Oenanthe lachenalii: Difference between revisions
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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|image = Oenanthe lachenalii — Flora Batava — Volume v17.jpg |
|image = Oenanthe lachenalii — Flora Batava — Volume v17.jpg |
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|status = LC |
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|status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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|genus = Oenanthe (plant) |
|genus = Oenanthe (plant) |
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|species = lachenalii |
|species = lachenalii |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Parsley water-dropwort is a hairless |
Parsley water-dropwort is a hairless [[perennial]] growing up to 100 cm tall with solid (sometimes becoming hollow with age), striated, cylindrical stems 0.4 cm in diameter. The roots are somewhat swollen, cylindrical in shape, but lacking the distinct [[tuber]]s that occur in some other members of the genus. The upper leaves are once to twice [[pinnate]] with simple linear leaflets up to 5 cm long; the lower ones are twice pinnate, with wider, flat leaflets, more like those of other [[Apiaceae|umbellifers]]. The [[petiole (botany)|leaf stalks]] are shorter than the leaf blade, sheathing the stem at the base, and with a celery scent.<ref name=Tutin>{{cite book |last1=Tutin |first1=T.G. |title=Umbellifers of the British Isles |date=1980 |publisher=Botanical Society of the British Isles |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Poland |first1=John |last2=Clement |first2=Eric |title=The Vegetative Key to the British Flora |date=2009 |publisher=John Poland |location=Southampton |isbn=978-0-9560144-0-5}}</ref> |
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It flowers between June and September in northern Europe, with [[umbels]] of 5-9 smaller umbels about 1-2 cm in diameter, each of which has numerous white flowers. There are about 5 awl-shaped [[bract]]s on the main umbel and 5-7 small bracteoles at the base of each of the individual umbellules. Plants are monoecious, with [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] and male flowers in all umbels, but the proportion of hermaphroditic flowers decreases as the season progresses. Each flower has 5 unequal [[petal]]s with the larger, outer ones slightly larger, 5 [[stamen]]s and 2 prominent [[Stigma (botany)|styles]] arising from a swollen base (stylopodium) at the top of the ovary. After flowering, the flower stalks do not expand (as they do in some other species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water-dropwort]]) and the umbels do not become flat-topped.<ref name="Tutin" /><ref name=Stace>{{cite book |last1=Stace |first1=C.A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |date=2019 |location=Suffolk |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref> |
It flowers between June and September in northern Europe, with [[umbels]] of 5-9 smaller umbels about 1-2 cm in diameter, each of which has numerous white flowers. There are about 5 awl-shaped [[bract]]s on the main umbel and 5-7 small bracteoles at the base of each of the individual umbellules. Plants are monoecious, with [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] and male flowers in all umbels, but the proportion of hermaphroditic flowers decreases as the season progresses. Each flower has 5 unequal [[petal]]s with the larger, outer ones slightly larger, 5 [[stamen]]s and 2 prominent [[Stigma (botany)|styles]] arising from a swollen base (stylopodium) at the top of the ovary. After flowering, the flower stalks do not expand (as they do in some other species of [[Oenanthe (plant)|water-dropwort]]) and the umbels do not become flat-topped.<ref name="Tutin" /><ref name=Stace>{{cite book |last1=Stace |first1=C.A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |date=2019 |location=Suffolk |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref> |
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[[File:Oenanthe lachenalii.jpeg|thumb|Flowers of parsley water-dropwort]] |
[[File:Oenanthe lachenalii.jpeg|thumb|Flowers of parsley water-dropwort]] |
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==Identification== |
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This species is very similar to [[Oenanthe silaifolia|narrow-leaved water-dropwort]], to the extent that there is often confusion between them. In general, they should be easy to distinguish: parsley water-dropwort usually has bracts on the main umbels, the rays do not thicken after flowering, and the umblets do not become flat-topped in fruit. However, some plants lack bracts and could be difficult to identify in flower. Usually, parsley water-dropwort will have broader (parsley-like) leaflets on the lower leaves early in the year. The best way to confirm identification is from the mature fruit, which are winged in parsley water-dropwort and only ridged in the other species.<ref name="Tutin" /> |
