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{{Short description|Region within the Achaemenid Empire}}
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'''Ionia''', known in [[Old Persian]] as '''Yauna''',<ref>Derived from ''[[Ionians|Iones]]'', the name of the Greeks living along the [[Ionia|Ionian coast]] of [[Asia Minor]].</ref> was a region within the satrapy of Sardis within the [[Achaemenid Empire|First Persian Empire]]. The first mention of the Yauna is at the [[Behistun inscription]]. The Ionians were conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]] and according to [[Herodotus]], they were placed in the same tax district (the first) as the [[Pamphylians]], [[Lycians]], [[Magnesians]], [[Aeolians]], [[Milyans]], and [[Carians]]. It is unclear to what extent the Yauna were advantaged or disadvantaged by Persian rule, and what caused the [[Ionian Revolt]] which broke out in c.499 BC and lasted until 494 BC. The main source, [[Herodotus]], puts it down to the personal ambitions of two men of [[Miletus]], [[Histiaeus]] and [[Aristagoras]]; modern scholars debate what the underlying reasons may have been; arguments for economic and political causes are variously put forward, but there are no clear sources which can give a definitive answer.
{{multiple image
| title= Achaemenid Ionia<br /><small>(c. 546 – 479 BC and 387–334 BC)</small><br />[[Wikt:𐎹𐎢𐎴|𐎹𐎢𐎴]], ''Yaunā''
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg
| width1 = 150
| caption1 = Ionian soldier of the [[Achaemenid army]], circa 480 BC. [[Xerxes I]] tomb relief.
| image2 = Western part of the Achaemenid Empire.jpg
| width2 = 257
| caption2 = Western part of the Achaemenid Empire, with Ionia, west of [[Sardis]], circa 500 BC.
}}
'''[[Ionia]]''', known in [[Old Persian]] as '''[[Ionians|Yauna]]''' ([[Wikt:𐎹𐎢𐎴|𐎹𐎢𐎴]]),<ref>Derived from ''[[Ionians|Iones]]'', the name of the Greeks living along the [[Ionia|Ionian coast]] of [[Asia Minor]].</ref> was a region within the [[Lydia (satrapy)|satrapy of Lydia]], with its capital at [[Sardis]], within the [[Achaemenid Empire|First Persian Empire]]. The first mention of the Yauna is at the [[Behistun inscription]].{{refn|group=note|[i.6] King Darius says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king of them: Persia, Elam, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, the countries by the Sea, Lydia, the Greeks [Yauna], Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdia, Gandara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia and Maka; twenty-three lands in all.<ref>{{cite web |last1=King |first1=L.W. (tr.) |last2=Thompson |first2=R.C. (tr.) |title=Behistun (3) |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/behistun/behistun-3/ |website=livius.org |access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>}}


==History==
After the revolt was put down, the Ionian cities were subdued by some pragmatic and enlightened measures by the Persian satrap of Sardis, Artaphrenes. The Ionians are reported to have served with the Persian forces which were defeated at Marathon by the Athenians and Plataeans in 490, while they also fought on the Persian side during Xerxes' great invasion of 480-479. It was only after the Persians were defeated at Plataea in 479 that the Ionian cities had the confidence to revolt again, defeating the Persian forces at Cape Mycale in the same year. Soon afterwards, they signed up to a common defence league led by Athens, known today as the Delian League. However, these cities soon came under the domination of [[Athens]]. After the [[Peloponnesian War]] and the destruction of Athenian power, [[Sparta]] ceded them back to Persia in the [[peace of Antalcidas]]. Ionia remained under Persian rule until the campaigns of [[Alexander the Great]].
'''Achaemenid conquest (c. 546 – 479 BC)'''
{{also|Ionian League}}
[[File:Reliefs in Persepolis نگاره های تخت جمشید 10.jpg|thumb|Ionian delegation, relief at [[Apadana]] stairs of [[Persepolis]]]]
⚫
In the mid-6th century BC, the Ionians were conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]] and according to [[Herodotus]], they were placed in the same tax district (the first) as the [[Pamphylians]], [[Lycians]], [[Magnesians]], [[Aeolians]], [[Milyans]], and [[Carians]]. It is unclear to what extent the Yauna were advantaged or disadvantaged by Persian rule, and what caused the [[Ionian Revolt]] which broke out in c. 499 BC and lasted until 494 BC. The main source, [[Herodotus]], puts it down to the personal ambitions of two men of [[Miletus]], [[Histiaeus]] and [[Aristagoras]]; modern scholars debate what the underlying reasons may have been; arguments for economic and political causes are variously put forward, but there are no clear sources which can give a definitive answer.


