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History of the Low Countries
Frisii			Belgae
	Cana– nefates^[1]	Chamavi, Tubantes^[2]		Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD) Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th)
	Cana– nefates^[1]	Salian Franks		Batavi^[1]
unpopulated (4th–c. 5th)		Saxons	Salian Franks^[1] (4th–c. 5th)
Frisian Kingdom (c. 6th–734)			Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843)
Frisian Kingdom (c. 6th–734)		Austrasia (511–687)


Middle Francia (843–855)					West Francia (843–)
Kingdom of Lotharingia^[3] (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine^[4] (959–)					West Francia (843–)
Frisia
Frisian Freedom^[5] (11–16th century)	County of Holland^[6] (880–1432)	Bishopric of Utrecht^[7] (695–1456)	Duchy of Brabant^[8] (1183–1430) Duchy of Guelders^[9] (1046–1543)		County of Flanders^[10] (862–1384)	County of Hainaut (1071–1432) County of Namur (981–1421)	P.-Bish. of Liège ^[11] (980–1794)	Duchy of Luxem- bourg (1059–1443)
	Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)
	Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543)^[12]
Dutch Republic (1581–1795)				Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714)
				Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795)
				United States of Belgium (1790)			R. Liège (1789–'91)

Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)				associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815)

Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830)								Gr D. L. (1815–)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–)				Kingdom of Belgium (1830–)				Gr D. L. (1815–)
								Gr D. of Luxem- bourg (1890–)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Roman foederati
^ The Chamavi merged into the confederation of the Franks; the Tubantes merged into the confederation of the Saxons.
^ Part of East Francia after 939, divided in Upper Lorraine (as part of West Francia) and Lower Lorraine (as part of East Francia) in 959.
^ Lower Lorraine—also referred to as Lothier—disintegrated into several smaller independent territories and only the title of a "Duke of Lothier" remained, held by Brabant.
^ Lordship of Frisia and Lordship of Groningen (including the Ommelanden) after 1524 and 1536 respectively.
^ Including County of Zeeland, that was ruled by neighboring County of Holland and County of Flanders (until 1432).
^ Utrecht included Lordship of Overijssel (until 1528), County of Drenthe (until 1528) and County of Zutphen (until 1182).
^ Duchy of Brabant included since 1288 also the Duchy of Limburg (now part of Belgium's Liège Province) and the "Overmaas" lands Dalhem, Valkenburg and Herzogenrath (now part of the Dutch Province of Limburg).
^ The county, later duchy, of Guelders consisted of four quarters, as they were separated by rivers: situated upstream Upper Quarter (the present day northern half of the Dutch province of Limburg), spatially separated from the three downstream Lower Quarters: County of Zutphen (after 1182), Veluwe Quarter and Nijmegen Quarter. The three lower quarters emerged from the historic gau Hamaland (named after the Chamavi tribe), and formed the present day province of Gelderland. Guelders did not include the Cleves enclave Huissen and the independent counties of Buren and Culemborg, that were much later seceded to the province of Gelderland.
^ Including County of Artois (part of Flanders until 1237) and Tournaisis.
^ Throughout the Middle Ages, the bishopric was further expanded with the Duchy of Bouillon in 1096 (ceded to France in 1678), the acquisition of the county of Loon in 1366 and the county of Horne in 1568. The Lordship of Mechelen was also part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
^ The name Seventeen Provinces came in use after the Habsburg emperor Charles V had re-acquired the Duchy of Guelders, and an continuous territory arose.

[foederati-1] Roman foederati

[2] The Chamavi merged into the confederation of the Franks; the Tubantes merged into the confederation of the Saxons.

[3] Part of East Francia after 939, divided in Upper Lorraine (as part of West Francia) and Lower Lorraine (as part of East Francia) in 959.

[4] Lower Lorraine—also referred to as Lothier—disintegrated into several smaller independent territories and only the title of a "Duke of Lothier" remained, held by Brabant.

[5] Lordship of Frisia and Lordship of Groningen (including the Ommelanden) after 1524 and 1536 respectively.

[6] Including County of Zeeland, that was ruled by neighboring County of Holland and County of Flanders (until 1432).

[7] Utrecht included Lordship of Overijssel (until 1528), County of Drenthe (until 1528) and County of Zutphen (until 1182).

[8] Duchy of Brabant included since 1288 also the Duchy of Limburg (now part of Belgium's Liège Province) and the "Overmaas" lands Dalhem, Valkenburg and Herzogenrath (now part of the Dutch Province of Limburg).

[9] The county, later duchy, of Guelders consisted of four quarters, as they were separated by rivers: situated upstream Upper Quarter (the present day northern half of the Dutch province of Limburg), spatially separated from the three downstream Lower Quarters: County of Zutphen (after 1182), Veluwe Quarter and Nijmegen Quarter. The three lower quarters emerged from the historic gau Hamaland (named after the Chamavi tribe), and formed the present day province of Gelderland. Guelders did not include the Cleves enclave Huissen and the independent counties of Buren and Culemborg, that were much later seceded to the province of Gelderland.

