Citrullus lanatus: Difference between revisions

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Watermelon

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+#REDIRECT [[Watermelon]]
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
-{{taxobox
-|image = Taiwan 2009 Tainan City Organic Farm Watermelon FRD 7962.jpg
-|image_caption = A cultivated [[watermelon]]
-|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
-|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
-|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
-|familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
-|genus = ''[[Citrullus]]''
-|species = '''''C. lanatus'''''
-|binomial = ''Citrullus lanatus''
-|binomial_authority = ([[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb]].) [[Jinzō Matsumura|Matsum.]] & [[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]
-|synonyms =
-  {{Collapsible list |
-    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
-*''Anguria citrullus'' <small>Mill.</small>
-*''Citrullus amarus'' <small>Schrad.</small>
-*''Citrullus anguria'' <small>(Duchesne) H.Hara</small>
-*''Citrullus aquosus'' <small>Schur</small>
-*''Citrullus battich'' <small>Forssk.</small>
-*''Citrullus caffer'' <small>Schrad.</small>
-*''Citrullus caffrorum'' <small>Schrad.</small>
-*''Citrullus chodospermus'' <small>Falc. & Dunal</small>
-*''Citrullus citrullus'' <small>H.Karst.</small>
-*''Citrullus citrullus'' <small>Small</small>
-*''Citrullus edulis'' <small>Spach</small>
-*''Citrullus edulis'' <small>Pangalo</small> nom. illeg.
-*''Citrullus mucosospermus'' <small>(Fursa) Fursa</small>
-*''Citrullus pasteca'' <small>Sageret</small>
-*''Citrullus vulgaris'' <small>Schrad.</small>
-*''Colocynthis amarissima'' <small>Schrad.</small> nom. inval.
-*''Colocynthis amarissima'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
-*''Colocynthis citrullus'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small>
-*''Colocynthis citrullus'' <small>Fritsch</small>
-*''Cucumis amarissimus'' <small>Schrad.</small>
-*''Cucumis citrullus'' <small>(L.) Ser.</small>
-*''Cucumis dissectus'' <small>Decne.</small>
-*''Cucumis edulis'' <small>Steud.</small> nom. inval.
-*''Cucumis laciniosus'' <small>Eckl. ex Steud.</small>
-*''Cucumis laciniosus'' <small>Eckl. ex Schrad.</small>
-*''Cucumis vulgaris'' <small>(Schrad.) E.H.L.Krause</small>
-*''Cucurbita anguria'' <small>Duchesne</small>
-*''Cucurbita caffra'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
-*''Cucurbita citrullus'' <small>L.</small>
-*''Cucurbita gigantea'' <small>Salisb.</small>
-*''Cucurbita pinnatifida'' <small>Schrank</small>
-*''Momordica lanata'' <small>Thunb.</small>
-    }}
-  }}
-|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
-|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2723908
-|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
-|accessdate=April 16, 2014}}</ref>
-|}}
-[[File:Citrullus lanatus var. citroides.JPG|thumb|A ''tsamma'' in the [[Kalahari Desert]]]]
-[[File:Citrullus lanatus afghan melon.jpg|thumb|Naturalized in Australia]]
+{{Redirect category shell|
-'''''Citrullus lanatus''''' is a plant species in the family [[Cucurbitaceae]], a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) [[flowering plant]] originally from [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan]] [[Africa]]. It is cultivated for its fruit. The subdivision of this species into two varieties, [[watermelon]]s (''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) var. ''lanatus'') and [[citron melon]]s (''Citrullus lanatus'' var. ''citroides'' (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.), originated with the erroneous synonymization of ''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai and ''Citrullus vulgaris'' Schrad. by [[Liberty Hyde Bailey|L.H.Bailey]] in 1930.<ref>Bailey LH. 1930. Three discussions in Cucurbitaceae. Gentes Herbarum 2: 175–186.</ref> Molecular data including sequences from the original collection of Thunberg and other relevant type material, show that the sweet watermelon (''Citrullus vulgaris'' Schrad.) and the bitter wooly melon ''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai are not closely related to each other.<ref name=Chomicki>{{cite journal |author1=Chomicki, G. |author2=S. S. Renner |title=Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.13163 |pmid=25358433 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13163/abstract |year=2014 |volume= 205|issue= 2|pages= 526–32}}</ref> Since 1930, thousands of papers have misapplied the name ''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai for the watermelon, and a proposal has therefore been submitted to conserve the name with this meaning.<ref name=Renner>{{cite journal |author1=Renner, S. S. |author2=G. Chomicki |author3= W. Greuter  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2014 |title=Proposal to conserve the name ''Momordica lanata'' (''Citrullus lanatus'') (watermelon, Cucurbitaceae), with a conserved type, against ''Citrullus battich'' |journal=Taxon |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=941–942 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2014/00000063/00000004/art00031 |doi=10.12705/634.29}}</ref>
+ {{R from merge}}
+ {{R from scientific name|plant}}
+}}
+[[Category:Citrullus|lanatus]]
-The bitter South African melon first collected by Thunberg has become naturalized in semiarid regions of several continents, and is designated as a "pest plant" in parts of [[Western Australia]] where they are called pig melon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=William Thomas |last2=Cuthbertson |first2=Eric George |date=2001 |title=Noxious Weeds of Australia |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&lpg=PA408&dq=wild%20melon%20australia&pg=PA408#v=onepage&q=citrullus%20lanatus&f=false|location=Collingwood, Victoria |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |pages=407–408 |isbn=0643065148 |accessdate=17 April 2014 }}</ref>
-== Common names ==
-In Botswana, this is known as lerotse<ref>http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Brochures%5CBITTERWATERMELON.pdf</ref> and an ingredient in the local dish [[bogobe jwa lerotse]].
