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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{ taxobox | color = pink
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Sand darters
| image = Ammocrypta bifascia.jpg
| image = Ammocrypta bifascia.jpg
| image_caption = [[Florida sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta bifascia''
| image_caption = Florida sand darter, ''(A. bifascia)''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Ammocrypta
⚫
| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]], 1877
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
⚫
| type_species = ''Ammocrypta beanii''
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| type_species_authority = D. S. Jordan, 1877<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record | genid = 3937 | title = Ammocrypta | access-date = 19 September 2020}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| synonyms =
| familia = [[Percidae]]
* ''Pleurolepis'' <small>Putnam, 1863</small>
⚫
| genus = '''''Ammocrypta'''''
* ''Vigil'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1919</small>
⚫
| genus_authority = [[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], 1877
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF2>{{Cof family | family = Etheostomatinae | access-date = 19 September 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text.
}}
}}

'''Sand darters''' are a genus, '''''Ammocrypta''''', of [[Percidae|perches]] native to [[Canada]] and the [[continental United States]].
'''''Ammocrypta''''' is a genus of freshwater [[ray-finned fish]], commonly known as the '''sand darters''', which is classified in the [[subfamily]] [[Etheostomatinae]], part of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Percidae]] which also includes the [[perch]]es, [[Gymnocephalus|ruffes]] and [[Sander (fish)|pikeperches]]. The species in the genus occur in eastern North America in [[Canada]] and the [[continental United States]].<ref name=FishBase/>

==Characteristics==
''Ammocrypta'' species are characterised by having rather elongate and slender bodies. Their bodies are translucent and there is only a single spine in the [[anal fin]]. They also have Spreitzer [[vertebrae]], that is that the first three vertebrae of the backbone, counting from the head, have an open [[haemal arch]] which allows for the fish's [[kidney]] to expand. They have the habit of burying into the sand or gravel bed of streams, only their eyes being visible. The translucence of their bodies and their habit of burying themselves gives them some protection against predation.<ref name = S&H>{{cite book | author1 = Carol A. Stepien | author2 = Amanda Haponski | name-list-style = amp | year = 2015 | chapter = Taxonomy, Distribution, and Evolution of the Percidae | doi = 10.1007/978-94-017-7227-3_1 | title = Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes | pages = 3–60 | editor1 =Patrick Kestemont | editor2 = Konrad Dabrowski | editor3 = Robert C. Summerfelt | publisher = Springer, Dordrecht | isbn = 978-94-017-7227-3}}</ref>

The shared morphological characteristics of ''Ammocrypta'' with its sister taxon ''Crystallaria'' include the possession of complete [[lateral line]]s and unbroken canal on the head. They also share high [[Meristics|meristic counts]] which are thought to be indications of basal morphology, referred to as [[plesiomorphies]].<ref name = S&H/>

==Distribution==
''Ammocrypta'' is found in eastern North America where thy are found across the central part of the coastal plain of the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the whole of the drainage basin of the [[Mississippi River]] and of the [[Ohio River]], the [[Lake St Clair]] system as well as the lower drainage basins of [[Lake Huron]] and [[Lake Superior]].<ref name = Simon>{{cite journal | author1 = Thomas P. Simon | author2 = E.J. Tyberghein | author3 = K.J. Scheiddeger | author4 = C.E. Johnston | name-list-style = amp | year = 1992 | title = Descriptions of protolarvae of sand darters (Percidae: Ammocrypta and Crystallaria) with comments on systematic relationships | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236609368_Descriptions_of_protolarvae_of_sand_darters_Percidae_Ammocrypta_and_Crystallaria_with_comments_on_systematic_relationships | journal = Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters | volume = 3 | issue =4 | pages = 347–358}}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
⚫
The currently recognized species in this genus are:<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Ammocrypta| month = February | year = 2014}}</ref>
* [[Naked sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta beanii'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], 1877</small>.
* [[Florida sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta bifascia'' <small>Williams, 1975</small>.
* ''[[Naked sand darter|Ammocrypta beanii]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]], 1877</small> (Naked sand darter)
* [[Western sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta clara'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Meek, 1885</small>.
* ''[[Florida sand darter|Ammocrypta bifascia]]'' <small>[[James David Williams|J. D. Williams]], 1975</small> (Florida sand darter)
* [[Southern sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta meridiana'' <small>Williams, 1975</small>.
* ''[[Western sand darter|Ammocrypta clara]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Seth Eugene Meek|Meek]], 1885</small> (Western sand darter)
* [[Eastern sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta pellucida'' <small>(Putnam, 1863)</small>.
* ''[[Southern sand darter|Ammocrypta meridiana]]'' <small>[[James David Williams|J. D. Williams]], 1975</small> (Southern sand darter)
* [[Scaly sand darter]], ''Ammocrypta vivax'' <small>Hay, 1882</small>.
* ''[[Eastern sand darter|Ammocrypta pellucida]]'' <small>[[Frederic Ward Putnam|Putnam]], 1863</small> (Eastern sand darter)
* ''[[Scaly sand darter|Ammocrypta vivax]]'' <small>[[Oliver Perry Hay|O. P. Hay]], 1882</small> (Scaly sand darter)

