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Year '''1323''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
Year '''1323''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
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== Events == |
== Events == |
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=== January – March === |
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<onlyinclude> |
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* [[January 3]] – Englishman [[Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle]], who had recently defeated rebel [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster]] at the [[Battle of Boroughbridge]], commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's King [[Robert the Bruce]]. <ref name=Barrow>Geoffrey Barrow, ''Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland'' (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965) pp. 351-353</ref> <ref name=Lanercost> Sir Herbert Maxwell, ''The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated with Notes'' (J. Maclehose and Sons, 1913) pp. 250-252</ref> |
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* [[January 14]] – On behalf of the [[Fraticelli]] order of Spiritual Franciscans, Italian lawyer [[Bonagrazia of Bergamo]] issues a protest to Pope John XXII of the December 8 papal bull ''Ad conditorem canonum''. <ref name=Bonagratia>"Bonagratia of Bergamo", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Robert Appleton Company, 1907)</ref> Pope John revises the text of the bull and reissues it, but also punishes Bonagrazia for his insolence by having him imprisoned. |
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| ⚫ | * [[January 25]] – [[Vilnius]], now the capital of [[Lithuania]] is first mentioned as a city, when the second of the [[Letters of Gediminas|Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas]] of the Duchy of Lithuania are sent to German cities inviting German Jews and other Germans to resettle in the city of "Vilna".<ref name=Snyder>Snyder, Timothy (2003). ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', pp. 92–93. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-10586-5}}.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * [[February 20]] – Norway's regency council takes a stand against [[Ingeborg of Norway|Ingeborg Haakonsdater]], mother of and regent for the 7-year-old [[Magnus IV of Sweden|King Magnus VII]]. <ref>Arthur L. Herman (2021). ''The Viking Heart: How Scandinavians Conquered the World'', pp. 176–178. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. {{ISBN|978-1328595904}}.</ref> Ingeborg is removed from her position as chief regent on charges of misuse of her power. |
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* [[February 25]] – The [[Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|Earl of Carlisle]] is arrested at [[Carlisle Castle]] by the Castle's warden, [[Anthony de Lucy]], on charges of treason and turned over to the custody of King Edward II of England. <ref name=Lanercost/> |
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* [[March 3]] – The [[Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|Earl of Carlisle]] is tried and convicted for treason, then executed later in the day. Carlisle is [[hanged, drawn and quartered]], and parts of his body are sent to various sites in England for public display. <ref name=Lanercost/> |
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| ⚫ | * [[March 6]] – [[Treaty of Paris (1323)|Treaty of Paris]]: Count [[Louis I, Count of Flanders|Louis I]] relinquishes Flemish claims over the [[County of Zeeland]]. He acknowledges [[William I, Count of Hainaut|William II the Good]] as count of [[Avesnes family|Avesnes]], [[County of Holland|Holland]], and Zeeland as a state within the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. William occupies most of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]] and tries to conquer [[Friesland]] (or [[Frisia]]) but is repelled by Governor [[Hessel Martena]].<ref> ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', p. 608. Eleventh Edition, Vol. XIII, Ed. Hugh Chisholm (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1910).</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * [[March 13]] – [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|Siege of Warangal]]: Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] sends an expeditionary army led by his son, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], to the Kakatiya capital [[Warangal]] – after ruler [[Prataparudra]] has refused to make [[tribute]] payments. He besieges the city and finally, after a campaign of 8 months, Prataparudra surrenders on [[November 9]].<ref>Richard M. Eaton (2005). ''A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761'', p. 21. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521254847}}.</ref> |
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=== |
=== April – June === |
