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Sorry for this RV war with myself — Sainty says in 'Peerage Creations' that GEC is mistaken and there was no special remainder for the first Arlington creation.
 
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{{short description|Title in the Peerage of England}}
{{short description|Title in the Peerage of England}}
{{about|the title in the Peerage of England|the British prime minister|Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton}}
{{about|the title in the Peerage of England|the British prime minister|Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox nobility title
{{Infobox nobility title
| name = Dukedom of Grafton
| name = Dukedom of Grafton
| image = [[File:Coronet of a British Duke.svg|150px]]<br/>[[File:Arms of the Duke of Grafton.svg|180px]]
| image = [[File:Coronet of a British Duke.svg|150px]]<br />[[File:Arms of the Duke of Grafton.svg|180px]]
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = ''Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly'' (Royal Arms of Charles II); ''2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a baton sinister compony of six pieces argent and azure.''
| caption = ''Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly'' (Royal Arms of Charles II); ''2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a baton sinister compony of six pieces argent and azure.''
| creation_date = 11 September 1675<ref name="peerage">{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Arthur|title=The Peerage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom|date=1741|publisher=W. Strahan, J. F and C. Rivington|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkhAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| creation_date = 11 September 1675<ref name="peerage">{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Arthur|title=The Peerage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom|date=1741|publisher=W. Strahan, J. F. and C. Rivington |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkhAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62 |access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| creation =
| creation =
| monarch = [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
| monarch = [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
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| heir_presumptive =
| heir_presumptive =
| remainder_to = the 1st Duke's [[heirs male]] [[heirs of the body|of the body]] lawfully begotten
| remainder_to = the 1st Duke's [[heirs male]] [[heirs of the body|of the body]] lawfully begotten
| subsidiary_titles = Earl of Euston<br />Viscount Ipswich<br />Baron Sudbury
| subsidiary_titles = {{ubl|Earl of Euston|Viscount Ipswich|Baron Sudbury}}
| status =
| status =
| extinction_date =
| extinction_date =
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| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Duke of Grafton''' is a title in the [[Peerage of England]]. It was created in 1675 by [[Charles II of England]] for [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton|Henry FitzRoy]], his second illegitimate son by the [[Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland|Duchess of Cleveland]]. The most famous duke was probably [[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton]], who served as prime minister in the 1760s.
'''Duke of Grafton''' is a title in the [[Peerage of England]]. It was created in 1675 by [[Charles II of England]] for [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton|Henry FitzRoy]], his second illegitimate son by the [[Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland|Duchess of Cleveland]].<ref>[[William Courthope (officer of arms)|Courthope, William]], ed. (1838). ''[[iarchive:bub gb Ru4UAAAAQAAJ/page/8/mode/2up|Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]'' (22nd ed., p. 8). London, UK: J. G. & F. Rivington</ref> The most notable duke of Grafton was [[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton]], who served as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] from 1768–1770.<ref>Eccleshall, R., & Walker, G. (Eds.). (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K6qEAgAAQBAJ Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers]''. (p. 61). Routledge</ref>


The duke of Grafton holds three subsidiary titles, all created in 1675 in the peerage of England: '''Earl of Euston''', '''Viscount Ipswich''', and '''Baron Sudbury'''.<ref name="peerage"/> Between 1723 and 1936 the dukes, being descended from the 1st Duke's wife [[Isabella FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton|Isabella FitzRoy, 2nd Countess of Arlington]], also held the titles [[Earl of Arlington]], [[Viscount Thetford]] and [[Baron Arlington]]. Those titles fell into abeyance between the 9th Duke's sisters, with the abeyance of the barony of Arlington being ended in 1999.
The Duke of Grafton holds three subsidiary titles, all created in 1675 in the peerage of England: '''Earl of Euston''', '''Viscount Ipswich''', and '''Baron Sudbury'''.<ref name="peerage"/> Between 1723 and 1936 the dukes, being descended from the 1st Duke's wife [[Isabella FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton|Isabella FitzRoy, 2nd Countess of Arlington]], also held the titles [[Earl of Arlington]], [[Viscount Thetford]] and [[Baron Arlington]]. Those titles fell into abeyance between the 9th Duke's sisters,{{sfn|Hesilrige|1921|p=414}} with the abeyance of the barony of Arlington being ended in 1999.