==Taxonomy==
''Ammocrypta'' is the [[sister taxon]] of the genus ''[[Crystallaria]]'' and together these genera are the sister taxon of the [[clade]] consisting of the speciose genus ''[[Etheostoma]]'' and ''[[Nothonotus]]''.<ref name = S&H/> Some authorities regard ''Crystallaria'' as a [[subgenus]] of ''Ammocrypta''.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=448–450 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
* {{FishBase genus | genus = Ammocrypta | month = February | year = 2006}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q956016}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Percidae]]
[[Category:Etheostomatinae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan]]

Latest revision as of 21:02, 23 August 2023

Ammocrypta
Florida sand darter, (A. bifascia)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Percidae
Subfamily: Etheostomatinae
Genus: Ammocrypta
D. S. Jordan, 1877
Type species
Ammocrypta beanii
D. S. Jordan, 1877[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Pleurolepis Putnam, 1863
  • Vigil D. S. Jordan, 1919

Ammocrypta is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish, commonly known as the sand darters, which is classified in the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The species in the genus occur in eastern North America in Canada and the continental United States.[3]

Characteristics

[edit]

Ammocrypta species are characterised by having rather elongate and slender bodies. Their bodies are translucent and there is only a single spine in the anal fin. They also have Spreitzer vertebrae, that is that the first three vertebrae of the backbone, counting from the head, have an open haemal arch which allows for the fish's kidney to expand. They have the habit of burying into the sand or gravel bed of streams, only their eyes being visible. The translucence of their bodies and their habit of burying themselves gives them some protection against predation.[4]

The shared morphological characteristics of Ammocrypta with its sister taxon Crystallaria include the possession of complete lateral lines and unbroken canal on the head. They also share high meristic counts which are thought to be indications of basal morphology, referred to as plesiomorphies.[4]

Distribution

[edit]

Ammocrypta is found in eastern North America where thy are found across the central part of the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico, the whole of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River and of the Ohio River, the Lake St Clair system as well as the lower drainage basins of Lake Huron and Lake Superior.[5]

Species

[edit]

The currently recognized species in this genus are:[3]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Ammocrypta is the sister taxon of the genus Crystallaria and together these genera are the sister taxon of the clade consisting of the speciose genus Etheostoma and Nothonotus.[4] Some authorities regard Crystallaria as a subgenus of Ammocrypta.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Ammocrypta". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Etheostomatinae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Ammocrypta". FishBase. February 2014 version.
  4. ^ a b c Carol A. Stepien & Amanda Haponski (2015). "Taxonomy, Distribution, and Evolution of the Percidae". In Patrick Kestemont; Konrad Dabrowski & Robert C. Summerfelt (eds.). Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 3–60. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7227-3_1. ISBN 978-94-017-7227-3.
  5. ^ Thomas P. Simon; E.J. Tyberghein; K.J. Scheiddeger & C.E. Johnston (1992). "Descriptions of protolarvae of sand darters (Percidae: Ammocrypta and Crystallaria) with comments on systematic relationships". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 3 (4): 347–358.
  6. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 448–450. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
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