SS Athinai: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m fix unavailable anchor (although it's actually a screw not an anchor) |
|||
| (43 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{For|the Aegean Steam Navigation Co liner in service 1961–1966|SS Santa Rosa (1932)}} |
|||
{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}} |
|||
{{Infobox |
{|{{Infobox ship begin}} |
||
{{Infobox ship image |
|||
|Ship image=<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Athinai1908.png|SS ''Athinai'' (1908)]] --> |
|||
|Ship |
|Ship image= SS Athinai on Fire.png |
||
|Ship caption= Above: ''Athinai'' on fire.<br />Below: one of ''Tuscania''′s [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]]s with rescuers. |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
{{Infobox |
{{Infobox ship career |
||
|Hide header= |
|Hide header= |
||
|Ship country= |
|Ship country= [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] |
||
|Ship flag= |
|Ship flag= {{shipboxflag|Greece|civil}} |
||
|Ship name= |
|Ship name= ''Athinai'' |
||
|Ship namesake= |
|Ship namesake= [[Athens]] |
||
|Ship owner= |
|Ship owner= *1908: Hellenic Transatlantic SN Co |
||
*1914: National SN Co of Greece |
|||
|Ship operator= |
|||
|Ship operator= 1914: Embiricos Bros |
|||
|Ship registry= |
|||
|Ship registry= [[Port of Piraeus|Piraeus]] |
|||
|Ship route= |
|Ship route= |
||
|Ship ordered= |
|Ship ordered= |
||
|Ship awarded= |
|Ship awarded= |
||
|Ship builder=[[ |
|Ship builder=Sir [[Raylton Dixon]] & Co Ltd, [[Middlesbrough]] |
||
|Ship original cost= |
|Ship original cost= |
||
|Ship yard number= |
|Ship yard number= 537 |
||
|Ship way number= |
|Ship way number= |
||
|Ship laid down= |
|Ship laid down= |
||
|Ship launched=19 June 1908 |
|Ship launched= 19 June 1908 |
||
|Ship sponsor= |
|Ship sponsor= |
||
|Ship christened= |
|Ship christened= |
||
|Ship completed= |
|Ship completed= October 1908 |
||
|Ship acquired= |
|Ship acquired= |
||
|Ship commissioned= |
|Ship commissioned= as [[Troopship|troop ship]], November 1912 |
||
|Ship decommissioned= as troop ship, 23 June 1913 |
|||
|Ship recommissioned= |
|||
|Ship |
|Ship maiden voyage= 13 May 1909 |
||
|Ship |
|Ship in service= |
||
|Ship |
|Ship out of service= |
||
|Ship out of service=23 June 1913 |
|||
|Ship renamed= |
|Ship renamed= |
||
|Ship reclassified= |
|Ship reclassified= |
||
| Line 37: | Line 38: | ||
|Ship struck= |
|Ship struck= |
||
|Ship reinstated= |
|Ship reinstated= |
||
|Ship identification= [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless]] [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] SVA |
|||
|Ship homeport=Piraeus, Greece |
|||
|Ship identification= |
|||
|Ship motto= |
|Ship motto= |
||
|Ship nickname= |
|Ship nickname= |
||
|Ship honours= |
|||
|Ship honors= |
|Ship honors= |
||
|Ship captured= |
|Ship captured= |
||
|Ship fate= |
|Ship fate= burned & sank, 1915 |
||
|Ship status= |
|||
|Ship notes= |
|Ship notes= |
||
|Ship badge= |
|Ship badge= |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{Infobox |
{{Infobox ship characteristics |
||
|Hide header= |
|Hide header= |
||
|Header caption= |
|Header caption= |
||
|Ship class= |
|Ship class= |
||
|Ship type= |
|Ship type= [[Ocean liner]] |
||
|Ship tonnage= |
|Ship tonnage= {{GRT|6742}}, {{NRT|4405}} |
||
|Ship length= {{cvt|420.0|ft|abbr=on}} |
|||
|Ship displacement=6,045 gross tons |
|||
|Ship |
|Ship beam= {{cvt|52.0|ft|abbr=on}} |
||
|Ship length={{convert|420|ft|m|abbr=on}} |
|||
|Ship beam={{convert|52|ft|m|abbr=on}} |
|||
|Ship height= |
|Ship height= |
||
|Ship draught= |
|Ship draught= |
||
|Ship depth= {{cvt|27.5|ft|abbr=on}} |
|||
|Ship draft= |
|||
|Ship depth= |
|||
|Ship hold depth= |
|Ship hold depth= |
||
|Ship decks= |
|Ship decks= 2 |
||
|Ship deck clearance= |
|||
|Ship ramps= |
|||
|Ship ice class= |
|Ship ice class= |
||
|Ship power= |
|Ship power= 598 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] |
||
|Ship propulsion= *2 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple expansion engines]] |
|||
|Ship propulsion=Twin screw |
|||
*2 × [[Propeller|screw]]s |
|||
|Ship sail plan= |
|||
|Ship speed= |
|Ship speed= {{convert|14|kn|km/h}} |
||
|Ship range= |
|Ship range= |
||
|Ship endurance= |
|Ship endurance= |
||
|Ship test depth= |
|||
|Ship boats= |
|Ship boats= |
||
|Ship capacity= |
|Ship capacity= |
||
| Line 80: | Line 72: | ||
|Ship complement= |
|Ship complement= |
||
|Ship crew= |
|Ship crew= |
||
|Ship time to activate= |
|||
|Ship sensors= |
|Ship sensors= |
||
|Ship EW= |
|||
|Ship armament= |
|Ship armament= |
||
|Ship armour= |
|Ship armour= |
||
|Ship armor= |
|||
|Ship aircraft= |
|||
|Ship aircraft facilities= |
|||
|Ship notes= |
|Ship notes= |
||
}} |
}} |
||
|} |
|} |
||
'''SS ''Athinai''''' was a Greek |
'''SS ''Athinai''''' was a Greek [[Passenger ship|passenger]] [[steamship]] that was built in England in 1908 and sank in the North Atlantic in 1915. She was built to be a transatlantic [[ocean liner]], but she served also as a [[Troopship|troop ship]]. |
||
''Athinai'' sank as the result of a fire in one of her cargo holds, which seemed to have been caused deliberately. In 1916 a US court convicted three [[German Empire|German]] citizens of causing the fire. |
|||
==Commercial career== |
|||
==Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company== |
|||
The SS ''Athinai'' was commissioned by the [[Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company]] to operate between Piraeus, Kalamata, Patras, and New York. She was requisitioned by the Greek navy for use as a military transport between November 1912 and June 1913, after which she resumed her normal operations. Her owners went bankrupt in August 1914 and she was purchased by the [[National Steamship Navigation Company]] and was operated by the [[National Greek Line]] for use on the same route.<ref>Bonsor, N. R. P. ''North Atlantic Seaway'' vol. 3 p.1386</ref> |
|||
In 1907 DG Moraitis founded the Hellenic Transatlantic Line. It operated a new liner, ''[[SS Themistocles (1907)|Moraitis]]'', that [[John Priestman]] and Company had built in [[Sunderland]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sunderlandships.com/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=103228 |title=Moraitis |work=Wear Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/hellenict.shtml |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |title=Hellenic Transatlantic Line |work=TheShipsList |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