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* [[April 11]] – [[Hugh II of Arborea|Hugh II]], the self-styled [[Judge of Arborea|King]] of [[Judicate of Arborea|Arborea]] (on the Italian island of [[Sardinia]], with a capital at [[Oristano]], becomes a [[vassal]] of Spain's [[James II of Aragon|King James II]] of [[Aragon]] in exchange for maintenance of the dynastic rights over his Judicate, and begins a war on the Italian mainland against the [[Republic of Pisa]], winning a battle at [[Villanovaforru]]. <ref> Francesco Cesare Casula, ''Il Regno di Sardegna'' (Logus mondi interattivi,2012) </ref> |
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* [[April 23]] – [[Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily|Elizabeth of Carinthia]] marries [[Peter II of Sicily|Peter, Crown Prince of Sicily]], co-ruler (with his father Frederick II) of the Kingdom of Sicily. |
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* [[April 25]] – Nicolò Pistorino becomes the new [[Grand chancellor (Republic of Venice)|Grand Chancellor]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], succeeding Jacopo Bertoldi, who held the office for almost nine years. |
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* [[May 15]] – [[Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France|Marie of Luxembourg]] is formally crowned as Queen consort of France at [[Sainte-Chapelle]] after her September 21 marriage to [[Charles IV of France|King Charles IV]]. |
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* [[May 21]] – The German ruler [[Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg]], signs a peace treaty with King [[Christopher II of Denmark]] confirming his conquest of the [[Lordship of Rostock]]. |
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* [[May 26]] – [[Gediminas]], [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], sends his [[Letters of Gediminas|third, fourth and fifth letters]] to German cities to advocate that residents relocate to his the Duchy of Lithuania. <ref name=Snyder/> |
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| ⚫ | * [[May 30]] – King [[Edward II of England]] makes a 13-year truce with [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] at [[York]]. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept [[Robert the Bruce]] as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.<ref>Pete Armstrong (2002). Osprey: ''Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory'', p. 89. {{ISBN|1-85532-609-4}}.</ref> |
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* [[May 31]] – [[Emperor Gong of Song|Zhao Xian]], who had been the [[Song dynasty]] Emperor of China from 1274 to 1276, commits suicide as an alternative to being executed, after being viewed as a threat by the Yuan dynasty Mongol Emperor [[Gegeen Khan|Yingzong]]. |
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| ⚫ | * [[June 11]] – [[Bertrand du Pouget]], French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibellines]] besieges [[Milan]] – but abandons the siege when [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV of Bavaria]], [[King of the Romans]], sends a relief army to [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] to aid the city and to protect his domains against the [[Kingdom of Naples]], which is together with [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] the strongest ally of the [[Papal States]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology of World History">Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 158. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref> |
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* [[June 28]] – [[Siege of Villa di Chiesa]]: Aragonese forces under Prince [[Alfonso IV of Aragon|Alfonso IV the Kind]] begin the siege at [[Iglesias, Sardinia|Villa di Chiesa]]. The fortified town is founded by Count [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], but is now under the control of the [[Republic of Pisa]]. Alfonso attacks the town with some 1,000 men and several [[siege engine]]s, while the citizens are starved to death.<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). ''A History of Medieval Spain'', p. 408. Cornell University Press.</ref> |
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=== July – September === |
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| ⚫ | * [[July 18]] – [[Thomas Aquinas]], Italian priest and theologian, is [[Canonization of Thomas Aquinas|canonized]] by Pope [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] at the [[Avignon Cathedral]] and canonized as a [[saint]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = [[Encyclopædia Metropolitana]] | contribution = The Life of Thomas Aquinas: A Dissertation of the Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages | author=Hampden, Renn Dickson <!--| authorlink=Renn Hampden-->|publisher=John J. Griffin & Co.| location = London |year = 1848 | page = 54}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * [[March 6]] – [[Treaty of Paris (1323)|Treaty of Paris]]: Count [[Louis I, Count of Flanders|Louis I]] |
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| ⚫ | * [[June 11]] – [[Bertrand du Pouget]], French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibellines]] besieges [[Milan]] – but abandons the siege when |