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[[File:Oenanthe lachenalii bracts.jpg|thumb|A fresh umbel, showing the bracts]] |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The first description of parsley water-dropwort was by the German botanist [[Karl Christian Gmelin]] in his ''Flora Badensis Alsatica''<ref>[ |
The first description of parsley water-dropwort was by the German botanist [[Karl Christian Gmelin]] in his ''Flora Badensis Alsatica''<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83758202 Flora Badensis Alsatica] OCLC WorldCat</ref> in 1805. It has many synonyms (i.e. other authors have subsequently named the same plant, but Gmelin's name has precedence), including ''O. approximata'' Mérat (1812), ''O. foucaudii'' Tess. (1891) ''Phellandrium tabernaemontani'' Bubani (1899). A full list can be found in the Synonymic Checklists of the Plants of the World.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hassler |first1=M. |title=Catalogue of Life Checklist |date=2023 |publisher=ChecklistBank |doi=10.48580/ddz4x-3dd |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/be1f0e7a-0ee0-45a8-847c-9d12e3997425 |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> A few forms and varieties have also been named, but none is currently accepted. |
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It is not known to hybridise with any other species.<ref name="Stace" /> |
It is not known to hybridise with any other species.<ref name="Stace" /> |
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[[File:Œnanthe de Lachenal - feuille inférieure.jpg|thumb|Lower leaf of parsley water-dropwort]] |
[[File:Œnanthe de Lachenal - feuille inférieure.jpg|thumb|Lower leaf of parsley water-dropwort]] |
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[[File:Oenanthe lachenalii roots.jpg|thumb|The roots are slightly swollen but do not bear distinct tubers]] |
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The generic name |
The generic name ''[[Oenanthe (plant)|Oenanthe]]'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] οίνος, "wine" and άνθος, "flower", was used in ancient times for certain Mediterranean plants and later adopted to describe this genus. The "dropwort" part of the common name is a reference to the tubers produced amongst the roots of certain other species in the [[Oenanthe (plant)|genus]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiktionary |title=dropwort |date=16 January 2023 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dropwort}}</ref> |
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Its chromosome number is 2n = 22 (based on British specimens).<ref name="Tutin" /> |
Its chromosome number is 2n = 22 (based on British specimens).<ref name="Tutin" /> |
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==Distribution and status== |
==Distribution and status== |
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The global range of parsley water-dropwort is in [[Western Europe]] as far as [[Poland]] and [[Greece]], extending northwards to southern [[Scandinavia]] and southwards as far as the coast of [[Africa]]. It is not recorded as an introduction beyond its natural range.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |title=Oenanthe lachenalii C.C. Gmel. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5540332}}</ref> |
The global range of parsley water-dropwort is in [[Western Europe]] as far as [[Poland]] and [[Greece]], extending northwards to southern [[Scandinavia]] and southwards as far as the coast of [[Africa]]. It is not recorded as an introduction beyond its natural range.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |title=Oenanthe lachenalii C.C. Gmel. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/5540332}}</ref> |
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[[File:Oenanthe lachenalii stem.jpg|thumb|The petioles barely clasp the strongly ribbed stem]] |
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In Britain, it is classified as Least Concern, meaning that it is not rare nor declining at a particularly high rate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheffings |first1=C.M. | last2=Farrell |first2=L. |title=The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain |date=2005 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee |location=Peterborough}}</ref> It is, however, under threat, especially inland. In England, it has been assessed as decreasing by 24% between 1969 and 1999, and in one English county, Kent, by as much as 41%, although it is still not scarce. Causes of decline include drainage of wetlands and agricultural intensification.<ref name="Atlas" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=G.D. |title=Kent Rare Plant Register |date=2021 |url=https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/rare-plant-register-accounts-O-Oe-Orc-Feb-2021.pdf}}</ref> |