Hellenic Transatlantic Line went bankrupt in 1908. The Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company was founded to take over its ships and services. The new company renamed ''Moraitis'' as ''Themistocles'', and took delivery of the slightly larger ''Athinai'' after she was completed in October 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/hellenictsn.shtml |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |title=Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Co. |work=TheShipsList |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
==Destruction by Fire== |
|||
==Building== |
|||
On 13 September 1915, the ''Athinai'' left New York City<ref>"Shipping and Mails" New York Times 13 Sep 1915 p. 13</ref> carrying 438 passengers and crew of 70 and a cargo of coffee, rice, cotton and newspaper.<ref name=ASOF>Athinai Set on Fire, Her Captain Insists" New York Times 22 Sep 1915 p.3</ref> A fire started in her sealed lower #2 hold on the morning of September 18th, while the ship was still only a few days out of New York. Captain Nicolas sBoziatgiles ordered the hold's vents closed and pumped steam from the engine into the compartment in an effort to control the fire, but by the next morning the flames appeared to have started anew and a general [[SOS]] was issued on the ship's wireless set. Her distress call was received by the [[Anchor Line (steamship company)|Anchor]] liner [[SS Tuscania (1914)|SS ''Tuscania'']], by the British freighter ''[[Roumanian Prince]]'', by the [[Atlantic Transport Line]] liner [[SS Minnehaha|''Minnehaha'']] and by the French liner [[SS Touraine|''La Touraine'']], but by the time the ''Tuscania'' and ''Prince'' arrived the fire appeared to be uncontrollable.<ref name=ASOF /> Passengers were ferried from the Athinai to the ''Tuscania'' and ''Prince'' by lifeboat, and the burning ''Athinai'' was abandoned at 40' 54" N, 58' 47" W.<ref>"Ship Burns at Sea; Rescuer Near" New York Times 20 Sep 1915, p.1</ref> Only one passenger lost his life: a man who jumped overboard in the confusion.<ref name =ASOF /> |
|||
Sir [[Raylton Dixon]] and Company Ltd built ''Athinai'' at [[Middlesbrough]], [[Yorkshire]], launching her on 19 June 1908 and completing her that October.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.teesbuiltships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=166893 |title=Athinai |work=Tees Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> Her registered length was {{cvt|420|ft|abbr=on}}, her beam was {{cvt|52|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|27.5|ft|abbr=on}}. Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|6742}} and {{NRT|4405}}.{{sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1909}} |
|||
''Athinai'' had twin [[Propeller|screw]]s. Each screw was driven by a three-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple expansion steam engine]], built by the North East Marine Engineering Company of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The combined power of her twin engines was rated at 598 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]{{sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1909}} and gave her a speed of {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?17110 |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Lockett |first2=Graham |title=SS Athinai (+1915) |work=Wrecksite |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
==Aftermath== |
|||
==Entry to service== |
|||
Captain Boziatgiles immediately asserted his belief that the fire was caused by incendiary bombs, noting that the fire started in a hold containing a relatively non-combustible cargo of rice and coffee and that the fire had seemed to reignite at several points in the hold on the morning of the 19th, after the flames had seemingly been damped by pressurized steam the previous day. Based on his testimony, the National Steam Company secured the help of a detective agency to investigate the workers involved in filling the hold.<ref name=ASOF /> Boziatgiles's claim was seemingly vindicated with the 24 October arrests of two Germans, [[Robert Fay]] and [[Walter Scholz]]. The men had attempted to purchase 10 pounds of explosive [[picric acid]], a suspicious action which led investigators to discover New York Harbor maps, [[high explosives]] and ship-mountable explosive devices in their apartment and in a rented storage unit.<ref>"Bomb Factory in his Room" New York Times 25 Oct 1915 p.1</ref> Fay later claimed to be a German spy and was eventually convicted, along with Scholz and a third conspirator, on two indictments of "conspiring to destroy vehicles with intent to cause loss".<ref>"Find Fay Guilty, Also his Aids, in Bomb Plot Case", ''The New York Times'', 9 May 1916, p.1.</ref> |
|||
The Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Athinai'' in [[Port of Piraeus|Piraeus]].{{sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1909}} Her route was between Piraeus and [[New York City|New York]] via [[Kalamata]] and [[Patras]] in Greece, [[Port of Palermo|Palermo]] in [[Sicily]], and [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] in the [[Azores]].<ref name=NYT-1911-0226>{{cite news |title=Raid Greek liner, arrest 27 of crew |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 February 1911 |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/02/26/105022095.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> Although she was completed in October 1908, she did not start her maiden voyage from Piraeus until 13 May 1909.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsAA.shtml |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |title=Ship Descriptions – A |work=TheShipsList |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
==Immigration case== |
|||
In 1910 the US Bureau of Immigration started investigating the Hellenic Transatlantic Company on suspicion of breaking the [[Immigration Act of 1907]]. The Bureau placed ''Athinai'' and other Greek ships under covert surveillance. It concluded that on each voyage to New York, each of it ships brought three or four dozen immigrants who avoided the immigration procedures on [[Ellis Island]] by either posing as members of the crew or being concealed aboard by members of the crew.<ref name=NYT-1911-0226/> |
|||
