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A human-powered hydrofoil is a small hydrofoil watercraft propelled entirely by the muscle power of its operator(s).^[1] Hydrofoils are the fastest water-based vehicles propelled solely by human power. They can reach speeds of up to 34 km/h (21 mph; 18 kn),^[1]^[2]^[3] easily exceeding the world records set by competitive rowing which stand at about 20 km/h (12 mph; 11 kn). This speed advantage is achieved since hydrofoils lack a submerged body to provide buoyancy, greatly reducing the drag force.^[1]

Propulsion

Means of propulsion include screw propellers, as in hydrocycles; aircraft propellers, as in the Decavitator; paddles, as in a Flyak; oars, as in the Yale hydrofoil sculling project;^[4] and flapping wings, as detailed below.

Flapping wing propulsion

Flapping wing propulsion devices are hydrofoils that produce propulsion by forcing a foil to move up and down in the water. The forward motion of the foil then generates lift as in other hydrofoils. A common design consists of a large foil at the stern that is used both for propulsion and keeping the passenger above the water, connected to a smaller foil at the bow used for steering and longitudinal stability. Riders operate the vehicle by bouncing up and down on a small platform at the stern, whilst holding onto a steering column.^[5]^[6] It is started and landed from the shore, or preferably from a dock, and requires a bit of experience. When moving too slowly, it will sink, and the range of possible speeds is 9–30 km/h (5.6–18.6 mph; 4.9–16.2 kn).^[6]

Several variations on the design have been developed:

The Wasserläufer was a forerunner of the design developed in Germany during the 1950s.^[7]
The Flying Fish was developed by Allan Abbott and Alec Brooks in 1984.^[8]
The Pogofoil, with pontoons for flotation, was developed in the US in 1989.^[9]
The Trampofoil was developed in Sweden in 1998.^[10]
The AquaSkipper was developed the US in 2003.^[11]^[12]
The Pumpabike was developed in South Africa in 2004.^[6]^[13]

Electric assist hydrofoils

The Hydrofoiler XE-1 is a Hydrofoil electric bike developed in New Zealand in 2011 onwards.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Graham-Rowe, Duncan (2005-05-23). "Human-powered hydrofoil seeks jumpy riders". New Scientist.
^ "Pumpabike personal hydrofoil". Stuff.tv. 2005-12-17. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
^ "Decavitator Human-Powered Hydrofoil". Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ Lily Van Steenberg, Ensign, United States Navy (2015). "Design, Construction, and Testing of a Hydrofoil Rowing Shell" (PDF). The International Hydrofoil Society. Retrieved 2016-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Suzi goes for a bit of pumping". Five - The Gadget Show. 2006-10-16. Archived from the original on 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Pumpabike: Human-Powered Hydrofoil". Gizmodo. 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
^ "1953 The "Wasserläufer"". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ "1984 The "Flying Fish"". Alec Brooks and Allan Abbott. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^ "1989 Pogofoil Parker McCready". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ "1998 Trampofoil". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ "Aquaskipper". Uncrate. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ "AquaSkipper". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ "Pumpabike". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
^ "Hydrofoil water bike to launch before Christmas". 6 October 2017.

External links

[ns-1] Graham-Rowe, Duncan (2005-05-23). "Human-powered hydrofoil seeks jumpy riders". New Scientist.

[2] "Pumpabike personal hydrofoil". Stuff.tv. 2005-12-17. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

[3] "Decavitator Human-Powered Hydrofoil". Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[4] Lily Van Steenberg, Ensign, United States Navy (2015). "Design, Construction, and Testing of a Hydrofoil Rowing Shell" (PDF). The International Hydrofoil Society. Retrieved 2016-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] "Suzi goes for a bit of pumping". Five - The Gadget Show. 2006-10-16. Archived from the original on 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

[GizModo-6] "Pumpabike: Human-Powered Hydrofoil". Gizmodo. 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

[7] "1953 The "Wasserläufer"". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[8] "1984 The "Flying Fish"". Alec Brooks and Allan Abbott. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[9] "1989 Pogofoil Parker McCready". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[10] "1998 Trampofoil". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[11] "Aquaskipper". Uncrate. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[12] "AquaSkipper". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[13] "Pumpabike". Human-Powered Hydrofoils. Retrieved 2013-02-10.

[14] "Hydrofoil water bike to launch before Christmas". 6 October 2017.