In Britain, it is classified as Least Concern, meaning that it is not rare nor declining at a particularly high rate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheffings |first1=C.M. | last2=Farrell |first2=L. |title=The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain |date=2005 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee |location=Peterborough}}</ref> It is, however, under threat, especially inland. In England, it has been assessed as decreasing by 24% between 1969 and 1999, and in one English county, Kent, by as much as 41%, although it is still not scarce. Causes of decline include drainage of wetlands and agricultural intensification.<ref name="Atlas" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=G.D. |title=Kent Rare Plant Register |date=2021 |url=https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/rare-plant-register-accounts-O-Oe-Orc-Feb-2021.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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Although it can be a component of hay meadows, parsley water-dropwort is considered to be poisonous to livestock, albeit not as toxic as [[Oenanthe crocata|hemlock water-dropwort]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=G.P. |title=Black's Veterinary Dictionary |date=1998 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |url=https:// |
Although it can be a component of hay meadows, parsley water-dropwort is considered to be poisonous to livestock, albeit not as toxic as [[Oenanthe crocata|hemlock water-dropwort]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=G.P. |title=Black's Veterinary Dictionary |date=1998 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |isbn=9780389210177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAD2cWqYI0C}}</ref> No part of the plant is edible by humans, and it appears to have no commercial uses. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 09:52, 18 October 2023
| Oenanthe lachenalii | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Oenanthe |
| Species: | O. lachenalii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Oenanthe lachenalii C.C. Gmel.
| |
Oenanthe lachenalii, parsley water-dropwort, is a flowering plant in the carrot family, which is native to Europe and parts of North Africa. It is a declining plant of coastal wetlands.
Description
[edit]Parsley water-dropwort is a hairless perennial growing up to 100 cm tall with solid (sometimes becoming hollow with age), striated, cylindrical stems 0.4 cm in diameter. The roots are somewhat swollen, cylindrical in shape, but lacking the distinct tubers that occur in some other members of the genus. The upper leaves are once to twice pinnate with simple linear leaflets up to 5 cm long; the lower ones are twice pinnate, with wider, flat leaflets, more like those of other umbellifers. The leaf stalks are shorter than the leaf blade, sheathing the stem at the base, and with a celery scent.[1][2]
It flowers between June and September in northern Europe, with umbels of 5-9 smaller umbels about 1-2 cm in diameter, each of which has numerous white flowers. There are about 5 awl-shaped bracts on the main umbel and 5-7 small bracteoles at the base of each of the individual umbellules. Plants are monoecious, with hermaphroditic and male flowers in all umbels, but the proportion of hermaphroditic flowers decreases as the season progresses. Each flower has 5 unequal petals with the larger, outer ones slightly larger, 5 stamens and 2 prominent styles arising from a swollen base (stylopodium) at the top of the ovary. After flowering, the flower stalks do not expand (as they do in some other species of water-dropwort) and the umbels do not become flat-topped.[1][3]
Identification
[edit]This species is very similar to narrow-leaved water-dropwort, to the extent that there is often confusion between them. In general, they should be easy to distinguish: parsley water-dropwort usually has bracts on the main umbels, the rays do not thicken after flowering, and the umblets do not become flat-topped in fruit. However, some plants lack bracts and could be difficult to identify in flower. Usually, parsley water-dropwort will have broader (parsley-like) leaflets on the lower leaves early in the year. The best way to confirm identification is from the mature fruit, which are winged in parsley water-dropwort and only ridged in the other species.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]The first description of parsley water-dropwort was by the German botanist Karl Christian Gmelin in his Flora Badensis Alsatica[4] in 1805. It has many synonyms (i.e. other authors have subsequently named the same plant, but Gmelin's name has precedence), including O. approximata Mérat (1812), O. foucaudii Tess. (1891) Phellandrium tabernaemontani Bubani (1899). A full list can be found in the Synonymic Checklists of the Plants of the World.[5] A few forms and varieties have also been named, but none is currently accepted.
