Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease: Difference between revisions

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Saturated fat#Cardiovascular disease

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+#REDIRECT [[Saturated fat#Cardiovascular disease]]
-{{about|the health risks of saturated fat|the risks of blood cholesterol|Lipid hypothesis}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
-Most medical, scientific, heart-health, governmental, and professional authorities agree that '''[[saturated fat]]''' is a risk factor for [[cardiovascular disease]], including the [[World Health Organization]],<ref name="WHO">{{cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_916.pdf|title=Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (WHO technical report series 916)|author=Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2003|isbn= 978-92-4-120916-8|pages=81–94|access-date=2011-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724215855/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_916.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> the [[Food and Nutrition Board]] of the [[National Academy of Medicine]],<ref name="FNBmacronutrients">{{cite book|last1=Food and Nutrition Board|title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids|date=2005 |publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|page=422|chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/10|access-date=25 July 2017|chapter=10: Dietary Fats: Total Fat and Fatty Acids}}</ref> the [[Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]],<ref name="ADA/DOC">{{cite journal | journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association | pages = 1599–1611 [1603] |date=September 2007 | volume = 107 | access-date = 2011-03-18 | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7524/e97c6c504695d5c2f254080b69629a7dd27e.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190227020848/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7524/e97c6c504695d5c2f254080b69629a7dd27e.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2019-02-27 | title = Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Dietary Fatty Acids | issue = 9 | pmid = 17936958 | last1 = Kris-Etherton | first1 = PM | last2 = Innis | first2 = S | last3 = American Dietetic | first3 = Association | last4 = Dietitians Of | first4 = Canada | doi= 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.024| s2cid = 21213410 }}</ref> the [[Dietitians of Canada]],<ref name="ADA/DOC"/> the [[British Dietetic Association|Association of UK Dietitians]],<ref name=BDA>{{cite web|title=Food Fact Sheet - Cholesterol |url=http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf |publisher=Association of UK Dietitians |access-date=28 July 2019|date=1 December 2018}}</ref> the [[American Heart Association]],<ref name="aha2017">{{cite journal|last1= Sacks|first1=Frank M.|last2=Lichtenstein|first2=Alice H.|last3=Wu|first3=Jason H.Y.|last4=Appel|first4=Lawrence J.|last5=Creager|first5=Mark A.|last6=Kris-Etherton|first6=Penny M.|last7=Miller|first7=Michael|last8=Rimm|first8=Eric B.|last9=Rudel|first9=Lawrence L.|last10=Robinson|first10=Jennifer G.|last11=Stone|first11=Neil J.|last12=Van Horn |first12= Linda V.|title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|date=15 June 2017|pages=e1–e23|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510|pmid= 28620111 |volume=136|issue=3|s2cid=367602|doi-access=free}}</ref> the [[British Heart Foundation]],<ref name=BHF>{{cite web | url = https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/preventing-heart-disease/healthy-eating/fats-explained | title = Fats explained | access-date = 2012-05-03}}</ref> the [[Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada]],<ref name="HeartStrokeCanada">{{cite web|title=Dietary fats, oils and cholesterol |url=http://www.heartandstroke.ca/get-healthy/healthy-eating/fats-and-oils|website=[[Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada]]|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> the [[World Heart Federation]],<ref name=WorldHeartFederation>{{cite web | url = http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors | title = Cardiovascular Risk Factors |website = World Heart Federation|date = 30 May 2017}}</ref> the British [[National Health Service]],<ref name = NHS>{{cite web |title=Eat less saturated fat |url=http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/goodfood/pages/eat-less-saturated-fat.aspx|publisher=[[National Health Service]]|date=1 June 2017 |access-date=28 July 2019 }}</ref> the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]],<ref name=FDA>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm192658.htm |title=Nutrition Facts at a Glance - Nutrients: Saturated Fat |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |date=2009-12-22 |access-date=2012-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110917133305/https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm192658.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2011 }}</ref> and the [[European Food Safety Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1461|publisher=European Food Safety Authority|access-date=3 May 2012|date=2010-03-25}}</ref>
