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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Orchis morio a.JPG
| image = Anacamptis morio hampe.jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Anacamptis
| genus = Anacamptis
| species = morio
| species = morio
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Richard Bateman (botanist)|R.M.Bateman]], Pridgeon &amp; [[M.W.Chase]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=R. M. Bateman |author2=A. M. Pridgeon |author3=M. W. Chase | year = 1997 | title = Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto | journal = Lindleyana | volume = 12 | pages = 113–141}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Richard Bateman (botanist)|R.M.Bateman]], Pridgeon &amp; [[M.W.Chase]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=R. M. Bateman |author2=A. M. Pridgeon |author3=M. W. Chase | year = 1997 | title = Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto | journal = Lindleyana | volume = 12 | pages = 113–141}}</ref>
| synonyms =
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
{{Specieslist
|Orchis morio|L.
|Orchis morio|L.
|Herorchis morio|(L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein
|Herorchis morio|(L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein
}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP_8585">{{Cite web |title=''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=8585 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_8585>{{Cite web |title=''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=8585 |access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Anacamptis morio''''', the '''green-winged orchid''' or '''green-veined orchid''' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Orchis morio''), is a [[flowering plant]] of the [[orchid]] family, [[Orchidaceae]].
'''''Anacamptis morio''''', the '''green-winged orchid'''<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Chapman |title=Exploring the Cornish Coast |date=2008 |publisher=Alison Hodge |location=[[Penzance]] |isbn=9780906720561 |page=118}}</ref> or '''green-veined orchid''' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Orchis morio''), is a [[flowering plant]] of the [[orchid]] family, [[Orchidaceae]]. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in [[Europe]] and [[the Middle East]].

⚫
[[Image:Orchis morio plants.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Green-winged orchid (''A. morio'') in bloom in meadow habitat]]

The green-winged orchid (Anacamptis morio) is an [[orchid]] species with usually purple flowers found in [[Europe]] and [[the Middle East]].

⚫
== Description ==


⚫
==Description==
It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France. The inflorescence is of various colours, mainly purple but ranging from white, through pink, to deep purple. From 5 to 25 helmet-shaped flowers grow in a loose, linear bunch at the top of the single stalk. A pair of lateral [[sepals]] with prominent green, occasionally purple veins extend laterally like "wings", giving the orchid its name. The broad, three lobed, lower petal is pale in the center with dark spots.
It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France. The inflorescence is of various colours, mainly purple but ranging from white, through pink, to deep purple. From 5 to 25 helmet-shaped flowers grow in a loose, linear bunch at the top of the single stalk. A pair of lateral [[sepals]] with prominent green, occasionally purple veins extend laterally like "wings", giving the orchid its name. The broad, three lobed, lower petal is pale in the center with dark spots.


Leaves are [[lanceolate]], or sometimes [[ovate]], and grow in a rosette around the base of the plan, with some thinner leaves clasping the stem and sheathing almost up to the flowers. Leaves are green and unspotted. Plants grow to 40cm in height.
Leaves are [[lanceolate]], or sometimes [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]], and grow in a rosette around the base of the plan, with some thinner leaves clasping the stem and sheathing almost up to the flowers. Leaves are green and unspotted. Plants grow to 40&nbsp;cm in height.


It is similar in appearance to the early purple orchid ''[[Orchis mascula]]'', which flowers around the same time of year, but ''Anacamptis morio'' has green stripes on the two lateral sepals, and lacks the spots or blotches of the Early Purple's leaves.
It is similar in appearance to the early purple orchid ''[[Orchis mascula]]'', which flowers around the same time of year, but ''Anacamptis morio'' has green stripes on the two lateral sepals, and lacks the spots or blotches of the Early Purple's leaves.