The Dukes "created" and owned the London district of [[Fitzrovia]], so named for their family name.
The title of the dukedom refers to the [[Honour of Grafton]] in the southeast of [[Northamptonshire]], the titular village now being called [[Grafton Regis]]. The family seat is [[Euston Hall]] in [[Suffolk]], an 11,000-acre estate straddling the Norfolk-Suffolk border.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8444090/The-Duke-of-Grafton.html]</ref> The duke of Grafton is fourth in the [[order of precedence]] after the dukes of [[Duke of Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[Duke of Somerset|Somerset]], and [[Duke of Richmond|Richmond]].

The title of the dukedom refers to the [[Honour of Grafton]] in the southeast of [[Northamptonshire]], the titular village now being called [[Grafton Regis]].

The family seat is [[Euston Hall]] in [[Suffolk]], an 11,000-acre estate straddling the Norfolk-Suffolk border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8444090/The-Duke-of-Grafton.html|title = The Duke of Grafton|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> The main burial places of the senior branch of the family are in and beside the parish church of Saint Genevieve at [[Euston, Suffolk]].

The Duke of Grafton is fourth in the [[order of precedence]] after the dukes of [[Duke of Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[Duke of Somerset|Somerset]], and [[Duke of Richmond|Richmond]].


==Dukes of Grafton (1675)==
==Dukes of Grafton (1675)==
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:''Other titles (all): Earl of Euston, Viscount Ipswich and Baron Sudbury (1675)''
:''Other titles (all): Earl of Euston, Viscount Ipswich and Baron Sudbury (1675)''
*[[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton]] (1663–1690), second illegitimate son of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and the [[Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland|Duchess of Cleveland]];
*[[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton]] (1663–1690), second illegitimate son of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and the [[Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland|Duchess of Cleveland]];
:''Other titles (2nd–9th Dukes): [[Earl of Arlington]] and [[Viscount Thetford]] (1672), [[Baron Arlington]] (1664), [[Baron Arlington]] (1672)''
:''Other titles (2nd–9th Dukes): [[Earl of Arlington]], [[Viscount Thetford]] and [[Baron Arlington]] (1672)''
*[[Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton]] (1683–1757), only son of the 1st Duke
*[[Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton]] (1683–1757), only son of the 1st Duke
**Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1714–1715), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died young
**Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1714–1715), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died young
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*[[Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton|Charles Alfred Euston FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton]] (1892–1970), eldest son of the Rev. Lord Charles Edward FitzRoy, third and youngest son of the 7th Duke
*[[Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton|Charles Alfred Euston FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton]] (1892–1970), eldest son of the Rev. Lord Charles Edward FitzRoy, third and youngest son of the 7th Duke
*[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton|Hugh Denis Charles FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton]] (1919–2011), eldest son of the 10th Duke
*[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton|Hugh Denis Charles FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton]] (1919–2011), eldest son of the 10th Duke
**[[James FitzRoy, Earl of Euston|James Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston]] (1947–2009), eldest son of the 11th Duke, predeceased his father in 2009<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/6432353/The-Earl-of-Euston.html Obituary Earl of Euston] – Telegraph.co.uk, 25 Oct 2009</ref>
**[[James FitzRoy, Earl of Euston|James Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston]] (1947–2009), eldest son of the 11th Duke, predeceased his father in 2009<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/6432353/The-Earl-of-Euston.html Obituary Earl of Euston] – ''Telegraph.co.uk'', 25 October 2009</ref>
*[[Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton|Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton]]<ref>[https://groups.google.com/group/peerage-news/browse_thread/thread/62565c9d83883ca4 Google Groups Peerage News]</ref> (b. 1978), only son of Lord Euston
*[[Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton|Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/g/peerage-news/c/YlZcnYOIPKQ|title=News from Debrett's 2011-- Marquesses, Dukes and Royal Dukes|website=Groups.google.com|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> (b. 1978), only son of Lord Euston


The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Alfred James Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (b. 2012).<ref>http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/births/158305/grafton</ref>
The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Alfred James Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (b. 2012).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/births/158305/grafton |title=GRAFTON - Births Announcements - Telegraph Announcements |date=8 March 2014 |website= |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308220323/http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/births/158305/grafton |archive-date=8 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


== Arms==
== Arms ==
{{Infobox COA wide
{{Infobox COA wide
|image=Coat of arms of the duke of Grafton.png
|image=Coat of arms of the duke of Grafton.png
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==Family tree==
==Family tree==
{{Dukes of Grafton family tree}}