On 25 February 1911 the company's New York [[Shipping agency|agent]] and his secretary were arrested, ''Athinai'' was raided, and 22 of her crew were arrested, including her [[Master mariner|Master]], [[Sea captain|Captain]] Koulowas, all of her officers, and certain of her [[Fireman (steam engine)|firemen]] and stewards. New York's Assistant District Attorney led the raid. He released one of her engineering officers after Koulowas pointed out that no-one was left to look after ''Athinai''{{'}}s engines.<ref name=NYT-1911-0226/> |
|||
The District Attorney sought $20,000 [[bail]] for Captain Koulowas and $10,000 for his [[Chief engineer|Chief Engineer]], Petros Kyrkinos. This was reduced to $10,000 and $4,000 respectively, in the latter case to let Kyrkinos to return to look after ''Athinai''{{'}}s engines.<ref name=NYT-1911-0226/> |
|||
In due course the other arrested officers and crew were released. They then jumped bail by sailing ''Athinai'' back to Greece.<ref name=NYT-1911-0418>{{cite news |title=Indicted officers quit their ship. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 April 1911 |page=7 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/04/18/104863004.html?pageNumber=7}}</ref> |
|||
On 17 April ''Athinai'' arrived back in New York, with a different Master, Captain Nomicos, and different officers. She called at Ellis Island, where the authorities found three cases of [[meningitis]] aboard. The District Attorney sought the [[extradition]] of Captain Koulowas and his officers, but their alleged offences were not ones for which they could be extradited under Greek law.<ref name=NYT-1911-0418/> |
|||
==Later service== |
|||
On 8 October 1912 the [[First Balkan War]] began. The Greek government [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] ''Athinai'', ''Themistocles'', the National Steam Navigation Company liner {{SS|Macedonia|1911|2}} and another Greek ship to take to Greece 6,400 [[Greek Americans|Greeks living in the USA]] who were either [[Hellenic Army]] reservists or volunteers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greeks rushing for home. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 October 1912 |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/10/05/100378065.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> In November 1912 the Royal [[Hellenic Navy]] requisitioned ''Athinai'' as a troop ship. She was returned to her owners in June 1913.{{sfn|Bonsor|1979|p=1,386}} |
|||
By 1913 ''Athinai'' was equipped for [[wireless telegraphy]],{{sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1913}} which the [[Marconi Company]] supplied and operated under contract.{{sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1914}} By 1914 her [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] was SVA. Her wireless set had a transmission range of {{convert|220|nmi|km}}.{{sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1914|p=412}} |
|||
In August 1914 the Hellenic Transatlantic company went bankrupt. The National Steamship Navigation Company Ltd of Greece bought ''Athinai'', kept her on the same route,{{sfn|Bonsor|1979|p=1,386}} and appointed Embiricos Brothers to manage her.{{sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1915}} |
|||
==Loss== |
|||
[[File:TuscaniaI.jpg|thumb|{{SS|Tuscania|1914|2}}, which rescued ''Athinai''{{'}}s passengers and crew]] |
|||
On 13 September 1915 ''Athinai'' left New York<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 September 1915 |page=12 |via=Times Machine |url-access=subscription |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/09/14/issue.html}}</ref> carrying 438 passengers, 70 crew, and a cargo of coffee, rice, cotton, cotton waste and rolls of paper for printing newspapers. On the morning of 18 September a fire started in her Number 2 hold. Her Master{{efn|US news reporters seem to have struggled with the Captain's Greek surname, variously calling him Nicolas Bogiazides, Boziatzides or Boziatgiles. In some cases more than one spelling of his name is used in the same news report. Hence this article refers to him as simply the "Master" or "Captain".}} ordered the hold vents closed, and pumped steam from the engine into the hold to try to put out the fire. As the fire continued, he ordered the hatches opened and the hold flooded. Then the crew started removing luggage and cargo from the hold to gain access to the fire. By 17:00 hrs on 18 September the fire seemed to be under control.<ref name=NYT-1915-0922>{{cite news |title=Athinai Set on Fire, Her Captain Insists |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 September 1915 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/09/22/104654505.html?pageNumber=3}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:SS Athinai (1908) survivors.jpg|thumb|''Athinai'' survivors, possibly aboard one of the ships that rescued them]] |
|||
By 08:00 hrs on 19 September the fire had restarted in Number 2 hold and spread to Number 1 hold.<ref name=NYT-1915-0921>{{cite news |title=Only one lost on Athinai. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 September 1915 |page=18 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/09/21/105040971.html?pageNumber=18 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> ''Athinai''{{'}}s wireless operator transmitted a general [[distress signal]]. This was received by the [[Anchor Line (steamship company)|Anchor]] liner {{SS|Tuscania|1914|2}}, Prince Line cargo ship ''Roumanian Prince'' and [[Compagnie Générale Transatlantique|CGT]] liner {{SS|La Touraine||2}}. By the time ''Tuscania'' and ''Roumanian Prince'' arrived, the fire seemed uncontrollable.<ref name=NYT-1915-0922/> |
|||
''Tuscania'' launched eight of her lifeboats to rescue ''Athinai''{{'}}s passengers and crew.<ref name=NYT-1915-0922/> ''Tuscania'' embarked 408 survivors and ''Prince'' took 61.<ref name=NYT-1915-0921/> ''Athinai'' was abandoned at {{Coord|40|54|N|58|47|W|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Ship Burns at Sea; Rescuer Near |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 September 1915 |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/09/20/100176788.html?pageNumber=1}}</ref> All of ''Athinai''{{'}}s passengers and crew were rescued. One second class passenger, Tomaso Sotoniou<ref name=NYT-1915-0922/> of Meadville, Pennsylvania, died of heart disease 15 hours after boarding ''Tuscania'', and was buried at sea.<ref name=Bridgeport>{{cite news |title=Thrilling Tales of Rescue Told by Survivors of Burning Greek Liner |newspaper=The [[Bridgeport Evening Farmer]] |date=24 September 1915 |place=Bridgeport, CT |page=9 |via=Chronicling America |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1915-09-24/ed-1/seq-9/|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sun>{{cite news |title=Fists Used to Stop Panic on Burning Liner |newspaper=[[The Sun (New York City)|The Sun]] |issue=22 September 1915 |place=New York City |pages=1, 14 |via=Chronicling America |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1915-09-22/ed-1/ |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> |