[[File:Meeting of the Ionian fleet and the Persian army.jpg|thumb|right|The Ionian fleet, here seen in 513 BC during the [[European Scythian campaign of Darius I]] joining with Persian forces, was part of the Achaemenid fleet at the [[Battle of Artemisium]] and the [[Battle of Salamis]]. 19th-century illustration.]]
⚫
Beside to Yaunas ''[[Ionia|of the plain and sea]]'', there are also mentioned [[Yauna paradraya]] (Ionians beyond or across the sea such as [[Naxos]], [[Thasos]] and [[Byzantium]]) as well the [[Yauna takabara]] (Ionians with sunhats, the Macedonians) in [[Skudra]] satrapy.
After the revolt was put down, the Ionian cities were subdued by some pragmatic and enlightened measures by the Persian satrap of Sardis, Artaphrenes. The Ionians are reported to have served with the Persian forces which were defeated at Marathon by the Athenians and Plataeans in 490, while they also fought on the Persian side during Xerxes' great [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] of 480–479.

'''Autonomy (479–387 BC)'''
{{also|Delian League}}
[[File:IONIA, Phokaia. Circa 478-387 BC.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Phokaia]], Ionia, circa 478–387 BC. Possible portrait of Satrap [[Tissaphernes]], with satrapal headress.]]
It was only after the Persians were defeated at [[Battle of Plataea]] in 479 that the Ionian cities had the confidence to revolt again, defeating the Persian forces at the [[Battle of Mycale]] in the same year.

[[File:IONIA, Achaemenid Period. Autophradates. Satrap of Sparda (Lydia and Ionia), circa 380s-350s.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Autophradates]], Achaemenid Satrap of Sparda ([[Lydia]] and [[Ionia]]), circa 380s–350s BC.]]
Soon afterwards, they signed up to a common defence league led by Athens, known today as the [[Delian League]]. However, these cities soon came under the domination of [[Athens]].

'''Renewed Achaemenid control (387–334 BC)'''
[[File:IONIA, Achaemenid Period. Uncertain satrap. Circa 350-333 BC.jpg|thumb|Ionia, Achaemenid Period, emulating [[Achaemenid coinage]]. Uncertain satrap. Circa 350–333 BC]]
After the [[Peloponnesian War]] and the destruction of Athenian power, [[Sparta]] ceded Ionia back to Persia in the 387 BC with the [[Peace of Antalcidas]]. Ionia remained under Persian rule until the campaigns of [[Alexander the Great]] in 334 BC.

⚫
Apart from Yaunas ''[[Ionia|of the plain and sea]]'', there are also mentioned [[Yauna paradraya]] (Ionians beyond or across the sea such as [[Naxos]], [[Thasos]] and [[Byzantium]]) as well the [[Yauna takabara]] ([[Names of the Greeks#Ionians (Ἴωνες), Yunani, and Yavan (יָוָן)|Greeks with sunhats]], the Macedonians) in [[Skudra]] satrapy.


==Satraps==
==Satraps==
1st Achaemenid period:
{{expand list|date=July 2015}}
*[[Tabalus]] (546–545 BC)
*[[Mazares]] (545–c. 544 BC)
*[[Harpagus]] (c. 544 BC)
*[[Oroetus]] (before 530–c. 520 BC)
*[[Bagaeus]] (c. 520 BC)
*[[Otanes]] (517 BC)
*[[Artaphernes I]] (513–492 BC)
*[[Artaphernes II]] (492–after 480 BC)

2nd Achaemenid period:
*[[Tissaphernes]] (413–395 BC)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tissaphernes |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tissaphernes |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Tiribazus]]
*[[Autophradates]] (c. 365 BC)
*[[Spithridates]] (died before 334 BC)


==See also==
==See also==
Line 12: Line 57:
*[[Yona]]
*[[Yona]]
*[[Skudra]]
*[[Skudra]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

*[http://www.livius.org/y/yauna/yauna.html Yauna]
==Sources==
*''The Persian Empire: Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East'', 1968, p.&nbsp;345, Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser
*Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser ''The Persian Empire: Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East'', 1968, p.&nbsp;345.


