Anacamptis morio: Difference between revisions

Anacamptis morio
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Orchidoideae
Genus:	Anacamptis
Species:	A. morio
Binomial name
	Anacamptis morio; (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase
Synonyms
	Orchis morio L. ; Herorchis morio (L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein ;

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Anacamptis morio, the green-winged orchid^[3] or green-veined orchid (synonym Orchis morio), is a flowering plant of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in Europe and the Middle East.

Description

It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France. The inflorescence is of various colours, mainly purple but ranging from white, through pink, to deep purple. From 5 to 25 helmet-shaped flowers grow in a loose, linear bunch at the top of the single stalk. A pair of lateral sepals with prominent green, occasionally purple veins extend laterally like "wings", giving the orchid its name. The broad, three lobed, lower petal is pale in the center with dark spots.

Leaves are lanceolate, or sometimes ovate, and grow in a rosette around the base of the plan, with some thinner leaves clasping the stem and sheathing almost up to the flowers. Leaves are green and unspotted. Plants grow to 40 cm in height.

It is similar in appearance to the early purple orchid Orchis mascula, which flowers around the same time of year, but Anacamptis morio has green stripes on the two lateral sepals, and lacks the spots or blotches of the Early Purple's leaves.

Individual plants may flower for up to 17 years.^[4]

Taxonomy

The species was first described, as Orchis morio, by Carl Linnaeus, in 1753. It was transferred to the genus Anacamptis in 1997.^[2] Anacamptis comes from the Greek ανακάμτειν "anakamptein" which means to bend, although according to different sources it may mean to bend backward, to bend down or to bend forward.^[5]^[6]^[7] The name morio is Latin for "clown", which its striped and spotted flowers were held to resemble.^[8]^[9]

Subspecies

As of May 2014^[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts six subspecies:^[10]

Anacamptis morio subsp. caucasica
Anacamptis morio subsp. champagneuxii
Anacamptis morio subsp. longicornu (syn: Anacamptis longicornu) — western Mediterranean region.
Anacamptis morio subsp. morio
Anacamptis morio subsp. picta
Anacamptis morio subsp. syriaca

Distribution and habitat

It is a native of western Eurasia, ranging from Europe to Iran. In the British Isles it is found in central-southern England, Wales and Ireland.

It grows in unimproved grassy meadows, especially on limestone-rich soil. This species thrives where grass is cut once or twice a year after flowering is complete, or where it is grazed after flowering is complete.^[4] Cutting or mowing should not take place immediately after flowering but give time for seed dispersal.

It can grow in dry or wet grazed meadows. It can also be found in coastal grasslands, quarries, churchyards, as well as on roadsides and lawns.^[4] On the European continent it is also found in alpine pasture and in xerothermic grassland on porphyry outcrops.^[4]

The maximum altitude for this species is somewhere between 1500 and 2000m.^[11]^[12]

Ecology

Pollination is by bees.^[4]^[13]

The flowers do not produce nectar, but can attract pollinators with their visual appearance. This nectar deception "facilitates the mixing of pollen between different individual plants, promotes genetic diversity in the species, and has been favored evolutionarily over nectar production."^[14]

Plants cannot establish without a mycorrhizal partner. This makes them vulnerable to chemicals, particularly fungicides, but also other chemical applications, including fertilisers, which could reduce the prevalence of particular species of fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi known to grow in association with the green-winged orchid include Epulorhiza repens (Tulasnellaceae) and Moniliopsis solani (Ceratobasidiaceae).^[4]

Conservation

This species' conservation status is vulnerable and near threatened.^[15]

It is a protected species in Northern Ireland under the Wildlife (NI) Order of 1985.^[16]

In 2001 Anacamptis morio was adopted as the logo for Priory Vale, the third and final instalment in Swindon's 'Northern Expansion' project. Due to a rapid decline in the species they are protected in certain cases, although still regarded as being quite common in the Swindon area, especially Clifford Meadow, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) off Thamesdown Drive, Swindon.