|||
''Tuscania'' landed survivors at [[Brooklyn]], where immigration officers detained 29 of them to be taken to Ellis Island and deported. However, as the crowd of 235 [[steerage]] passengers was being marshalled, 22 of the detainees escaped.<ref>{{cite news |title=22 "undesirables" escape. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 September 1915 |page=12 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/09/24/100177797.html?pageNumber=12 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
==Investigation== |
|||
''Athinai''{{'}}s Captain immediately asserted his belief that the fire was caused by incendiary bombs, noting that the fire started in a hold containing a relatively non-combustible cargo of rice and coffee and that the fire had seemed to reignite at several points in the hold on the morning of 19 September, after the fire seemed to have been damped by pressurized steam the previous day. Based on his testimony, the National Steamship Company hired a detective agency to investigate the workers involved in loading the hold.<ref name=NYT-1915-0922/> Marine Department officials noted that the fire broke out at about the same location as aboard {{SS|Sant Anna||2}}, which had also caught fire on 19 September.<ref name=DayBook>{{cite news |title=Greek Steamer Burning at Sea – Await Reports |newspaper=[[The Day Book]] |date=20 September 1915 |place=Chicago, IL |page=34 |via=Chronicling America |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915-09-20/ed-1/seq-34/|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Enemy Activities - Officers - Robert Fay, alleged German spy - NARA - 31479927 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Fay]], leader of the plot to bomb ships sailing from New York]] |
|||
On 24 October two Germans were arrested in [[New Jersey]]. [[Robert Fay]] and Walter Scholz had attracted suspicion by trying to buy {{convert|10|lb}} of [[picric acid]], an ingredient in certain explosives. Investigators arrested the pair, and searched the men's rented apartment in [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]], and a storage unit that they rented in [[West Hoboken, New Jersey|West Hoboken]]. The search found New York Harbor maps, high [[explosive]]s and [[explosive mine]]s modified to be attached to the sterns of ships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bomb Factory in his Room |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 October 1915 |page=1 |via=Times Machine |url-access=subscription |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/25/105044678.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> Fay and Scholz readily confessed that they were working for the German secret service and had tried to blow up ships. A third man, Paul Daeche, was arrested in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] on 25 October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Max Breitung sought in German plot; two more arrested as accomplices; Lieut. Fay confesses to conspiracy |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 October 1915 |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/26/105044889.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> By November 1915 a total of six men were charged with trying to blow up ships.<ref name=NYT-1915-1116>{{cite news |title=Fay's disclosures suddenly stopped. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 November 1915 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/16/119030509.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
On 3 November 1915 a [[Grand juries in the United States|federal grand jury]] took up the cases of Fay, Scholz and Germans suspected in other bomb plots.<ref>{{cite news |title=German bomb plot before grand jury |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 November 1915 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/04/104655993.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> Daeche obtained a writ of [[habeas corpus]] against the charges brought against him, but a judge in New Jersey overturned it on 23 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daeche writ dismissed. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 December 1915 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/12/24/104660279.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
==Trial== |
|||
[[File:John Clark Knox in 1917 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Assistant United States Attorney]] [[John C. Knox (New York judge)|John C Knox]] in 1917, the year after he prosecuted Fay, Scholz and Daeche]] |
|||
In April 1916 Fay, Scholz and Daeche faced trial in a [[United States district court]]. [[Assistant United States Attorney]] [[John C. Knox (New York judge)|John C Knox]] led the prosecution. Witnesses told the trial that Fay had bought the explosives [[TNT|trinitrotoluol]] and [[potassium chlorate]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Wettig bares plot of Fay and his aids |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 April 1916 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/04/27/104672878.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> The trial was shown dynamite that Fay had obtained,<ref>{{cite news |title=Dynamite in court at plotters' trial |newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 April 1916 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/04/28/104673153.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> and a mechanical timing and detonating device that he had designed and made with parts including shafts, gear wheels, plungers, springs, firing pins and gun cartridges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infernal machine before Fay jury |newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 April 1916 |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/04/29/100205309.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