[10] Including County of Artois (part of Flanders until 1237) and Tournaisis.

[11] Throughout the Middle Ages, the bishopric was further expanded with the Duchy of Bouillon in 1096 (ceded to France in 1678), the acquisition of the county of Loon in 1366 and the county of Horne in 1568. The Lordship of Mechelen was also part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

[12] The name Seventeen Provinces came in use after the Habsburg emperor Charles V had re-acquired the Duchy of Guelders, and an continuous territory arose.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#FF9966; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |
-| rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[Cananefates|Cana-<br/>nefates]]<noinclude><ref name="foederati">Roman [[foederati]]</ref></noinclude>
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[Cananefates|Cana–<br/>nefates]]<noinclude><ref name="foederati">Roman [[foederati]]</ref></noinclude>
 | colspan="2" style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[Chamavi|<span style="color: white;">Chamavi</span>]],<br>[[Tubantes|<span style="color: white;">Tubantes</span>]]<noinclude><ref>The Chamavi merged into the confederation of the [[Franks]]; the [[Tubantes]] merged into the confederation of the [[Saxons]].</ref></noinclude>
-| colspan="5" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0" | [[File:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg|20px]]<br/> [[Gallia Belgica]] <small>(55 BC – 5th c. AD)</small><br/>[[Germania Inferior]] <small>(83 – 5th c.)</small>
+| colspan="5" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 0" | [[Gallia Belgica]] <small>(55 BC–{{circa|5th}} AD)</small><br/>[[Germania Inferior]] <small>(83–{{circa|5th}})</small>
 |-
 | style="background:#FF9966; border-top:none; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 | style="background:#CC99FF; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |
 |-
-| colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | ''unpopulated''<br/><small>(4th–5th c.)</small><!--- Continuation of Frisii tribe--->
+| colspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | ''unpopulated''<br/><small>(4th–{{circa|5th}})</small><!--- Continuation of Frisii tribe--->
 | style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0" |[[Saxons#Netherlands|<span style="color: white;">Saxons</span>]]
-| colspan="3" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0" |[[Salian Franks]]<noinclude><ref name="foederati"/></noinclude><br/><small>(4th–5th c.)</small>
+| colspan="3" style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 0" |[[Salian Franks]]<noinclude><ref name="foederati"/></noinclude><br/><small>(4th–{{circa|5th}})</small>
 | style="background:#CC99FF; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 0" |
 | style="background:#CC99FF; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |
 |-
-| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"| [[Frisian Kingdom]]<br/><small> (6th c.–734)</small>
+| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px"| [[Frisian Kingdom]]<br/><small> ({{circa|6th}}–734)</small>
 | style="background:#CC6633; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 0" |
 | colspan="6" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 0 0 1px" | [[Frankish Kingdom]] <small>(481–843)</small>—[[Carolingian Empire]] <small>(800–843)</small>
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 |-
 | colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[Middle Francia]] <small>(843–855)</small>
-| rowspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |[[West Francia|West<br/>Francia]]<br/><small>(843–)</small>
+| rowspan="2" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[West Francia|West<br/>Francia]]<br/><small>(843–)</small>
 | colspan="3" style="background:#c1cbf2; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |
 |-
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 | style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px" |<br/>[[File:Friesland (kleine wapen).svg|20px]]<br/>[[Frisian freedom|Frisian<br/>Freedom]]<noinclude><ref>[[Lordship of Frisia]] and [[Lordship of Groningen]] (including the [[Ommelanden]]) after 1524 and 1536 respectively.</ref></noinclude><br/><small>(11–16th<br/>century)</small>
 | style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |[[File:Wapen graafschap Holland.svg|20px]]<br/>[[County of Holland|County of<br/>Holland]]<noinclude><ref>Including [[County of Zeeland]], that was ruled by neighboring [[County of Holland]] and [[County of Flanders]] (until 1432).</ref></noinclude><br/><small>(880–1432)</small>
-| style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[File:Utrecht - coat of arms.png|20px]]<br/>[[Bishopric of Utrecht|{{nowrap|Bishopric of}}<br/>Utrecht]]<noinclude><ref>Utrecht included [[Lordship of Overijssel]] (until 1528), [[County of Drenthe]] (until 1528) and [[County of Zutphen]] (until 1182).</ref></noinclude><br/><small>(695–1456)</small>
+| style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[File:Utrecht - coat of arms.png|20px]]<br/>[[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|{{nowrap|Bishopric of}}<br/>Utrecht]]<noinclude><ref>Utrecht included [[Lordship of Overijssel]] (until 1528), [[County of Drenthe]] (until 1528) and [[County of Zutphen]] (until 1182).</ref></noinclude><br/><small>(695–1456)</small>
 | colspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[File:Coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant.svg|20px]]<br/>[[Duchy of Brabant|Duchy of<br/>Brabant]]<noinclude><ref>[[Duchy of Brabant]] included since 1288 also the [[Duchy of Limburg]] (now part of Belgium's [[Liège Province]]) and the "Overmaas" lands [[Dalhem]], [[Valkenburg aan de Geul|Valkenburg]] and [[Herzogenrath]] (now part of the Dutch [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Province of Limburg]]).</ref></noinclude><br/>{{nowrap|<small>(1183–1430)</small>}}<br/>[[File:Guelders-Jülich Arms.svg|20px]]<br/>[[Guelders|Duchy of<br/>Guelders]]<noinclude><ref>The county, later duchy, of Guelders consisted of four quarters, as they were separated by rivers: situated upstream [[Upper Guelders|Upper Quarter]] (the present day northern half of the Dutch province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]), spatially separated from the three downstream Lower Quarters: [[County of Zutphen]] (after 1182), [[Veluwe Quarter]] and [[Nijmegen Quarter]]. The three lower quarters emerged from the historic [[gau (country subdivision)|gau]] [[Hamaland]] (named after the [[Chamavi]] tribe),  and formed the present day province of [[Gelderland]]. Guelders did not include the [[Duchy of Cleves|Cleves]] [[enclave]] [[Huissen]] and the independent counties of [[County of Buren|Buren]] and [[Culemborg]], that were much later seceded to the province of Gelderland.</ref></noinclude><br/><small>(1046–1543)</small>
 | style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0" | [[File:Arms of Flanders.svg|20px]]<br/>[[County of Flanders|County of<br/>Flanders]]<noinclude><ref>Including [[County of Artois]] (part of Flanders until 1237) and [[Tournaisis]].</ref></noinclude><br/><small>(862–1384)</small>
 | style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[File:Hainaut Modern Arms.svg|20px]]<br/> [[County of Hainaut|County of<br/>Hainaut]]<br/>{{nowrap|<small>(1071–1432)</small>}}<br/>[[File:Arms of Namur.svg|20px]]<br/>[[County of Namur|County of<br/>Namur]]<br/><small>{{nowrap|(981–1421)}}</small>
 | style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0" | [[File:Armoiries Principauté de Liège.svg|20px]]<br/>[[Prince-Bishopric of Liège|P.-Bish.<br/>of Liège]]<br/><noinclude><ref>Throughout the Middle Ages, the bishopric was further expanded with the [[Duchy of Bouillon]] in 1096 (ceded to France in 1678), the acquisition of the [[county of Loon]] in 1366 and the [[county of Horne]] in 1568. The [[Lordship of Mechelen]] was also part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.</ref></noinclude><br/><small>{{nowrap|(980–1794)}}</small>
-| style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |<br/>[[Duchy of Luxembourg|Duchy of<br/>Luxem-<br/>bourg]]<br/>{{nowrap|<small>(1059–1443)</small>}}<br/>
+| style="background:#FFFFCC; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |[[File:Arms of Luxembourg.svg|20px]]<br/>[[Duchy of Luxembourg|Duchy of<br/>Luxem-<br/>bourg]]<br/>{{nowrap|<small>(1059–1443)</small>}}<br/>
 |-
 | style="background:#FF9966; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 1px" | &nbsp;<!--- Continuation of Frisian feedom --->
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 | colspan="5" style="background:#c1cbf2; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0; padding:0.25em 0.25em"| &nbsp;<!-- continuance of the French Empire -->
 |-
-| colspan="8" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |[[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] <small>(1815–1830)</small>
+| colspan="8" style="background:#f7d2a8; border-width: 0px 1px 0 1px; padding:0.25em 0.25em" |[[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]] <small>(1815–1830)</small>
 | rowspan="2" style="background: #f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em" | [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px|border]]<br/>[[History of Luxembourg#Developing independence (1815–1890)|Gr D. L.]]<br/><small>(1815–)</small>
 |-
-| colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px" |<br/><br/>[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]] <small>(1839–)</small>
+| colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 0 1px" | [[File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg|20px]]<br/>[[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]] <small>(1839–)</small>
 | colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 1px 1px 0 1px" | [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px|border]]<br/>[[Belgium|Kingdom of Belgium]] <small>(1830–)</small>
 |-
 | colspan="4" style="background:#f7d2a8; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px" |
 | colspan="4" style="background:#dac1dd; padding:0.25em 0.25em; border-width: 0 1px 1px 1px" |
-| style="background:#caf5f7; padding:0.25em 0.25em"| [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg|Gr D. of<br/>Luxem-<br/>bourg]]<br/><small>(1890–)</small>
+| style="background:#caf5f7; padding:0.25em 0.25em"| [[File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|20px|border]]<br/>[[Luxembourg|Gr D. of<br/>Luxem-<br/>bourg]]<br/><small>(1890–)</small>
 |}<noinclude>
+==Notes==
+{{Reflist}}
 [[Category:Europe history templates|Low Countries]]
-{{reflist}}
 </noinclude>