References

^ R. M. Bateman; A. M. Pridgeon; M. W. Chase (1997). "Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto". Lindleyana. 12: 113–141.
^ ^a ^b "Anacamptis morio". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 118. ISBN 9780906720561.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio
^ Philoponus - On Aristotle On The Soul
^ Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names
^ NBN Atlas - Anacamptis pyramidalis
^ "Plantlife - Green Winged Orchid". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
^ The Poor, the Crippled, the Blind and the Lame: Physical and Sensory Disability in the Gospels of the New Testament
^ "Search for Anacamptis morio". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ The Bulgarian Flora Online
^ Monaco Nature Encyclopedia
^ The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio
^ "Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids". Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
^ "Plantlife - Green-winged orchid". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
^ Orchis morio :: Flora of Northern Ireland web site

External links

"Anacamptis morio". The Encyclopedia of Life. Images. Habitats, habitus etc. and images of Anacamptis morio subsp. morio Anacamptis morio subsp. longicornu, Anacamptis morio subsp. picta, Anacamptis morio subsp. syriaca
Den virtuella floran - Distribution
Swiss Orchid Foundation
BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio
Plantlife - Green-winged orchid Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid

[1] R. M. Bateman; A. M. Pridgeon; M. W. Chase (1997). "Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto". Lindleyana. 12: 113–141.

[WCSP_8585-2] "Anacamptis morio". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-05-17.

[3] David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 118. ISBN 9780906720561.

[:1-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio

[5] Philoponus - On Aristotle On The Soul

[6] Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names

[7] NBN Atlas - Anacamptis pyramidalis

[8] "Plantlife - Green Winged Orchid". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-10-17.

[9] The Poor, the Crippled, the Blind and the Lame: Physical and Sensory Disability in the Gospels of the New Testament

[WCSP_Anacamptis_morio-10] "Search for Anacamptis morio". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-05-17.

[11] The Bulgarian Flora Online

[12] Monaco Nature Encyclopedia

[13] The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio

[14] "Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids". Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2017-05-12.

[15] "Plantlife - Green-winged orchid". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-10-17.