⚫
Individual plants may flower for up to 17 years.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
== Distribution and Habitat ==


==Taxonomy==
⚫
It is a native of western [[Eurasia]], ranging from [[Europe]] to [[Iran]]. In the [[British Isles]] it is found in central-southern England, Wales and Ireland.
The species was first described, as ''[[Orchis]] morio'', by [[Carl Linnaeus]], in 1753. It was transferred to the genus ''[[Anacamptis]]'' in 1997.<ref name=WCSP_8585/> ''Anacamptis'' comes from the Greek ανακάμτειν "anakamptein" which means to bend, although according to different sources it may mean to bend backward, to bend down or to bend forward.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rQIsAwAAQBAJ&dq=anakamptein+bend&pg=PA164 Philoponus - On Aristotle On The Soul]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gf3uCAAAQBAJ&dq=anakamptein+bend&pg=PA9 Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names]</ref><ref>[https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000002347 NBN Atlas - Anacamptis pyramidalis]</ref> The name ''morio'' is Latin for "[[clown]]", which its striped and spotted flowers were held to resemble.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |title=Plantlife - Green Winged Orchid |access-date=2018-10-17 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065645/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_hVnDwAAQBAJ&dq=morio+greek+fool+clown&pg=PA102 The Poor, the Crippled, the Blind and the Lame: Physical and Sensory Disability in the Gospels of the New Testament]</ref>


==Subspecies==
⚫
It grows in unimproved grassy [[meadows]], especially on limestone-rich soil. This species thrives where grass is cut once or twice a year after flowering is complete, or where it is grazed after flowering is complete.<ref name=":1">[http://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Anacamptis_morio_species_account.pdf BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio]</ref> Cutting or mowing should not take place immediately after flowering but give time for seed dispersal.
⚫
{{As of|2014|May}}, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] accepts six subspecies:<ref name=WCSP_Anacamptis_morio>{{Cite web |title=Search for ''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Anacamptis%20morio |access-date=2014-05-17 }}</ref>


⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''caucasica''
⚫
It can grow in dry or wet grazed meadows. It can also be found in coastal grasslands, quarries, churchyards, as well as on roadsides and lawns.<ref name=":1" /> On the European continent it is also found in alpine pasture and in xerothermic grassland on [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] outcrops.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''champagneuxii''
⚫
*[[Anacamptis morio subsp. longicornu|''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'']] (syn: ''Anacamptis longicornu'') — western [[Mediterranean region]].
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio''
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta''
⚫
*[[Anacamptis morio subsp. syriaca|''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca'']]


⚫
==Distribution and habitat==
⚫
Plants cannot establish without a mycorrhizal partner. [[Mycorrhizal fungi]] known to grow in association with the green-winged orchid include Epulhoriza repens and Moniliopsis solani.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
It is a native of western [[Eurasia]], ranging from [[Europe]] to [[Iran]]. In the [[British Isles]] it is found in central-southern England, Wales and Ireland.


⚫
It grows in unimproved grassy [[meadows]], especially on limestone-rich soil. This species thrives where grass is cut once or twice a year after flowering is complete, or where it is grazed after flowering is complete.<ref name=":1">[http://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Anacamptis_morio_species_account.pdf BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio]</ref> Cutting or mowing should not take place immediately after flowering but give time for seed dispersal.
== Pollination ==


⚫
It can grow in dry or wet grazed meadows. It can also be found in coastal [[grassland]]s, quarries, churchyards, as well as on roadsides and lawns.<ref name=":1" /> On the European continent it is also found in alpine pasture and in xerothermic grassland on [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] outcrops.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
Pollination is by [[bees]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio]</ref>


The maximum altitude for this species is somewhere between 1500 and 2000m.<ref>[https://bgflora.net/families/orchidaceae/orchis/orchis_morio/orchis_morio_en.html The Bulgarian Flora Online]</ref><ref>[https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/anacamptis-morio/?lang=en Monaco Nature Encyclopedia]</ref>
⚫
The flowers do not produce nectar, but can attract pollinators with their visual appearance. This nectar deception "facilitates the mixing of pollen between different individual plants, promotes genetic diversity in the species, and has been favored evolutionarily over nectar production."<ref>[http://blogs.britannica.com/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/ Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids]</ref>


⚫
[[Image:Orchis morio plants.jpg|thumb|upright|left|In bloom in meadow habitat]]
⚫
Individual plants may flower for up to 17 years.<ref name=":1" />


== Etymology ==
==Ecology==
⚫
Pollination is by bees.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio]</ref>


⚫
The flowers do not produce nectar, but can attract pollinators with their visual appearance. This nectar deception "facilitates the mixing of pollen between different individual plants, promotes genetic diversity in the species, and has been favored evolutionarily over nectar production."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.britannica.com/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/ |title=Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids |access-date=2017-05-12 |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907110841/http://blogs.britannica.com/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Anacamptis comes from the Greek ανακάμτειν "anakamptein" which according to different sources may mean to bend backward or to bend forward. The name ''morio'' is derived from the Greek word "moros" meaning "fool". This refers to the colourful, green striped flowers, after which its common name also derives.


