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{{Short description|Family of viruses}}
{{Taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
| color = violet
{{Virusbox
| virus_group = I
| familia = '''Fuselloviridae'''
| taxon = Fuselloviridae
| subdivision =
| genus = Fusellovirus
* ''[[Alphafusellovirus]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
* ''[[Betafusellovirus]]''
⚫
| subdivision =[[Acidianus spindle-shaped virus 1]]<br>
| synonyms =
[[His 1]]<br>
* Fuselloviridae <small> ICTV 1993</small>
[[Pyrococcus abyssi virus 1]]<br>
* SSV1-type phages <small> ICTV 1991</small>
[[Sulfolobales Mexican fusellovirus]]<br>
* SSV-1 family <small> ICTV 1990</small>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shape virus 1]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 2]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus – Kamchatka 1]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus - Ragged Hills]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus – Yellowstone 1]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 4]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 5]]<br>
⚫
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 6]]<br>
[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 7]]
}}
}}


'''''Fuselloviridae''''' is a family of [[viruses]]. [[Sulfolobus]] species, specifically shibatae, solfataricus, and islandicus, serve as natural hosts. There are two genera and nine species in the family.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/20.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> The ''Fuselloviridae'' are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥70&nbsp;°C), acidic (pH ≤4) [[hot spring]]s around the world.
'''''Fusellovirus''''' is a genus of [[dsDNA]] [[virus]] that infects the species of the clade [[Archaea]]. The Fuselloviridae are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥70°C), acidic (pH ≤4) hot springs around the world. They are one of the few viruses to possess a lipid membrane and a protective inner capsid in the form of a core.


==Virology==
==Taxonomy==
The family contains the following genera and species:<ref name=ICTV />
* ''[[Alphafusellovirus]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 2]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 4]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 5]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 7]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 8]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 9]]''
* ''[[Betafusellovirus]]''
⚫
** ''[[Acidianus spindle-shaped virus 1]]''
⚫
** ''[[Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 6]]''


==Structure==
The viron is enveloped, lemon shaped and has a short tail at one pole. In diameter it is ~60 nanometers (nm) and ~100&nbsp;nm in length. The envelope is highly hydrophobic.
[[File:E01439-16-F2.large (Ai).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Three slices through tomo&shy;grams showing an SSV1 virion attacheing to ''S. shibatae'' host cell surface. Scale bars, 20&nbsp;nm.<ref name=Quemin2016 />]]
Viruses in ''Fuselloviridae'' are enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 60&nbsp;nm, with a length of 100&nbsp;nm. Genomes consist of double-stranded circular DNA, around 17.3&nbsp;kb in length.<ref name=ViralZone /> Biochemical characterization of SSV1, a prototypical fusellovirus, showed that virions are composed of four virus-encoded structural proteins, VP1 to VP4, as well as one DNA-binding chromatin protein of cellular origin. The virion proteins VP1, VP3, and VP4 undergo posttranslational modification by glycosylation, seemingly at multiple sites. VP1 is also proteolytically processed. SSV1 virions contain glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, which appear to be acquired by the virus in a selective manner from the host cytoplasmic membrane.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Quemin ER, Pietilä MK, Oksanen HM, Forterre P, Rijpstra WI, Schouten S, Bamford DH, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M|title=Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 contains glycosylated capsid proteins, a cellular chromatin protein, and host-derived lipids|journal=J Virol|date=2015|volume=89|issue=22|pages=11681–11691|doi=10.1128/JVI.02270-15|pmid=26355093|pmc=4645638}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
The genome is circular, between 14.8 to 17.3 kilobases in length and encode 31 to 37 genes.
|-
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation
|-
|''Alphafusellovirus''||Lemon-shaped||||Enveloped||Circular||Monopartite
|-
|''Betafusellovirus''||Lemon-shaped||||Enveloped||Circular||Monopartite
|}