[16] Orchis morio :: Flora of Northern Ireland web site

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Species of plant}}
 {{Speciesbox
-| image = Orchis morio a.JPG
+| image = Anacamptis morio hampe.jpg
+| status = NT
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
 | genus = Anacamptis
 | species = morio
 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Richard Bateman (botanist)|R.M.Bateman]], Pridgeon &amp; [[M.W.Chase]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=R. M. Bateman |author2=A. M. Pridgeon |author3=M. W. Chase | year = 1997 | title = Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto | journal = Lindleyana | volume = 12 | pages = 113–141}}</ref>
-| synonyms =
+| synonyms = {{Specieslist
-  {{Specieslist
   |Orchis morio|L.
   |Herorchis morio|(L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein
   }}
-| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_8585>{{Cite web |title=''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=8585 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>
+| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_8585>{{Cite web |title=''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=8585 |access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
 }}
-'''''Anacamptis morio''''', the '''green-winged orchid''' or '''green-veined orchid''' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Orchis morio''), is a [[flowering plant]] of the [[orchid]] family, [[Orchidaceae]]. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in [[Europe]] and [[the Middle East]].
+'''''Anacamptis morio''''', the '''green-winged orchid'''<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Chapman |title=Exploring the Cornish Coast |date=2008 |publisher=Alison Hodge |location=[[Penzance]] |isbn=9780906720561 |page=118}}</ref> or '''green-veined orchid''' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Orchis morio''), is a [[flowering plant]] of the [[orchid]] family, [[Orchidaceae]]. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in [[Europe]] and [[the Middle East]].
-== Description ==
+==Description==
 It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France. The inflorescence is of various colours, mainly purple but ranging from white, through pink, to deep purple. From 5 to 25 helmet-shaped flowers grow in a loose, linear bunch at the top of the single stalk. A pair of lateral [[sepals]] with prominent green, occasionally purple veins extend laterally like "wings", giving the orchid its name. The broad, three lobed, lower petal is pale in the center with dark spots.
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 ==Taxonomy==
-The species was first described, as ''Orchis morio'', by [[Carl Linnaeus]], in  1753. It was transferred to the genus ''[[Anacamptis]]'' in 1997.<ref name=WCSP_8585/> ''Anacamptis'' comes from the Greek ανακάμτειν "anakamptein" which according to different sources may mean to bend backward or to bend forward.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rQIsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=anakamptein+bend&source=bl&ots=V0OtMXp3wR&sig=ACfU3U3UqIWbpWFBaamC3IZ_DTiTWiOqzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiapaDts_zhAhUrSxUIHcJFBk4Q6AEwBHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=anakamptein%20bend&f=false Philoponus - On Aristotle On The Soul]</ref> The name ''morio'' is Latin for "[[clown]]", which its striped and spotted flowers were held to resemble.<ref>[https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid Plantlife - Green Winged Orchid]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_hVnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=morio+greek+fool+clown&source=bl&ots=94qhPX-c6G&sig=ACfU3U2dlMBDsj4hm7GcqsRy1cvEDenkxQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRy5CJsvzhAhXdURUIHQ0VDrM4ChDoATACegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=morio%20greek%20fool%20clown&f=false The Poor, the Crippled, the Blind and the Lame: Physical and Sensory Disability in the Gospels of the New Testament]</ref>
+The species was first described, as ''[[Orchis]] morio'', by [[Carl Linnaeus]], in  1753. It was transferred to the genus ''[[Anacamptis]]'' in 1997.<ref name=WCSP_8585/> ''Anacamptis'' comes from the Greek ανακάμτειν "anakamptein" which means to bend, although according to different sources it may mean to bend backward, to bend down or to bend forward.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rQIsAwAAQBAJ&dq=anakamptein+bend&pg=PA164 Philoponus - On Aristotle On The Soul]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gf3uCAAAQBAJ&dq=anakamptein+bend&pg=PA9 Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names]</ref><ref>[https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000002347 NBN Atlas - Anacamptis pyramidalis]</ref> The name ''morio'' is Latin for "[[clown]]", which its striped and spotted flowers were held to resemble.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |title=Plantlife - Green Winged Orchid |access-date=2018-10-17 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065645/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_hVnDwAAQBAJ&dq=morio+greek+fool+clown&pg=PA102 The Poor, the Crippled, the Blind and the Lame: Physical and Sensory Disability in the Gospels of the New Testament]</ref>
-== Subspecies ==
+==Subspecies==
-{{As of|2014|May}}, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] accepts six subspecies:<ref name=WCSP_Anacamptis_morio>{{Cite web |title=Search for ''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Anacamptis%20morio |accessdate=2014-05-17 }}</ref>
+{{As of|2014|May}}, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] accepts six subspecies:<ref name=WCSP_Anacamptis_morio>{{Cite web |title=Search for ''Anacamptis morio''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Anacamptis%20morio |access-date=2014-05-17 }}</ref>
 *''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''caucasica''
@@ Line 35: / Line 36: @@
 *''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio''
 *''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta''
-*''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca''
+*[[Anacamptis morio subsp. syriaca|''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca'']]
-== Distribution and habitat ==
+==Distribution and habitat==
 It is a native of western [[Eurasia]], ranging from [[Europe]] to [[Iran]]. In the [[British Isles]] it is found in central-southern England, Wales and Ireland.
 It grows in unimproved grassy [[meadows]], especially on limestone-rich soil. This species thrives where grass is cut once or twice a year after flowering is complete, or where it is grazed after flowering is complete.<ref name=":1">[http://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Anacamptis_morio_species_account.pdf BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio]</ref> Cutting or mowing should not take place immediately after flowering but give time for seed dispersal.