[1]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[image:Schmidt aquaskipper CIMG2935 b1.jpg|thumb|Starting an ''AquaSkipper'' on the river [[Spree]] in [[Berlin]]]]
+[[Image:Schmidt aquaskipper CIMG2935 b1.jpg|thumb|Starting an ''AquaSkipper'' on the river [[Spree (river)|Spree]] in [[Berlin]]]]
+[[Image:Decavitator, Boston MA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Decavitator]]]]
-A '''human-powered hydrofoil''' is a small [[hydrofoil]] [[watercraft]] propelled entirely by the muscle power of its operator(s).<ref name=ns/> Human-powered hydrofoils may be driven by pedals, as in a [[hydrocycle]], by paddles, as in a [[Flyak]], or by bouncing, to use [[#Flapping wing propulsion|flapping wing propulsion]]. Hydrofoils are the fastest water-based vehicles propelled solely by human power.  They can reach speeds of up to {{convert|34|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}},<ref name=ns>
+[[File:Aquaskipper.jpg|thumb|An ''AquaSkipper'' underway]]
+A '''human-powered hydrofoil''' is a small [[hydrofoil]] [[watercraft]] propelled entirely by the muscle power of its operator(s).<ref name=ns/> Hydrofoils are the fastest water-based vehicles propelled solely by human power.  They can reach speeds of up to {{convert|34|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}},<ref name=ns>
 {{cite news
  | first = Duncan
  | last = Graham-Rowe
  | title = Human-powered hydrofoil seeks jumpy riders
- | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7414
+ | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7414
  | work = [[New Scientist]]
  | date = 2005-05-23
  }}
-</ref><ref>
+</ref><ref>{{cite web
-{{cite web
 |url= http://stuff.tv/News/Pumpabike-personal-hydrofoil/3096/
 |title= Pumpabike personal hydrofoil
-|date=2005-12-17
+|date= 2005-12-17
-|accessdate=2008-04-29
+|access-date= 2008-04-29
-|work= Stuff.tv}}
+|work= Stuff.tv
+|archive-date= 2008-09-16
-</ref><ref>{{cite web
+|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916224552/http://stuff.tv/News/Pumpabike-personal-hydrofoil/3096/
+|url-status= dead
+}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://lancet.mit.edu/decavitator
 | title = Decavitator Human-Powered Hydrofoil
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref> easily exceeding the [[Rowing World Records|world records]] set by competitive [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] which stand at about {{convert|20|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}}. This speed advantage is achieved since hydrofoils lack a submerged body to provide [[buoyancy]], greatly reducing the [[Drag (physics)|drag]] force.<ref name=ns/>
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref> easily exceeding the [[Rowing World Records|world records]] set by competitive [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] which stand at about {{convert|20|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}}. This speed advantage is achieved since hydrofoils lack a submerged body to provide [[buoyancy]], greatly reducing the [[Drag (physics)|drag]] force.<ref name=ns/>
+==Propulsion==
+Means of propulsion include [[Propeller#Screw propellers|screw propeller]]s, as in [[hydrocycle]]s; [[Propeller#Aircraft|aircraft propellers]], as in the [[Decavitator]]; [[paddle]]s, as in a [[Flyak]]; oars, as in the Yale hydrofoil sculling project;<ref>{{cite web
+| url = http://www.foils.org/08%20Mandles%20Prize/2015%20Mandles%20Prize/Awards%202015/Lily%20Van%20Steenberg%20Paper.pdf
+| title = Design, Construction, and Testing of a Hydrofoil Rowing Shell
+| author = Lily Van Steenberg, Ensign, United States Navy
+| date = 2015
+| publisher = The International Hydrofoil Society
+| access-date = 2016-07-06}}</ref> and flapping wings, as detailed below.
-==Flapping wing propulsion==
+===Flapping wing propulsion===
-'''Flapping wing propulsion''' devices are hydrofoils that generate propulsion by forcing a foil to move up and down in the water. The forward motion of the foil then generates lift as in other hydrofoils. A common design consists of a large foil at the [[stern]] that is used both for propulsion and keeping the passenger above the water, connected to a smaller foil at the [[Bow (ship)|bow]] used for steering and longitudinal stability. Riders operate the vehicle by bouncing up and down on a small platform at the stern, whilst holding onto a steering column.<ref>
+Flapping wing propulsion devices are hydrofoils that produce propulsion by forcing a foil to move up and down in the water. The forward motion of the foil then generates lift as in other hydrofoils. A common design consists of a large foil at the [[stern]] that is used both for propulsion and keeping the passenger above the water, connected to a smaller foil at the [[Bow (ship)|bow]] used for steering and longitudinal stability. Riders operate the vehicle by bouncing up and down on a small platform at the stern, whilst holding onto a steering column.<ref>
 {{cite web