The trial continued into May 1916.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fay said he would disarm police boat |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 May 1916 |page=5 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/02/100207034.html?pageNumber=5 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> A model of the stern of a ship was shown to the court to show how Fay's device would be secured to the [[rudder]] post. The normal operation of the rudder would wind up the device's clockwork mechanism, and eventually detonate the [[TNT]] explosive charge. A [[United States Army Coast Artillery Corps]] lieutenant from [[Fort Wadsworth]] told the court that the device, if detonated, would blow the stern off a ship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fay to ask court to dismiss charge |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 May 1916 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/03/104673417.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
Fay denied the artillery lieutenant's assessment. Fay claimed that his purpose was "humanitarian", he designed his device to disable a ship without sinking it, he had no intention of attacking a ship himself, and instead he hoped to sell his invention to the US Government for $500,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Posing as deserter, Fay tells war tale |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 May 1916 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/04/104673716.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
Scholz implicated Fay as being the leader of the plot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scholz blames Fay for work on bombs |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 May 1916 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/05/104673967.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> Daeche denied knowing that Fay planned to bomb ships, and thought that Fay wanted to buy explosives legitimately on behalf of the German government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Under Fay's orders is Daeche's defense |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 May 1916 |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/06/100207391.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
On 8 May 1916 the district court convicted Fay, Scholz and Daeche on two charges of "conspiring to destroy vehicles with intent to cause loss",<ref>{{cite news |title=Find Fay Guilty, Also his Aids, in Bomb Plot Case |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 May 1916 |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/09/104674398.html?pageNumber=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U. S. Secret Service Seeks Wall St. Man in Bomb Conspiracy |newspaper=The Bridgeport Evening Farmer |date=26 October 1915 |place=Bridgeport, CT |pages=1–2 |via=Chronicling America |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1915-10-26/ed-1/ |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> but the jury "asked a strong plea of clemency for Paul Daeche". He was released on $25,000 bail to await sentencing. Fay declared that he intended to appeal against his conviction. His defense counsel claimed that the TNT had been planted on Fay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Find Fay guilty, also his aids, in bomb plot case. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 May 1916 |page=9 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/09/104674398.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
The court sentenced Fay to eight years' imprisonment, Scholz to four years and Daeche to two years. All three were to serve their sentences in the [[United States Penitentiary, Atlanta]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fay is sentenced to serve 8 years |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 May 1916 |page=10 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/10/301856792.html?pageNumber=10 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
|||
==Note== |
|||
{{notelist}} |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
==Bibliography== |
|||
{{coord missing|Atlantic Ocean}} |
|||
*{{cite book |last=Bonsor |first=NRP |year=1979 |title=North Atlantic Seaway |volume=3 |place=Jersey |publisher=Brookside Publications |isbn=978-0905824024 |page=1,386}} |
|||
*{{cite book |year=1909 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |at=ATH–ATL |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1909ST/page/n125/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''LLoyd's Register'', 1909}} }} |
|||
*{{cite book |year=1913 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |at=ATH–ATL |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1913ST/page/n85/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''LLoyd's Register'', 1913}} }} |
|||
*{{cite book |year=1914 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |chapter=List of Vessels Fitted With Installation of Wireless Telegraphy |volume=I–Steamers, Sailing Vessels, and Owners |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |ref={{harvid|''LLoyd's Register'', 1914}} }} |
|||
*{{cite book |year=1915 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |at=ATH |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1915ST/page/n93/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''LLoyd's Register'', 1915}} }} |
|||
*{{cite book |author=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd |author-link=Marconi Company |year=1914 |title=The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony |place=London |publisher=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd}} |
|||
{{September 1915 shipwrecks}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Athinai}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Athinai}} |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:1908 ships]] |
||
[[Category:1910s fires in North America]] |
|||
[[Category:1915 fires]] |
|||
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1915]] |
|||
[[Category:Ocean liners]] |
|||
[[Category:Passenger ships of Greece]] |
|||
[[Category:Ship fires]] |
[[Category:Ship fires]] |
||
[[Category:Ship bombings]] |
[[Category:Ship bombings]] |
||
[[Category:Ships built on the River Tees]] |
|||
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]] |
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Steamships of Greece]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Troop ships]] |
||
[[de:Athinai (1908)]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 12:54, 21 August 2023
 Above: Athinai on fire.
