdom 14,629 197 Passengers
Norefjord (1920)  Norway 3,082
O A Knudsen (1938)  Norway 11,007
Polar Chief (1897)  United Kingdom 8,040
Prince De Liege (1938)  Belgium 2,588
Prins Willem Van Oranje (1938)  Netherlands 1,303
San Alvaro (1935)  United Kingdom 7,385 4 Passengers
San Arcadio (1935)  United Kingdom 7,419 1 Passenger
San Emiliano (1939)  United Kingdom 8,071 4 Passengers
Sandanger (1938)  Norway 9,432
Skaraas (1936)  Norway 9,826
Sourabaya (1915)  United Kingdom 10,107 28 Passengers
Stanlake (1923)  United Kingdom 1,742 Possibly joined this convoy
Svanholm (1922)  United Kingdom 1,321
Troubadour (1920)  Norway 5,808 6 Passengers
HMCS Annapolis (I04)  Royal Canadian Navy Escort 22 – 24 Oct, Destroyer
USS Alchiba (AKA-6) (1939)  United States 6,198 to Reykjavik, Armed 'Attack cargo ship'
USS Benson (DD-421)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
USS Niblack (DD-424)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
USS Reuben James (DD-245)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct, sunk by U-552 on 31 Oct 41 (prior to US declaration of war)
USS Tarbell (DD-142)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct – 1 Nov, Destroyer
HMS Verity (D63)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct – 4 Nov, Destroyer
HMS Wolverine (D78)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct – 4 Nov, Destroyer
HMS Camellia (K31)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct – 4 Nov, Corvette
HMS Larkspur (K82)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct – 5 Nov, Corvette
HNoMS Montbretia  Royal Norwegian Navy Escort 31 Oct – 5 Nov, Corvette
HNoMS Eglantine  Royal Norwegian Navy Escort 1 – 5 Nov, Corvette
HMS Broke (D83)  Royal Navy Escort 1 – 4 Nov, Flotilla leader
HMS Buxton (H96)  Royal Navy Escort 1 – 4 Nov, Destroyer
HMS Begonia (K66)  Royal Navy Escort 1 – 4 Nov, Corvette
HMT King Sol  Royal Navy Escort 1 Nov, Trawler

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Hague 2000 p.127
  2. ^ a b Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94
  3. ^ a b c Morison 1975 p.94
  4. ^ Silverstone 1968 p.9
  5. ^ Wise, James E. Jr. (1974). "Catapult Off – Parachute Back". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. pp. 70–77.
  6. ^ Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. p. 79. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
  7. ^ "Convoy HX.156". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 20 October 2013.

References

[edit]
  • Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1975). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Rohwer, J.; Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1968). U.S. Warships of World War II. Doubleday and Company.
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