⚫
Plants cannot establish without a mycorrhizal partner. This makes them vulnerable to chemicals, particularly fungicides, but also other chemical applications, including fertilisers, which could reduce the prevalence of particular species of fungi. [[Mycorrhizal fungi]] known to grow in association with the green-winged orchid include ''[[Epulorhiza]] repens'' ([[Tulasnellaceae]]) and ''Moniliopsis solani'' ([[Ceratobasidiaceae]]).<ref name=":1" />
⚫
== Conservation ==


⚫
==Conservation==
This species conservation status is vulnerable and near threatened <ref>[https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid Plantlife - Green-winged orchid]</ref>
This species' conservation status is vulnerable and near threatened.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |title=Plantlife - Green-winged orchid |access-date=2018-10-17 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065645/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |url-status=dead }}</ref>


It is a protected species in [[Northern Ireland]] under the Wildlife (NI) Order of 1985.<ref>[http://www.habitas.org.uk/flora/species.asp?item=2324 Orchis morio :: Flora of Northern Ireland web site<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
It is a protected species in [[Northern Ireland]] under the Wildlife (NI) Order of 1985.<ref>[http://www.habitas.org.uk/flora/species.asp?item=2324 Orchis morio :: Flora of Northern Ireland web site<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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[[File:Anacamptis Fleur global.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.6| Flower]]
[[File:Anacamptis Fleur global.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.6| Flower]]


== Subspecies ==
==References==
⚫
{{As of|2014|May}}, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] accepts six subspecies:<ref name="WCSP_Anacamptis morio">{{Cite web |title=Search for ''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Anacamptis%20morio |accessdate=2014-05-17 }}</ref>

⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''caucasica''
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''champagneuxii''
⚫
*[[Anacamptis morio subsp. longicornu|''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'']] (syn: ''Anacamptis longicornu'') — western [[Mediterranean region]].
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio''
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta''
⚫
*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Commons-inline|Anacamptis morio|''Anacamptis morio''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Anacamptis morio|''Anacamptis morio''}}
* {{eol|1099026}} Images. Habitats, habitus etc. and images of ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio'' Anacamptis ''morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'', ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta'', ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca''
* {{eol|1099026}} Images. Habitats, habitus etc. and images of ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio'' Anacamptis ''morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'', ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta'', ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca''
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/orchida/orchi/orchmorv.jpg Den virtuella floran - Distribution]
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/orchida/orchi/orchmorv.jpg Den virtuella floran - Distribution]
* [http://orchid.unibas.ch/site.home.php Swiss Orchid Foundation]
* [http://orchid.unibas.ch/site.home.php Swiss Orchid Foundation]
* [http://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Anacamptis_morio_species_account.pdf BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio]
* [http://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Anacamptis_morio_species_account.pdf BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio]
* [https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid Plantlife - Green-winged orchid]
* [https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid Plantlife - Green-winged orchid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065645/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |date=2021-03-08 }}
* [https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid]
* [https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid]


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[[Category:Anacamptis|morio]]
[[Category:Anacamptis|morio]]
[[Category:Orchideae species]]
[[Category:Orchids of Europe]]
[[Category:Orchids of Europe]]
[[Category:Orchids of France]]
[[Category:Orchids of France]]
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[[Category:Matorral shrubland]]
[[Category:Matorral shrubland]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]

Latest revision as of 00:10, 25 August 2023

Anacamptis morio
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Genus: Anacamptis
Species:
A. morio
Binomial name
Anacamptis morio
Synonyms[2]
  • Orchis morio L.
  • Herorchis morio (L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein

Anacamptis morio, the green-winged orchid[3] or green-veined orchid (synonym Orchis morio), is a flowering plant of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in Europe and the Middle East.

