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Contemporary anarchism#Post-anarchism

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-'''Post-anarchism''' or '''postanarchism''' is an [[anarchism|anarchist]] [[philosophy]] that employs [[post-structuralism|post-structuralist]] and [[postmodernism|postmodernist]] approaches (the term '''post-structuralist anarchism''' is used as well, so as not to suggest having moved beyond anarchism). Post-anarchism is not a single coherent theory, but rather refers to the combined works of any number of post-modernists and post-structuralists such as [[Michel Foucault]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Jacques Lacan]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Jean Baudrillard]]; [[postmodern feminism|postmodern feminists]] such as [[Judith Butler]]; and alongside those of classical anarchist and libertarian philosophers such as [[Zhuang Zhou]], [[Emma Goldman]], [[Max Stirner]], and [[Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche|Friedrich Nietzsche]]. Thus, the terminology can vary widely in both approach and outcome.
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-The various approaches and imprecision of the term illustrate anarchism's own general rejection of dogma and complex history.  However, some specifics offered by [[Saul Newman]] suggest a growing coherence.  In his 2015 book, ''Postanarchism'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/929541259|title=Postanarchism|last=Newman, Saul, 1972- author.|isbn=9780745688732|oclc=929541259}}</ref> he defines postanarchism as, "an anarchism understood not as [a] certain set of social arrangements, or even as a particular revolutionary project, but rather as a sensibility, a certain ethos or way of living and seeing the world which is impelled by the realization of the freedom that one already has."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/929541259|title=Postanarchism|last=Newman, Saul, 1972- author.|isbn=9780745688732|oclc=929541259}}</ref> In this definition, postanarchism draws on the revolutionary elan of anarchism, but operates apart from its focus on the eradication of [[State (polity)|the state]].
-[[Ruth Kinna]], in her review of Newman's book, wrote that, "anarchism [has largely been defined] as a program of action, an idea of social revolution and a conception of the stateless society, whereas [Newman's] postanarchism is associated with autonomous modes of thinking and acting – Foucault's 'decisive will to not be governed' – and the renunciation of revolution."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kinna|first=Ruth|date=2017-05-01|title=Postanarchism|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/cpt.2016.15|journal=Contemporary Political Theory|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=278–281|doi=10.1057/cpt.2016.15|issn=1476-9336}}</ref>
-== Approaches and origin of the term ==
-{{Postmodernism}}
-The term "post-anarchism" was coined by philosopher of [[post-left anarchy]] [[Hakim Bey]] in his 1987 essay "Post-Anarchism Anarchy." Bey argued that anarchism had become insular and sectarian, confusing the various [[anarchist schools of thought]] for the real experience of lived anarchy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/hakim-bey-post-anarchism-anarchy|title=Post-Anarchism Anarchy|website=The Anarchist Library|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref> In 1994, [[Todd May]] initiated what he called "poststructuralist anarchism",<ref>{{cite journal |last=Antliff |first=Allan | authorlink = Allan Antliff |title=Anarchy, Power, and Poststructuralism |journal=[[SubStance]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2007 |pages=56–66 |doi=10.1353/sub.2007.0026}}</ref> arguing for a theory grounded in the post-structuralist understanding of [[power (sociology)|power]], particularly through the work of [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Emma Goldman]], while taking the anarchist approach to [[ethics]].
-The "Lacanian anarchism" proposed by [[Saul Newman]] utilizes the works of [[Jacques Lacan]] and [[Max Stirner]] more prominently. Newman criticizes classical anarchists, such as [[Michael Bakunin]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]], for assuming an objective "[[human nature]]" and a natural order; he argues that from this approach, humans progress and are well-off by nature, with only [[the Establishment]] as a limitation that forces behavior otherwise. For Newman, this is a [[Manichaeism|Manichaen]] worldview, which depicts the reversal of [[Thomas Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'', in which the "good" state is subjugated by the "evil" people.