-It can grow in dry or wet grazed meadows. It can also be found in coastal grasslands, quarries, churchyards, as well as on roadsides and lawns.<ref name=":1" /> On the European continent it is also found in alpine pasture and in xerothermic grassland on [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] outcrops.<ref name=":1" />
+It can grow in dry or wet grazed meadows. It can also be found in coastal [[grassland]]s, quarries, churchyards, as well as on roadsides and lawns.<ref name=":1" /> On the European continent it is also found in alpine pasture and in xerothermic grassland on [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] outcrops.<ref name=":1" />
 The maximum altitude for this species is somewhere between 1500 and 2000m.<ref>[https://bgflora.net/families/orchidaceae/orchis/orchis_morio/orchis_morio_en.html The Bulgarian Flora Online]</ref><ref>[https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/anacamptis-morio/?lang=en Monaco Nature Encyclopedia]</ref>
-[[Image:Orchis morio plants.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Green-winged orchid (''A. morio'') in bloom in meadow habitat]]
+[[Image:Orchis morio plants.jpg|thumb|upright|left|In bloom in meadow habitat]]
-== Ecology ==
-Pollination is by [[bees]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio]</ref>
+==Ecology==
-The flowers do not produce nectar, but can attract pollinators with their visual appearance. This nectar deception "facilitates the mixing of pollen between different individual plants, promotes genetic diversity in the species, and has been favored evolutionarily over nectar production."<ref>[http://blogs.britannica.com/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/  Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids]</ref>
+Pollination is by bees.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio]</ref>
+The flowers do not produce nectar, but can attract pollinators with their visual appearance. This nectar deception "facilitates the mixing of pollen between different individual plants, promotes genetic diversity in the species, and has been favored evolutionarily over nectar production."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.britannica.com/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/ |title=Britannica Blog: The Deceptive Flowers of Orchids |access-date=2017-05-12 |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907110841/http://blogs.britannica.com/2011/03/deceptive-flowers-orchids/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Plants cannot establish without a mycorrhizal partner. This makes them vulnerable to chemicals, particularly fungicides, but also other chemical applications which could reduce the prevalence of particular species of fungi. [[Mycorrhizal fungi]] known to grow in association with the green-winged orchid include ''[[Epulorhiza]] repens'' ([[Tulasnellaceae]]) and ''Moniliopsis solani'' ([[Ceratobasidiaceae]]).<ref name=":1" />
+Plants cannot establish without a mycorrhizal partner. This makes them vulnerable to chemicals, particularly fungicides, but also other chemical applications, including fertilisers, which could reduce the prevalence of particular species of fungi. [[Mycorrhizal fungi]] known to grow in association with the green-winged orchid include ''[[Epulorhiza]] repens'' ([[Tulasnellaceae]]) and ''Moniliopsis solani'' ([[Ceratobasidiaceae]]).<ref name=":1" />
-== Conservation ==
+==Conservation==
-This species' conservation status is vulnerable and near threatened.<ref>[https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid  Plantlife - Green-winged orchid]</ref>
+This species' conservation status is vulnerable and near threatened.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |title=Plantlife - Green-winged orchid |access-date=2018-10-17 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065645/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 It is a protected species in [[Northern Ireland]] under the Wildlife (NI) Order of 1985.<ref>[http://www.habitas.org.uk/flora/species.asp?item=2324 Orchis morio :: Flora of Northern Ireland web site<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
@@ Line 67: / Line 65: @@
 [[File:Anacamptis Fleur global.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.6| Flower]]
-== References ==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-== External links ==
+==External links==
+{{Commons}}
-* {{Commons-inline|Anacamptis morio|''Anacamptis morio''}}
-* {{Wikispecies-inline|Anacamptis morio|''Anacamptis morio''}}
 * {{eol|1099026}} Images. Habitats, habitus etc. and images of ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio'' Anacamptis ''morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'', ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta'',  ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca''
 * [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/orchida/orchi/orchmorv.jpg Den virtuella floran - Distribution]
 * [http://orchid.unibas.ch/site.home.php Swiss Orchid Foundation]
 * [http://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/Anacamptis_morio_species_account.pdf BSBI Species Account - Anacamptis morio]
-* [https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid Plantlife - Green-winged orchid]
+* [https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid Plantlife - Green-winged orchid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065645/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/green-winged-orchid |date=2021-03-08 }}
 * [https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691667/pdf/15255098.pdf The Royal Society - The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid]
@@ Line 103: / Line 100: @@
 [[Category:Matorral shrubland]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 [[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]
 [[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]

Taxon identifiers
Anacamptis morio	Wikidata: Q161153 Wikispecies: Anacamptis morio APDB: 161039 BOLD: 597466 CoL: 66JCN EoL: 1099026 EPPO: ORSMO GBIF: 2808565 iNaturalist: 59318 IPNI: 998308-1 NBN: NHMSYS0000455893 NCBI: 59340 Observation.org: 2653 Open Tree of Life: 468377 PFI: 8167 Plant List: kew-8585 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:998308-1 Species+: 17312 WFO: wfo-0000968477
Orchis morio	Wikidata: Q17505414 APDB: 161351 BioLib: 42159 CoL: 7W5WP EUNIS: 189762 GBIF: 2808566 GRIN: 417538 IPNI: 648892-1 IRMNG: 11818114 ITIS: 894643 Observation.org: 105301 PalDat: Orchis_morio PfaF: Orchis morio PLANTS: ORMO5 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648892-1 Species+: 17370 Tropicos: 23500920 WFO: wfo-0000259672 WoRMS: 425916