-There is moderate quality evidence that reducing the proportion of saturated fat in the diet, and replacing it with unsaturated fats over a period of at least two years, leads to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hooper|first=Lee|last2=Martin|first2=Nicole|last3=Jimoh|first3=Oluseyi F.|last4=Kirk|first4=Christian|last5=Foster|first5=Eve|last6=Abdelhamid|first6=Asmaa S.|date=21 August 2020|title=Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827219|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD011737|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=32827219}}</ref>
-{{TOC limit|2}}
-==History==
-The hypothesis that saturated fat has a detrimental effect on human health gained prominence in the 1950s as a result of the work of [[Ancel Keys]], who postulated a correlation between [[Lipoproteins|circulating cholesterol]] levels and [[cardiovascular disease]], and initiated a study of Minnesota businessmen (the first [[prospective study]] of CVD).<ref name="Keys1963">{{cite journal|last1=Keys|first1=Ancel|last2=Taylor|first2=Henry Longstreet|last3=Blackburn|first3=Henry|last4=Brozek|first4=Josef|last5=Anderson|first5=Joseph T.|last6=Simonson|first6=Ernst|date=1 September 1963|title=Coronary Heart Disease among Minnesota Business and Professional Men Followed Fifteen Years|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/circ.28.3.381|journal=[[Circulation (journal)|Circulation]]|volume=28|issue=3|pages=381–95|doi=10.1161/01.cir.28.3.381|pmid=14059458|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Keys conducted a multiyear [[Seven Countries Study]],<ref name="Keys1980">{{cite book | last = Keys | first = Ancel| title = Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sevencountriesmu0000keys | url-access = registration | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1980 | isbn = 978-0-674-80237-7 }}</ref> which influenced the AHA to become the first clinical association to recommend reductions in dietary saturated fat (and dietary cholesterol) to lower the risk of heart disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=4 February 1961|title=Dietary Fat and Its Relation to Heart Attacks and Strokes|journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]|volume=175|issue=5|pages=389–391|doi=10.1001/jama.1961.63040050001011|pmid=14447694}}</ref> This historic recommendation was reported on the cover of [[Time Magazine]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19610113,00.html|title=TIME Magazine Cover: Ancel Keys|date=13 January 1961|website=TIME.com|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>
-==Reviews==
-A meta-analysis in 2014 concluded that "current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats".<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chowdhury Rajiv |author2=Warnakula Samantha |author3=Kunutsor Setor |author4=Crowe Francesca |author5=Ward Heather A. |author6=Johnson Laura |author7=Franco Oscar H. |author8=Butterworth Adam S. |author9-link=Nita Forouhi |author9=Forouhi Nita G. |author10=Thompson Simon G. |author11=Khaw Kay-Tee |author12=Mozaffarian Dariush |author13=Danesh John |author14=Di Angelantonio Emanuele | year = 2014 | title = Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids With Coronary Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 160 | issue = 6| pages = 398–406 | doi = 10.7326/M13-1788 | pmid=24723079}}</ref> A scientific panel for the [[American Heart Association]] stated that the 2014 analysis "mistakenly concluded that there was no significant effect of saturated fat intake on CVD risk", and recommended that decreasing saturated fat intake and increasing consumption of [[monounsaturated fat]]s and polyunsaturated fats could lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases by about 30%.<ref name="aha2017" /> A 2020 review found that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years reduced cardiovascular [[risk factor]]s, mainly by replacing saturated fat with sources of [[polyunsaturated fat]] or [[carbohydrate]]s.<ref name=":0" />
-==See also==
-* [[Diet and heart disease]]
-* [[French paradox]]
-*[[Healthy diet]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Saturated Fat And Cardiovascular Disease Controversy}}
-[[Category:Angiology]]
-[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
-[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
-[[Category:Preventive medicine]]
-[[Category:Diets]]