-Tswana: Lekatane (s), Makatane (pl)
-Afrikaans: Karkoer, Bitterboela, Bitterwaatlemoen, Tsamma,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Brochures/biiterwatemellon.pdf|title=Brochure: Bitter watermelon - Department of Agriculture|date=|work=Republic of South Africa Department: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries|access-date=2016-05-19|via=}}</ref> Kolokwint, etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1913-2|title=Threatened Species Programme {{!}} SANBI Red List of South African Plants|website=redlist.sanbi.org|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>
-English: Tsamma melon, Wild watermelon,<ref name=":0" /> Colocynth, etc.<ref name=":1" />
-Nama: T’sama
-Zulu: Ikhabe, etc.<ref name=":1" />
-[[File:Makataan grown along maize in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Makataan grown alongside maize in South Africa]]
-Southern Sotho: Lehapu, etc.<ref name=":1" />
-Former names:
-Kaffir melon
-==Description==
-The watermelon is an annual that has a prostrate or climbing habit. Stems are up to 3 m long and new growth has yellow or brown hairs. Leaves are 60 to 200&nbsp;mm long and 40 to 150&nbsp;mm wide. These usually have three lobes which are themselves lobed or doubly lobed. Plants have both male and female flowers on 40-mm-long hairy stalks. These are yellow, and greenish on the back.<ref name=plantzafrica>{{cite web| title=
-''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai|publisher=South Africa National Biodiversity Institute |url=
-http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref>
-This plant is listed on the Threatened Species Programme of the South African National Biodiversity Institute.<ref name=":1" />
-==Taxonomy==
-The bitter wooly melon was formally described by [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] in 1794 and given the name ''Momordica lanata''.<ref name=APNI1>{{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Momordica+lanata|title=''Momordica lanata'' Thunb. |accessdate=17 October 2013|work= [[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), IBIS database|publisher = Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra}}</ref> It was reassigned to the genus ''[[Citrullus]]'' in 1916 by Japanese botanists [[ōōJinzō Matsumura]] and [[Takenoshin Nakai]].<ref name=APNI2>{{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Citrullus+lanatus|title=''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai |accessdate=17 October 2013|work= [[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), IBIS database|publisher = Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra}}</ref>
-The sweet watermelon was formally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 and given the name ''Cucurbita citrullus''. It was reassigned to the genus ''Citrullus'' in 1836 by the German botanist [[Heinrich Adolf Schrader]].
-The bitter wooly melon is the sister species of ''[[Citrullus ecirrhosus]]'' Cogn. from South African arid regions, while the sweet watermelon is the sister species of ''mucosospermus'' (Fursa) Fursa from West Africa.<ref name=Chomicki/>
-==Cultivar groups and varieties==
-A number of cultivar groups have been identified:<ref name=MMPND>{{cite web|author=Porcher, Michel H.|title=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database|work=Sorting Citrullus names|url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrullus.html#lanatus-vulgaris-gr|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref>
-*'''''Citroides'' group'''
-(syn.  ''C. lanatus'' subsp. ''lanatus'' var. ''citroides'';  ''C. lanatus'' var. ''citroides''; ''C. vulgaris'' var. ''citroides'')<ref name=MMPND/>
-DNA data reveal that ''C. lanatus'' var. ''citroides'' Bailey is the same as Thunberg's bitter wooly melon, ''C. lanatus'' and also the same as ''C. amarus'' Schrad.  It is not a form of the sweet watermelon ''C. vulgaris'' and not closely related to that species.
-The [[citron melon]] or ''makataan'' - a variety with sweet yellow flesh that is cultivated around the world for fodder, and the production of citron peel and [[pectin]].<ref name=plantzafrica/>
-*'''''Lanatus'' group'''
-(syn. ''C. lanatus'' var. ''caffer'')<ref name=MMPND/>
-''C. caffer'' Schrad. is a synonym of ''C. amarus'' Schrad.
-The variety known as ''tsamma'' is grown for its juicy white flesh. The variety was an important food source for  travellers in the [[Kalahari Desert]].<ref name=plantzafrica/>
-Another variety known as ''karkoer'' or ''bitterboela'' is unpalatable to humans, but the seeds may be eaten.<ref name=plantzafrica/>
-A small-fruited form with a bumpy skin has caused poisoning in sheep.<ref name=plantzafrica/>
-*'''''Vulgaris'' group'''
-This is Linnaeus's sweet [[watermelon]]; it has been grown for human consumption for thousands of years.<ref name=plantzafrica/>
-*''C. lanatus'' ''mucosospermus'' (Fursa) Fursa
-This West  African species is the closest wild relative of the watermelon. It is cultivated for cattle feed.<ref name=plantzafrica/>
-Additionally, other wild species have bitter fruit containing [[cucurbitacin]].<ref name=kew>{{cite web|title=''Citrullus lanatus'' (watermelon)|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew)|url=http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Citrullus-lanatus.htm|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref>
-''C. colocynthis'' (L.) Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh.,
-''C. rehmii'' De Winter, and
-''C. naudinianus'' (Sond.) Hook.f.
-==See also==
-* [[List of fruits]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist|35em}}
-{{wikispecies}}
-{{commons category|Citrullus lanatus}}
-{{Melons}}
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Melons]]
-[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]
-[[Category:Crops originating from Africa]]
-[[Category:Flora naturalised in Australia]]