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. DNA templated transcription is the method of transcription. ''Sulfolobus shibatae'', ''S. solfataricus'', and ''S. islandicus'' serve as the natural host.<ref name=ViralZone /> Fuselloviruses are released from the host without causing cell lysis by a budding mechanism, similar to that employed by enveloped eukaryotic viruses.<ref name=Quemin2016>{{cite journal|vauthors=Quemin ER, Chlanda P, Sachse M, Forterre P, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M |title=Eukaryotic-Like Virus Budding in Archaea|journal=mBio|date=2016|volume=7|issue=5|page=e01439-16|doi=10.1128/mBio.01439-16|pmid=27624130|pmc=5021807}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
The family of viruses appear to be lysogentic rather than lytic. After injection of the viral DNA into the host, the genome integrates into a specific tRNA gene of the host. From this location, transcription and replication of the viral genome occurs, which in turn leads to the assembly of new viruses. These are released from the host by budding.
|-

! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
==Taxonomy==
|-

|''Alphafusellovirus''||Archea: thermolophilic||None||Injection||Budding||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Passive diffusion
Type species: [[Sulfolobus virus 1]]
|-

|''Betafusellovirus''||Archea: thermolophilic||None||Injection||Budding||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Passive diffusion
Synonym(s): Sulfolobus shibatae bacteriophage SSV1
|}

ICTV approved acronym: SSV-1


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/20.html '''Viralzone''': Fuselloviridae]
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/20.html '''Viralzone''': Fuselloviridae]
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']

{{Baltimore classification}}
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[[Category:DNA viruses]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3775816}}
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[[Category:Bacteriophages]]



[[Category:Fuselloviridae| ]]
{{Virus-stub}}
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[[Category:Archaeal viruses]]
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[[Category:Virus families]]

Latest revision as of 20:47, 16 August 2023

Fuselloviridae
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Family: Fuselloviridae
Genera
Synonyms
  • Fuselloviridae ICTV 1993
  • SSV1-type phages ICTV 1991
  • SSV-1 family ICTV 1990

Fuselloviridae is a family of viruses. Sulfolobus species, specifically shibatae, solfataricus, and islandicus, serve as natural hosts. There are two genera and nine species in the family.[1][2] The Fuselloviridae are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥70 °C), acidic (pH ≤4) hot springs around the world.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The family contains the following genera and species:[2]

Structure

[edit]
Three slices through tomo­grams showing an SSV1 virion attacheing to S. shibatae host cell surface. Scale bars, 20 nm.[3]

Viruses in Fuselloviridae are enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 60 nm, with a length of 100 nm. Genomes consist of double-stranded circular DNA, around 17.3 kb in length.[1] Biochemical characterization of SSV1, a prototypical fusellovirus, showed that virions are composed of four virus-encoded structural proteins, VP1 to VP4, as well as one DNA-binding chromatin protein of cellular origin. The virion proteins VP1, VP3, and VP4 undergo posttranslational modification by glycosylation, seemingly at multiple sites. VP1 is also proteolytically processed. SSV1 virions contain glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, which appear to be acquired by the virus in a selective manner from the host cytoplasmic membrane.[4]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Alphafusellovirus Lemon-shaped Enveloped Circular Monopartite
Betafusellovirus Lemon-shaped Enveloped Circular Monopartite

Life cycle

[edit]

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. DNA templated transcription is the method of transcription. Sulfolobus shibatae, S. solfataricus, and S. islandicus serve as the natural host.[1] Fuselloviruses are released from the host without causing cell lysis by a budding mechanism, similar to that employed by enveloped eukaryotic viruses.[3]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Alphafusellovirus Archea: thermolophilic None Injection Budding Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Passive diffusion
Betafusellovirus Archea: thermolophilic None Injection Budding Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Passive diffusion

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b Quemin ER, Chlanda P, Sachse M, Forterre P, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (2016). "Eukaryotic-Like Virus Budding in Archaea". mBio. 7 (5): e01439-16. doi:10.1128/mBio.01439-16. PMC 5021807. PMID 27624130.
  4. ^ Quemin ER, Pietilä MK, Oksanen HM, Forterre P, Rijpstra WI, Schouten S, Bamford DH, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (2015). "Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 contains glycosylated capsid proteins, a cellular chromatin protein, and host-derived lipids". J Virol. 89 (22): 11681–11691. doi:10.1128/JVI.02270-15. PMC 4645638. PMID 26355093.
[edit]
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