Description

[edit]

It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France. The inflorescence is of various colours, mainly purple but ranging from white, through pink, to deep purple. From 5 to 25 helmet-shaped flowers grow in a loose, linear bunch at the top of the single stalk. A pair of lateral sepals with prominent green, occasionally purple veins extend laterally like "wings", giving the orchid its name. The broad, three lobed, lower petal is pale in the center with dark spots.

Leaves are lanceolate, or sometimes ovate, and grow in a rosette around the base of the plan, with some thinner leaves clasping the stem and sheathing almost up to the flowers. Leaves are green and unspotted. Plants grow to 40 cm in height.

It is similar in appearance to the early purple orchid Orchis mascula, which flowers around the same time of year, but Anacamptis morio has green stripes on the two lateral sepals, and lacks the spots or blotches of the Early Purple's leaves.

Individual plants may flower for up to 17 years.[4]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The species was first described, as Orchis morio, by Carl Linnaeus, in 1753. It was transferred to the genus Anacamptis in 1997.[2] Anacamptis comes from the Greek ανακάμτειν "anakamptein" which means to bend, although according to different sources it may mean to bend backward, to bend down or to bend forward.[5][6][7] The name morio is Latin for "clown", which its striped and spotted flowers were held to resemble.[8][9]

Subspecies

[edit]

As of May 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts six subspecies:[10]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

It is a native of western Eurasia, ranging from Europe to Iran. In the British Isles it is found in central-southern England, Wales and Ireland.

It grows in unimproved grassy meadows, especially on limestone-rich soil. This species thrives where grass is cut once or twice a year after flowering is complete, or where it is grazed after flowering is complete.[4] Cutting or mowing should not take place immediately after flowering but give time for seed dispersal.

It can grow in dry or wet grazed meadows. It can also be found in coastal grasslands, quarries, churchyards, as well as on roadsides and lawns.[4] On the European continent it is also found in alpine pasture and in xerothermic grassland on porphyry outcrops.[4]

The maximum altitude for this species is somewhere between 1500 and 2000m.[11][12]

In bloom in meadow habitat

Ecology

[edit]

Pollination is by bees.[4][13]

The flowers do not produce nectar, but can attract pollinators with their visual appearance. This nectar deception "facilitates the mixing of pollen between different individual plants, promotes genetic diversity in the species, and has been favored evolutionarily over nectar production."[14]

Plants cannot establish without a mycorrhizal partner. This makes them vulnerable to chemicals, particularly fungicides, but also other chemical applications, including fertilisers, which could reduce the prevalence of particular species of fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi known to grow in association with the green-winged orchid include Epulorhiza repens (Tulasnellaceae) and Moniliopsis solani (Ceratobasidiaceae).[4]

Conservation

[edit]

This species' conservation status is vulnerable and near threatened.[15]

It is a protected species in Northern Ireland under the Wildlife (NI) Order of 1985.[16]

In 2001 Anacamptis morio was adopted as the logo for Priory Vale, the third and final instalment in Swindon's 'Northern Expansion' project. Due to a rapid decline in the species they are protected in certain cases, although still regarded as being quite common in the Swindon area, especially Clifford Meadow, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) off Thamesdown Drive, Swindon.

Flower

References

[edit]
  1. ^ R. M. Bateman; A. M. Pridgeon; M. W. Chase (1997). "Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto". Lindleyana. 12: 113–141.
  2. ^ a b "Anacamptis morio". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  3. ^ David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 118. ISBN 9780906720561.
  4. ^ a b c d e f BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio
  5. ^ Philoponus - On Aristotle On The Soul
  6. ^ Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names
  7. ^ NBN Atlas - Anacamptis pyramidalis
  8. ^ "Plantlife - Green Winged Orchid". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  9. ^ The Poor, the Crippled, the Blind and the Lame: Physical and Sensory Disability in the Gospels of the New Testament
  10. ^ "Search for Anacamptis morio". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  11. ^ The Bulgarian Flora Online
  12. ^ Monaco Nature Encyclopedia
  13. ^ The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio
  14. ^ "Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids". Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  15. ^ "Plantlife - Green-winged orchid". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
  16. ^ Orchis morio :: Flora of Northern Ireland web site
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anacamptis morio.
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