It is not known to hybridise with any other species.[3]
The generic name Oenanthe, which comes from the Ancient Greek οίνος, "wine" and άνθος, "flower", was used in ancient times for certain Mediterranean plants and later adopted to describe this genus. The "dropwort" part of the common name is a reference to the tubers produced amongst the roots of certain other species in the genus.[6]
Its chromosome number is 2n = 22 (based on British specimens).[1]
Distribution and status
[edit]The global range of parsley water-dropwort is in Western Europe as far as Poland and Greece, extending northwards to southern Scandinavia and southwards as far as the coast of Africa. It is not recorded as an introduction beyond its natural range.[7]
In Britain, it is classified as Least Concern, meaning that it is not rare nor declining at a particularly high rate.[8] It is, however, under threat, especially inland. In England, it has been assessed as decreasing by 24% between 1969 and 1999, and in one English county, Kent, by as much as 41%, although it is still not scarce. Causes of decline include drainage of wetlands and agricultural intensification.[9][10]
It is considered an axiophyte in any British county.[11]
In France, it is widespread and classified as Least Concern, indicating that populations are generally stable, overall. However, it is rare and threatened in some inland régions such as Alsace, where it is Critically Endangered (CR) and Île-de-France (Endangered, EN). In the Auvergne it is thought to be extinct, or 'locally extirpated'.[12]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]This is a wetland plant, occurring primarily in slightly brackish grassland close to the coast. It is also found in freshwater inland marshes, particularly in France and Spain. In Britain, its ecological preferences are described as varying from the upper part of salt marshes, through brackish dykes to base-rich fen-meadows inland. It is fairly common around the coast of both Britain and Ireland, with the exception of northern and eastern Scotland.[9]
Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 8, F = 8, R = 8, N = 5, and S = 3.[13]
In the Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, in Spain, studies show that it occurs in a variety of habitats, from tall fescue/meadow barley meadows with wild celery, saltmarsh rush and narrow-leaved bird's-foot trefoil, to wetter water finger-grass/divided sedge grassland and through to brackish marsh with annual beard-grass, sea aster and Somerset rush.[14][15]
Uses
[edit]Although it can be a component of hay meadows, parsley water-dropwort is considered to be poisonous to livestock, albeit not as toxic as hemlock water-dropwort.[16] No part of the plant is edible by humans, and it appears to have no commercial uses.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Tutin, T.G. (1980). Umbellifers of the British Isles. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles.
- ^ Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009). The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. Southampton: John Poland. ISBN 978-0-9560144-0-5.
- ^ a b Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Flora Badensis Alsatica OCLC WorldCat
- ^ Hassler, M. (2023). "Catalogue of Life Checklist". ChecklistBank. doi:10.48580/ddz4x-3dd. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Wiktionary (16 January 2023). "dropwort".
- ^ Global Biodiversity Information Facility. "Oenanthe lachenalii C.C. Gmel".
- ^ Cheffings, C.M.; Farrell, L. (2005). The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
- ^ a b Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A.; Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Kitchener, G.D. (2021). Kent Rare Plant Register (PDF).
- ^ Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. "Axiophytes".
- ^ Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel. "Œnanthe de Lachenal". Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ Hill, M.O.; Mountford, J.O.; Roy, D.B.; Bunce, R.G.H. (1999). Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex (PDF). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. ISBN 1870393481. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ Watt, S.; Vilar, L. "A comparative study of the vegetation at Aiguamolls de l'Emporda wetlands (N.E. Iberian peninsula)". Scientia Gerundensis. 23: 109–154.
- ^ Watt, S.C.L.; García-Berthou, E.; Vilar, L. (2007). "The influence of water level and salinity on plant assemblages of a seasonally flooded Mediterranean wetland". Plant Ecology. 189: 71–85. doi:10.1007/s11258-006-9167-7. S2CID 13816485.
- ^ West, G.P. (1998). Black's Veterinary Dictionary. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 9780389210177.