-|url= http://gadgetshow.five.tv/jsp/5gsmain.jsp?lnk=401&featureid=219&pageid=-1&show=s5e5&section=Features
+ |url         = http://gadgetshow.five.tv/jsp/5gsmain.jsp?lnk=401&featureid=219&pageid=-1&show=s5e5&section=Features
-|title= Suzi goes for a bit of pumping
+ |title       = Suzi goes for a bit of pumping
-|date= 2006-10-16
+ |date        = 2006-10-16
-|accessdate=2008-04-29
+ |access-date  = 2008-04-29
-|work= [[Five (channel)|Five]] - The Gadget Show}}
+ |work        = [[Five (channel)|Five]] - The Gadget Show
+ |url-status     = dead
+ |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070319032433/http://gadgetshow.five.tv/jsp/5gsmain.jsp?lnk=401&featureid=219&pageid=-1&show=s5e5&section=Features
+ |archive-date = 2007-03-19
+}}
 </ref><ref name = "GizModo">
 {{cite web
-|url= http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/gadgets/vehicles/pumpabike-humanpowered-hydrofoil-104726.php
+|url= https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/gadgets/vehicles/pumpabike-humanpowered-hydrofoil-104726.php
 |title= Pumpabike: Human-Powered Hydrofoil
 |date= 2005-05-24
-|accessdate=2008-04-29
+|access-date=2008-04-29
 |work= [[Gizmodo]] }}
-</ref> It is started and landed from the shore, or preferably from a dock, and requires a bit of experience. When moving too slowly, it will sink, and the range of possible speeds is {{convert|9|-|30|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}}<ref name = "GizModo"/>
+</ref> It is started and landed from the shore, or preferably from a dock, and requires a bit of experience. When moving too slowly, it will sink, and the range of possible speeds is {{convert|9|-|30|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "GizModo"/>
 Several variations on the design have been developed:
@@ Line 43: / Line 60: @@
 | title = 1953 The "Wasserläufer"
 | publisher = Human-Powered Hydrofoils
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
-*The ''FlyingFish'' was developed by Allan Abbott and Alec Brooks in 1984 .<ref>{{cite web
+*The ''Flying Fish'' was developed by Allan Abbott and Alec Brooks in 1984.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.flyingfishhydrofoil.com/
 | title = 1984 The "Flying Fish"
 | publisher = Alec Brooks and Allan Abbott
-| accessdate = 2013-12-31}}</ref>
+| access-date = 2013-12-31}}</ref>
 *The ''Pogofoil'', with pontoons for flotation, was developed in the US in 1989.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.human-powered-hydrofoils.com/hydrofoils/pogofoil-parker-mccready/
 | title = 1989 Pogofoil Parker McCready
 | publisher = Human-Powered Hydrofoils
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
 *The ''Trampofoil'' was developed in Sweden in 1998.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.human-powered-hydrofoils.com/hydrofoils/trampofoil/
 | title = 1998 Trampofoil
 | publisher = Human-Powered Hydrofoils
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
 *The ''AquaSkipper'' was developed the US in 2003.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://uncrate.com/stuff/aquaskipper/
 | title = Aquaskipper
 | publisher = Uncrate
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.human-powered-hydrofoils.com/hydrofoils/aquaskipper/
 | title = AquaSkipper
 | publisher = Human-Powered Hydrofoils
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
 *The ''Pumpabike'' was developed in South Africa in 2004.<ref name = "GizModo"/><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.human-powered-hydrofoils.com/hydrofoils/pumpabike/
 | title = Pumpabike
 | publisher = Human-Powered Hydrofoils
-| accessdate = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
+| access-date = 2013-02-10}}</ref>
+==Electric assist hydrofoils==
-==Propeller propulsion==
-Besides flapping wing propulsion, hydrofoils have also been successfully powered by humans on bicycle frames driving an underwater propeller.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdBSaAZdHio</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaYhyeGxYoA</ref>
+*The [[Hydrofoiler XE-1]] is a Hydrofoil electric bike developed in New Zealand in 2011 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/innovation/90820686/Hydrofoil-water-bike-to-launch-before-Christmas|title = Hydrofoil water bike to launch before Christmas|date = 6 October 2017}}</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Decavitator]]
-*[[Human-powered watercraft]]
-*[[Hydrocycle]]
-*[[Pedalo]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 87: / Line 99: @@
 == External links ==
+{{Commons}}
 *[http://www.human-powered-hydrofoils.com human-powered-hydrofoils.com - Human powered hydrofoil designs from 1953 to present]
+*[https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Fly-a-Human-Powered-Hydrofoil---the-Aqua/ How to "Fly" a Human Powered Hydrofoil - the "Aquaskipper"] ([http://www.instructables.com www.instructables.com])
-*[http://www.instructables.com/tag/keyword:trampofoil Instruction videos on how to use the trampofoil]
 {{Human-powered vehicles}}