Below: one of Tuscania′s lifeboats with rescuers. | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Greece | |
| Name | Athinai |
| Namesake | Athens |
| Owner |
|
| Operator | 1914: Embiricos Bros |
| Port of registry | Piraeus |
| Builder | Sir Raylton Dixon & Co Ltd, Middlesbrough |
| Yard number | 537 |
| Launched | 19 June 1908 |
| Completed | October 1908 |
| Commissioned | as troop ship, November 1912 |
| Decommissioned | as troop ship, 23 June 1913 |
| Maiden voyage | 13 May 1909 |
| Identification | wireless call sign SVA |
| Fate | burned & sank, 1915 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Ocean liner |
| Tonnage | 6,742 GRT, 4,405 NRT |
| Length | 420.0 ft (128.0 m) |
| Beam | 52.0 ft (15.8 m) |
| Depth | 27.5 ft (8.4 m) |
| Decks | 2 |
| Installed power | 598 NHP |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h) |
SS Athinai was a Greek passenger steamship that was built in England in 1908 and sank in the North Atlantic in 1915. She was built to be a transatlantic ocean liner, but she served also as a troop ship.
Athinai sank as the result of a fire in one of her cargo holds, which seemed to have been caused deliberately. In 1916 a US court convicted three German citizens of causing the fire.
Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company
[edit]In 1907 DG Moraitis founded the Hellenic Transatlantic Line. It operated a new liner, Moraitis, that John Priestman and Company had built in Sunderland, England.[1][2]
Hellenic Transatlantic Line went bankrupt in 1908. The Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company was founded to take over its ships and services. The new company renamed Moraitis as Themistocles, and took delivery of the slightly larger Athinai after she was completed in October 1908.[3]
Building
[edit]Sir Raylton Dixon and Company Ltd built Athinai at Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, launching her on 19 June 1908 and completing her that October.[4] Her registered length was 420 ft (130 m), her beam was 52 ft (16 m) and her depth was 27.5 ft (8.4 m). Her tonnages were 6,742 GRT and 4,405 NRT.[5]
Athinai had twin screws. Each screw was driven by a three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine, built by the North East Marine Engineering Company of Newcastle upon Tyne. The combined power of her twin engines was rated at 598 NHP[5] and gave her a speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).[6]
Entry to service
[edit]The Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Company registered Athinai in Piraeus.[5] Her route was between Piraeus and New York via Kalamata and Patras in Greece, Palermo in Sicily, and São Miguel in the Azores.[7] Although she was completed in October 1908, she did not start her maiden voyage from Piraeus until 13 May 1909.[8]
Immigration case
[edit]In 1910 the US Bureau of Immigration started investigating the Hellenic Transatlantic Company on suspicion of breaking the Immigration Act of 1907. The Bureau placed Athinai and other Greek ships under covert surveillance. It concluded that on each voyage to New York, each of it ships brought three or four dozen immigrants who avoided the immigration procedures on Ellis Island by either posing as members of the crew or being concealed aboard by members of the crew.[7]
On 25 February 1911 the company's New York agent and his secretary were arrested, Athinai was raided, and 22 of her crew were arrested, including her Master, Captain Koulowas, all of her officers, and certain of her firemen and stewards. New York's Assistant District Attorney led the raid. He released one of her engineering officers after Koulowas pointed out that no-one was left to look after Athinai's engines.[7]
The District Attorney sought $20,000 bail for Captain Koulowas and $10,000 for his Chief Engineer, Petros Kyrkinos. This was reduced to $10,000 and $4,000 respectively, in the latter case to let Kyrkinos to return to look after Athinai's engines.[7]
In due course the other arrested officers and crew were released. They then jumped bail by sailing Athinai back to Greece.[9]
On 17 April Athinai arrived back in New York, with a different Master, Captain Nomicos, and different officers. She called at Ellis Island, where the authorities found three cases of meningitis aboard. The District Attorney sought the extradition of Captain Koulowas and his officers, but their alleged offences were not ones for which they could be extradited under Greek law.[9]
Later service
[edit]On 8 October 1912 the First Balkan War began. The Greek government chartered Athinai, Themistocles, the National Steam Navigation Company liner Macedonia and another Greek ship to take to Greece 6,400 Greeks living in the USA who were either Hellenic Army reservists or volunteers.[10] In November 1912 the Royal Hellenic Navy requisitioned Athinai as a troop ship. She was returned to her owners in June 1913.[11]
By 1913 Athinai was equipped for wireless telegraphy,[12] which the Marconi Company supplied and operated under contract.[13] By 1914 her call sign was SVA. Her wireless set had a transmission range of 220 nautical miles (410 km).[14]
In August 1914 the Hellenic Transatlantic company went bankrupt. The National Steamship Navigation Company Ltd of Greece bought Athinai, kept her on the same route,[11] and appointed Embiricos Brothers to manage her.[15]
Loss
[edit]