{{Achaemenid Provinces}}
{{Achaemenid Provinces}}

Latest revision as of 13:02, 5 September 2023

Achaemenid Ionia
(c. 546 – 479 BC and 387–334 BC)
𐎹𐎢𐎴, Yaunā
Ionian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BC. Xerxes I tomb relief.
Western part of the Achaemenid Empire, with Ionia, west of Sardis, circa 500 BC.

Ionia, known in Old Persian as Yauna (𐎹𐎢𐎴),[1] was a region within the satrapy of Lydia, with its capital at Sardis, within the First Persian Empire. The first mention of the Yauna is at the Behistun inscription.[note 1]

History

[edit]

Achaemenid conquest (c. 546 – 479 BC)

See also: Ionian League
Ionian delegation, relief at Apadana stairs of Persepolis

In the mid-6th century BC, the Ionians were conquered by Cyrus the Great and according to Herodotus, they were placed in the same tax district (the first) as the Pamphylians, Lycians, Magnesians, Aeolians, Milyans, and Carians. It is unclear to what extent the Yauna were advantaged or disadvantaged by Persian rule, and what caused the Ionian Revolt which broke out in c. 499 BC and lasted until 494 BC. The main source, Herodotus, puts it down to the personal ambitions of two men of Miletus, Histiaeus and Aristagoras; modern scholars debate what the underlying reasons may have been; arguments for economic and political causes are variously put forward, but there are no clear sources which can give a definitive answer.

The Ionian fleet, here seen in 513 BC during the European Scythian campaign of Darius I joining with Persian forces, was part of the Achaemenid fleet at the Battle of Artemisium and the Battle of Salamis. 19th-century illustration.

After the revolt was put down, the Ionian cities were subdued by some pragmatic and enlightened measures by the Persian satrap of Sardis, Artaphrenes. The Ionians are reported to have served with the Persian forces which were defeated at Marathon by the Athenians and Plataeans in 490, while they also fought on the Persian side during Xerxes' great Second Persian invasion of Greece of 480–479.

Autonomy (479–387 BC)

See also: Delian League
Coinage of Phokaia, Ionia, circa 478–387 BC. Possible portrait of Satrap Tissaphernes, with satrapal headress.

It was only after the Persians were defeated at Battle of Plataea in 479 that the Ionian cities had the confidence to revolt again, defeating the Persian forces at the Battle of Mycale in the same year.

Coin of Autophradates, Achaemenid Satrap of Sparda (Lydia and Ionia), circa 380s–350s BC.

Soon afterwards, they signed up to a common defence league led by Athens, known today as the Delian League. However, these cities soon came under the domination of Athens.

Renewed Achaemenid control (387–334 BC)

Ionia, Achaemenid Period, emulating Achaemenid coinage. Uncertain satrap. Circa 350–333 BC

After the Peloponnesian War and the destruction of Athenian power, Sparta ceded Ionia back to Persia in the 387 BC with the Peace of Antalcidas. Ionia remained under Persian rule until the campaigns of Alexander the Great in 334 BC.

Apart from Yaunas of the plain and sea, there are also mentioned Yauna paradraya (Ionians beyond or across the sea such as Naxos, Thasos and Byzantium) as well the Yauna takabara (Greeks with sunhats, the Macedonians) in Skudra satrapy.

Satraps

[edit]

1st Achaemenid period:

2nd Achaemenid period:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ [i.6] King Darius says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king of them: Persia, Elam, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, the countries by the Sea, Lydia, the Greeks [Yauna], Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdia, Gandara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia and Maka; twenty-three lands in all.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Derived from Iones, the name of the Greeks living along the Ionian coast of Asia Minor.
  2. ^ King, L.W. (tr.); Thompson, R.C. (tr.). "Behistun (3)". livius.org. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  3. ^ "Tissaphernes". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved May 30, 2019.

Sources

[edit]
  • Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser The Persian Empire: Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, 1968, p. 345.
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