{{hidden|FitzRoy family tree: Dukes of Grafton|{{Tree chart/start|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart | | | | |KC2 |y|BPC |
KC2=[[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]<br>(1630–r.1660–1685)|BPC=[[Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland|Barbara Palmer,<br>1st Duchess of Cleveland]]<br>(1640–1709)}}
{{Tree chart | |F|~|V|~|A|~|t|~|~|~|V|~|7| }}
{{Tree chart | |:| |:| |dj|-|+|-|jc| |:| |:| }}
{{Tree chart |DMon |:|DCld |!|DNor |:|DRLx |border=0
|DMon=''[[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth|Duke of Monmouth]]''<br>''[[Duke of Buccleuch|Dukes of Buccleuch]]''
|DCld=''[[Duke of Cleveland|Dukes of Cleveland<br>& Southampton]]''
|DNor=''[[George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Duke of Northumberland]]''
|DStA=''Dukes of St Albans''
|DRLx=''[[Duke of Richmond and Lennox|Dukes of Richmond<br>& Lennox]]''}}
{{Tree chart | | |EPly | | |!| | |DStA |border=0
|EPly=''[[Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth|Earl of Plymouth]]''
|DGra=''Dukes of Grafton''
|DStA=''[[Duke of St Albans|Dukes of St Albans]]''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |DGra |
border=0|DGra=''EARL OF EUSTON, 1672<br>DUKE OF GRAFTON, 1675''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |D1 |
D1=[[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton|Henry FitzRoy,<br>1st Earl of Euston,<br>'''1st Duke of Grafton''']]<br>''illegitimate''<br>(1663–1690)
|boxstyle_D1=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |D2 |
D2=[[Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton|Charles FitzRoy,<br>'''2nd Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1683–1757)
|boxstyle_D2=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart |CEE | |GEE | |LAF |
CEE=Charles Henry FitzRoy,<br>Earl of Euston<br>(1714–1715)|GEE=George FitzRoy,<br>Earl of Euston<br>(1715–1747)|LAF=[[Lord Augustus FitzRoy]]<br>(1716–1741)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | |BSot |
border=0|BSot=''[[Baron Southampton]]''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |D3 | | | |C1S |
D3=[[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|Augustus Henry FitzRoy,<br>'''3rd Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1735–1811)<br>[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|P.M.]] 1768–70|C1S=[[Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton|Charles FitzRoy,<br>1st Baron Southampton]]<br>(1737–1797)
|boxstyle_D3=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |D4 | | | |G2S |
D4=[[George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton|George Henry FitzRoy,<br>'''4th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1760–1844)|G2S=George Ferdinand FitzRoy,<br>2nd Baron Southampton<br>(1761–1810)
|boxstyle_D4=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |D5 | | | |C3S |
D5=[[Henry FitzRoy, 5th Duke of Grafton|Henry FitzRoy,<br>'''5th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1790–1863)|C3S=[[Charles FitzRoy, 3rd Baron Southampton|Charles FitzRoy,<br>3rd Baron Southampton]]<br>(1804–1872)
|boxstyle_D5=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |,|-|(|}}
{{Tree chart | | | |!| | | |!| | |VDav |!|
border=0|VDav=''[[Viscount Daventry|Viscounts Daventry]]''}}
{{Tree chart | | |D6 | |D7 | | | | |!|
D6=[[William FitzRoy, 6th Duke of Grafton|William Henry FitzRoy,<br>'''6th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1819–1882)|
D7=[[Augustus FitzRoy, 7th Duke of Grafton|Augustus Charles Lennox FitzRoy,<br>'''7th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1821–1918)
|boxstyle_D6=background-color: #CCFFFF
|boxstyle_D7=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart |HEE | |D8 | |LCEF |v|HIF |
HEE=[[Henry FitzRoy, Earl of Euston|Henry James FitzRoy,<br>Earl of Euston]]<br>(1848–1912)|D8=[[Alfred FitzRoy, 8th Duke of Grafton|Alfred William Maitland FitzRoy,<br>'''8th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1850–1930)|LCEF=Lord Charles Edward FitzRoy<br>(1857–1911)|HIF=Hon. Ismay FitzRoy<br>(1863–1952)
|boxstyle_D8=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | |WVI | | | |D10 |
WVI=William Henry Alfred FitzRoy,<br>Viscount Ipswich<br>(1884–1918)|D10=[[Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton|Charles Alfred Euston FitzRoy,<br>'''10th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1892–1970)
|boxstyle_D10=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | |D9 | | | |D11 |
D9=[[John FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton|John Charles William FitzRoy,<br>'''9th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1914–1936)|
D11=[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton|Hugh Denis Charles FitzRoy,<br>'''11th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(1919–2011)
|boxstyle_D9=background-color: #CCFFFF
|boxstyle_D11=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | |JEE |
JEE=James Oliver Charles FitzRoy,<br>Earl of Euston<br>(1947–2009)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | |D12 |
D12=[[Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton|Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy,<br>'''12th Duke of Grafton''']]<br>(b. 1978)
|boxstyle_D12=background-color: #CCFFFF}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff|bodystyle=text-align:center}}