On 13 September 1915 Athinai left New York[16] carrying 438 passengers, 70 crew, and a cargo of coffee, rice, cotton, cotton waste and rolls of paper for printing newspapers. On the morning of 18 September a fire started in her Number 2 hold. Her Master[a] ordered the hold vents closed, and pumped steam from the engine into the hold to try to put out the fire. As the fire continued, he ordered the hatches opened and the hold flooded. Then the crew started removing luggage and cargo from the hold to gain access to the fire. By 17:00 hrs on 18 September the fire seemed to be under control.[17]
_survivors.jpg)
By 08:00 hrs on 19 September the fire had restarted in Number 2 hold and spread to Number 1 hold.[18] Athinai's wireless operator transmitted a general distress signal. This was received by the Anchor liner Tuscania, Prince Line cargo ship Roumanian Prince and CGT liner La Touraine. By the time Tuscania and Roumanian Prince arrived, the fire seemed uncontrollable.[17]
Tuscania launched eight of her lifeboats to rescue Athinai's passengers and crew.[17] Tuscania embarked 408 survivors and Prince took 61.[18] Athinai was abandoned at 40°54′N 58°47′W / 40.900°N 58.783°W[19] All of Athinai's passengers and crew were rescued. One second class passenger, Tomaso Sotoniou[17] of Meadville, Pennsylvania, died of heart disease 15 hours after boarding Tuscania, and was buried at sea.[20][21]
Tuscania landed survivors at Brooklyn, where immigration officers detained 29 of them to be taken to Ellis Island and deported. However, as the crowd of 235 steerage passengers was being marshalled, 22 of the detainees escaped.[22]
Investigation
[edit]Athinai's Captain immediately asserted his belief that the fire was caused by incendiary bombs, noting that the fire started in a hold containing a relatively non-combustible cargo of rice and coffee and that the fire had seemed to reignite at several points in the hold on the morning of 19 September, after the fire seemed to have been damped by pressurized steam the previous day. Based on his testimony, the National Steamship Company hired a detective agency to investigate the workers involved in loading the hold.[17] Marine Department officials noted that the fire broke out at about the same location as aboard Sant Anna, which had also caught fire on 19 September.[23]
On 24 October two Germans were arrested in New Jersey. Robert Fay and Walter Scholz had attracted suspicion by trying to buy 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of picric acid, an ingredient in certain explosives. Investigators arrested the pair, and searched the men's rented apartment in Weehawken, and a storage unit that they rented in West Hoboken. The search found New York Harbor maps, high explosives and explosive mines modified to be attached to the sterns of ships.[24] Fay and Scholz readily confessed that they were working for the German secret service and had tried to blow up ships. A third man, Paul Daeche, was arrested in Jersey City on 25 October.[25] By November 1915 a total of six men were charged with trying to blow up ships.[26]
On 3 November 1915 a federal grand jury took up the cases of Fay, Scholz and Germans suspected in other bomb plots.[27] Daeche obtained a writ of habeas corpus against the charges brought against him, but a judge in New Jersey overturned it on 23 December.[28]
Trial
[edit].jpg)
In April 1916 Fay, Scholz and Daeche faced trial in a United States district court. Assistant United States Attorney John C Knox led the prosecution. Witnesses told the trial that Fay had bought the explosives trinitrotoluol and potassium chlorate.[29] The trial was shown dynamite that Fay had obtained,[30] and a mechanical timing and detonating device that he had designed and made with parts including shafts, gear wheels, plungers, springs, firing pins and gun cartridges.[31]
The trial continued into May 1916.[32] A model of the stern of a ship was shown to the court to show how Fay's device would be secured to the rudder post. The normal operation of the rudder would wind up the device's clockwork mechanism, and eventually detonate the TNT explosive charge. A United States Army Coast Artillery Corps lieutenant from Fort Wadsworth told the court that the device, if detonated, would blow the stern off a ship.[33]
Fay denied the artillery lieutenant's assessment. Fay claimed that his purpose was "humanitarian", he designed his device to disable a ship without sinking it, he had no intention of attacking a ship himself, and instead he hoped to sell his invention to the US Government for $500,000.[34]
Scholz implicated Fay as being the leader of the plot.[35] Daeche denied knowing that Fay planned to bomb ships, and thought that Fay wanted to buy explosives legitimately on behalf of the German government.[36]
On 8 May 1916 the district court convicted Fay, Scholz and Daeche on two charges of "conspiring to destroy vehicles with intent to cause loss",[37][38] but the jury "asked a strong plea of clemency for Paul Daeche". He was released on $25,000 bail to await sentencing. Fay declared that he intended to appeal against his conviction. His defense counsel claimed that the TNT had been planted on Fay.[39]
The court sentenced Fay to eight years' imprisonment, Scholz to four years and Daeche to two years. All three were to serve their sentences in the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta.[40]
Note
[edit]- ^ US news reporters seem to have struggled with the Captain's Greek surname, variously calling him Nicolas Bogiazides, Boziatzides or Boziatgiles. In some cases more than one spelling of his name is used in the same news report. Hence this article refers to him as simply the "Master" or "Captain".