-[[Lewis Call]] has attempted to develop post-anarchist theory through the work of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], rejecting the [[Cartesian dualism|Cartesian]] concept of the "subject." From here, a radical form of anarchism is made possible: the anarchism of becoming. This anarchism does not have an eventual goal, nor does it flow into "being"; it is not a final state of development, nor a static form of society, but rather becomes permanent, as a means without end. Italian autonomist [[Giorgio Agamben]] has also written about this idea. In this respect it is similar to the "complex systems" view of emerging society known as [[panarchy]]. Call critiques [[Liberalism|liberal]] notions of language, consciousness, and rationality from an anarchist perspective, arguing that they are inherent in economic and political power within the capitalist state organization.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/10457090309604847| issn = 1045-7097| volume = 32| issue = 3| pages = 186| last = Martin| first = Edward J.| title = Rev. of Postmodern Anarchism by Lewis Call| journal = [[Perspectives on Political Science]]| date = 2003}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-*[[Existentialist anarchism]]
-== References ==
-{{reflist|30em}}
-== Further reading ==
-{{refbegin}}
-* Rousselle, Duane and Evren, Süreyyya  (eds) ''Post-Anarchism: A Reader''. London: Pluto Press. (2011)
-*{{cite book | last = Call | first = Lewis | authorlink = Lewis Call | title = Postmodern Anarchism | publisher = Lexington Books | location = Lexington | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-7391-0522-1 }}
-* Fabbri, Lorenzo. [https://academia.edu/998053/From_Inoperativeness_to_Action_On_Giorgio_Agambens_Anarchism "From Inoperativeness to Action: On Giorgio Agamben’s Anarchism"], "Radical Philosophy Review," Volume 4, Number 1, 2011.
-*{{cite book | last = Ferguson | first = Kathy  | title = The Feminist Case against Bureaucracy | publisher = Temple University Press | location = Philadelphia | year = 1984 | isbn = 0-87722-400-5 }}
-*{{cite journal |last = Franks | first = Benjamin |title=Postanarchism: A critical assessment |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies | volume=12 | issue= 2 |date=June 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1356-9317}}
-*{{cite book | last = May | first = Todd | authorlink = Todd May | title = The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-271-01046-0 }}
-*{{cite book | last = Mümken | first = Jürgen | title = Freiheit, Individualität und Subjektivität. Staat und Subjekt in der Postmoderne aus anarchistischer Perspektive | publisher = Edition AV | location = Frankfurt am Main | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-936049-12-2 }}
-*{{cite book | last = Mümken (editor) | first = Jürgen | title = Anarchismus in der Postmoderne. Beiträge zur anarchistischen Theorie und Praxis | publisher = Edition AV, Verlag | location = Frankfurt am Main | year = 2005 | isbn = 3-936049-37-8 }}
-*{{cite book | last = Newman | first = Saul | authorlink = Saul Newman | title = From Bakunin to Lacan. Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power | publisher = Lexington Books | location = Lexington | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7391-0240-0 | title-link = From Bakunin to Lacan. Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power }}
-* {{cite book |last=Moore |first=John |authorlink=John Moore (anarchist) |title=I Am Not a Man, I Am Dynamite!: Friedrich Nietzsche and the Anarchist Tradition |publisher=[[Autonomedia]] |year=2004 |doi= |isbn=1-57027-121-6 |page=|title-link=I Am Not a Man, I Am Dynamite!: Friedrich Nietzsche and the Anarchist Tradition }}
-*[[Michel Onfray]] ''La puissance d'exister'', Paris, Grasset, (2006) {{ISBN|2-246-71691-8}}
-*[[Michel Onfray]] ''Politique du rebelle: traité de résistance et d'insoumission'' (1997)
-*Michel Onfray ''La philosophie féroce : exercices anarchistes''. (2004)
-*Colson, Daniel. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Daniel_Colson__Anarchist_Subjectivities_and_Modern_Subjectivity.html "Anarchist Subjectivities and Modern Subjectivity".]
-*Colson, Daniel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726101449/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article3139&lang=fr "Deleuze et le renouveau de la pensée libertaire"]
-*Call, Lewis et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110113164838/http://www.anarchist-developments.org/index.php/adcs/issue/current/showToc "Post-anarchism today"], ''Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies'', volume 1, 2010.
-*[[Springer, S.]] 2012. [https://uvic.academia.edu/SimonSpringer/Papers/319555/Violent_accumulation_a_postanarchist_critique_of_property_dispossession_and_the_state_of_exception_in_neoliberalizing_Cambodia "Violent accumulation: a postanarchist critique of property, dispossession, and the state of exception in neoliberalizing Cambodia."] Annals of the Association of American Geographers.
-{{refend}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/topics/post_anarchism.html Archive of post-anarchist articles at the Anarchist Library]
-{{anarchism}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Post-Anarchism}}
-[[Category:Postanarchism| ]]<!--eponymous category first-->
-[[Category:Anarchist schools of thought]]
-[[Category:Postmodern theory]]
-[[Category:Post-structuralism]]