==See also==
==See also==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Hesilrige |first=Arthur G. M. |date=1921| title=Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy| url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/414 | location=160A, [[Fleet Street]], [[London]], England|publisher=[[Dean & Son]]|page=414}}
*Falk, Bernard. ''The Royal Fitz Roys; Dukes of Grafton through Four Centuries''. Hutchinson, 1950.
*Falk, Bernard. ''The Royal Fitz Roys; Dukes of Grafton through Four Centuries''. Hutchinson, 1950.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Dukes of Grafton}}
{{Commons category|Dukes of Grafton}}
* [http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/grafton1675.htm Cracroft's Peerage page]
* [http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/grafton1675.htm Cracroft's Peerage page]


{{Extant British dukedoms}}
{{Extant British dukedoms}}

Latest revision as of 17:43, 7 September 2023

Dukedom of Grafton

Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly (Royal Arms of Charles II); 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a baton sinister compony of six pieces argent and azure.
Creation date11 September 1675[1]
Created byCharles II
PeeragePeerage of England
First holderHenry FitzRoy
Present holderHenry FitzRoy, 12th Duke
Heir apparentAlfred FitzRoy, Earl of Euston
Remainder tothe 1st Duke's heirs male of the body lawfully begotten
Subsidiary titles
  • Earl of Euston
  • Viscount Ipswich
  • Baron Sudbury
Seat(s)Euston Hall

Duke of Grafton is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1675 by Charles II of England for Henry FitzRoy, his second illegitimate son by the Duchess of Cleveland.[2] The most notable duke of Grafton was Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who served as Prime Minister from 1768–1770.[3]

The Duke of Grafton holds three subsidiary titles, all created in 1675 in the peerage of England: Earl of Euston, Viscount Ipswich, and Baron Sudbury.[1] Between 1723 and 1936 the dukes, being descended from the 1st Duke's wife Isabella FitzRoy, 2nd Countess of Arlington, also held the titles Earl of Arlington, Viscount Thetford and Baron Arlington. Those titles fell into abeyance between the 9th Duke's sisters,[4] with the abeyance of the barony of Arlington being ended in 1999.

The Dukes "created" and owned the London district of Fitzrovia, so named for their family name.

The title of the dukedom refers to the Honour of Grafton in the southeast of Northamptonshire, the titular village now being called Grafton Regis.

The family seat is Euston Hall in Suffolk, an 11,000-acre estate straddling the Norfolk-Suffolk border.[5] The main burial places of the senior branch of the family are in and beside the parish church of Saint Genevieve at Euston, Suffolk.

The Duke of Grafton is fourth in the order of precedence after the dukes of Norfolk, Somerset, and Richmond.

Dukes of Grafton (1675)

[edit]
Arms of the Dukes of Grafton
Other titles (all): Earl of Euston, Viscount Ipswich and Baron Sudbury (1675)
Other titles (2nd–9th Dukes): Earl of Arlington, Viscount Thetford and Baron Arlington (1672)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Alfred James Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (b. 2012).[8]

Arms

[edit]
Coat of arms of Duke of Grafton
Coronet
The coronet of a Duke
Crest
On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or ducally crowned Azure and gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and of the fourth.
Escutcheon
The Royal Arms of Charles II, viz Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six pieces Argent and Azure
Supporters
Dexter: a Lion guardant Or ducally crowned Azure; Sinister: a Greyhound Argent, each gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and Azure.
Motto
Et Decus Et Pretium Recti (The ornament and recompense of virtue)

Family tree

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Collins, Arthur (1741). The Peerage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom. W. Strahan, J. F. and C. Rivington. p. 62. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  2. ^ Courthope, William, ed. (1838). Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (22nd ed., p. 8). London, UK: J. G. & F. Rivington
  3. ^ Eccleshall, R., & Walker, G. (Eds.). (2002). Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers. (p. 61). Routledge
  4. ^ Hesilrige 1921, p. 414.
  5. ^ "The Duke of Grafton". Telegraph.co.uk.
  6. ^ Obituary Earl of EustonTelegraph.co.uk, 25 October 2009
  7. ^ "News from Debrett's 2011-- Marquesses, Dukes and Royal Dukes". Groups.google.com. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  8. ^ "GRAFTON - Births Announcements - Telegraph Announcements". 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]