References
[edit]- ^ "Moraitis". Wear Built Ships. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (6 February 2005). "Hellenic Transatlantic Line". TheShipsList. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (6 February 2005). "Hellenic Transatlantic Steam Navigation Co". TheShipsList. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "Athinai". Tees Built Ships. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ a b c LLoyd's Register, 1909.
- ^ Lettens, Jan; Lockett, Graham (19 September 2017). "SS Athinai (+1915)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Raid Greek liner, arrest 27 of crew". The New York Times. 26 February 1911. p. 4. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (1 July 2012). "Ship Descriptions – A". TheShipsList. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Indicted officers quit their ship". The New York Times. 18 April 1911. p. 7 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Greeks rushing for home". The New York Times. 5 October 1912. p. 4. Retrieved 10 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ a b Bonsor 1979, p. 1,386.
- ^ LLoyd's Register, 1913.
- ^ LLoyd's Register, 1914.
- ^ The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1914, p. 412.
- ^ LLoyd's Register, 1915.
- ^ "Shipping and Mails". The New York Times. 13 September 1915. p. 12 – via Times Machine.
- ^ a b c d e "Athinai Set on Fire, Her Captain Insists". The New York Times. 22 September 1915. p. 3 – via Times Machine.
- ^ a b "Only one lost on Athinai". The New York Times. 21 September 1915. p. 18. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Ship Burns at Sea; Rescuer Near". The New York Times. 20 September 1915. p. 1 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Thrilling Tales of Rescue Told by Survivors of Burning Greek Liner". The Bridgeport Evening Farmer. Bridgeport, CT. 24 September 1915. p. 9. Retrieved 24 September 2015 – via Chronicling America.
- ^ "Fists Used to Stop Panic on Burning Liner". The Sun. No. 22 September 1915. New York City. pp. 1, 14. Retrieved 24 September 2015 – via Chronicling America.
- ^ "22 "undesirables" escape". The New York Times. 24 September 1915. p. 12. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Greek Steamer Burning at Sea – Await Reports". The Day Book. Chicago, IL. 20 September 1915. p. 34. Retrieved 24 September 2015 – via Chronicling America.
- ^ "Bomb Factory in his Room". The New York Times. 25 October 1915. p. 1. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Max Breitung sought in German plot; two more arrested as accomplices; Lieut. Fay confesses to conspiracy". The New York Times. 26 October 1915. p. 1. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Fay's disclosures suddenly stopped". The New York Times. 16 November 1915. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "German bomb plot before grand jury". The New York Times. 4 November 1915. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Daeche writ dismissed". The New York Times. 24 December 1915. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Wettig bares plot of Fay and his aids". The New York Times. 27 April 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Dynamite in court at plotters' trial". The New York Times. 28 April 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Infernal machine before Fay jury". The New York Times. 29 April 1916. p. 4. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Fay said he would disarm police boat". The New York Times. 2 May 1916. p. 5. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Fay to ask court to dismiss charge". The New York Times. 3 May 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Posing as deserter, Fay tells war tale". The New York Times. 4 May 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Scholz blames Fay for work on bombs". The New York Times. 5 May 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Under Fay's orders is Daeche's defense". The New York Times. 6 May 1916. p. 4. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Find Fay Guilty, Also his Aids, in Bomb Plot Case". The New York Times. 9 May 1916. p. 1 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "U. S. Secret Service Seeks Wall St. Man in Bomb Conspiracy". The Bridgeport Evening Farmer. Bridgeport, CT. 26 October 1915. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 24 September 2015 – via Chronicling America.
- ^ "Find Fay guilty, also his aids, in bomb plot case". The New York Times. 9 May 1916. p. 9. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
- ^ "Fay is sentenced to serve 8 years". The New York Times. 10 May 1916. p. 10. Retrieved 8 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bonsor, NRP (1979). North Atlantic Seaway. Vol. 3. Jersey: Brookside Publications. p. 1,386. ISBN 978-0905824024.
- Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1909. ATH–ATL – via Internet Archive.
- Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Vol. I–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1913. ATH–ATL – via Internet Archive.
- "List of Vessels Fitted With Installation of Wireless Telegraphy". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Vol. I–Steamers, Sailing Vessels, and Owners. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1914.
- Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Vol. I–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1915. ATH – via Internet Archive.
- The Marconi Press Agency Ltd (1914). The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. London: The Marconi Press Agency Ltd.
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1915 | |
|---|---|
| Shipwrecks |
|
| Other incidents |
|