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* [[August 12]] – [[Treaty of Nöteborg]]: [[Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)|Sweden]] signs a peace treaty with the [[Novgorod Republic]], regulating the border (known as [[Finland]] today) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of the [[Hanseatic League]] in order to conclude the conflict over the control of the [[Gulf of Finland]] during the [[Swedish-Novgorodian Wars]].<ref>Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019). ''Ristiretket'', p. 280. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. {{ISBN|978-952-7045-09-1}}.</ref> |
* [[August 12]] – [[Treaty of Nöteborg]]: [[Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)|Sweden]] signs a peace treaty with the [[Novgorod Republic]], regulating the border (known as [[Finland]] today) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of the [[Hanseatic League]] in order to conclude the conflict over the control of the [[Gulf of Finland]] during the [[Swedish-Novgorodian Wars]].<ref>Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019). ''Ristiretket'', p. 280. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. {{ISBN|978-952-7045-09-1}}.</ref> |
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* [[September 4]] – [[Gegeen Khan]], the Mongol Emperor Yingzong of China is assassinated in a coup d'etat on orders of [[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Yesün Temür]], who becomes the new Emperor |
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| ⚫ | * November – [[1323–1328 Flemish revolt|Flemish Revolt]]: A uprising in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under [[Nicolaas Zannekin]]. Members of the local gentry join and [[William Deken]], mayor of [[Bruges]], becomes the leader of the revolt.<ref>William H. TeBrake (1993). ''A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-3241-0}}.</ref> |
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* [[September 28]] – In southern Burma (now Myanmar), [[Saw Zein]] becomes the new monarch of the [[Hanthawaddy Kingdom]] (or Martaban) upon the death of his older brother, [[Saw O]]. |
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=== October – December === |
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| ⚫ | * [[May 30]] – King [[Edward II of England |
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* [[October 15]] – Hostilities that will lead to the [[War of Saint-Sardos]] between England and France begin when King [[Charles IV of France]] has a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town of [[Saint-Sardos, Lot-et-Garonne|Saint-Sardos]], territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] in southeastern France). <ref name=Warner> Kathryn Warner, ''Edward II: The Unconventional King'' (Amberley Publishing, 2014)</ref> |
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* [[October 16]] – Lord Raymond-Bernard, of the Aquitaine town of [[Montpezat, Lot-et-Garonne|Montpezat]], burns the village of Saint-Sardos to the ground and hangs the French royal sergeant who acted as agent for King Charles IV. France's government blames the England's [[Ralph Basset, 2nd Baron Basset of Drayton|Baron Basset]] of the [[Duchy of Gascony]], for hiring Lord Raymond-Bernard. |
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==== Asia ==== |
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* [[November 12]] – [[Pope John XXII]] issues the papal bull ''Cum inter nonnullos'' as an addendum to the December 8 bull ''Ad conditorem canonum'', declaring that the assertion of the [[Fraticelli]] that Christ and the Apostles possessed no property (and advocated poverty as a Christian virtue) is a heresy. <ref name=Bonagratia/> |
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| ⚫ | * [[March 13]] – [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|Siege of Warangal]]: Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] sends an expeditionary army led by his son, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], to the Kakatiya capital [[Warangal]] – after ruler [[Prataparudra]] has refused to make [[tribute]] payments. He besieges the city and finally, after a campaign of 8 months, Prataparudra surrenders on [[November 9]].<ref>Richard M. Eaton (2005). ''A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761'', p. 21. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521254847}}.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * [[November]] – [[1323–1328 Flemish revolt|Flemish Revolt]]: A uprising in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under [[Nicolaas Zannekin]]. Members of the local gentry join and [[William Deken]], mayor of [[Bruges]], becomes the leader of the revolt.<ref>William H. TeBrake (1993). ''A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-3241-0}}.</ref> |
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* [[December 7]] – John of Nottingham and Robert of Coventry, two Englishmen believed by Coventry residents to be expert on [[necromancy]], begin the process of casting a spell to kill King Edward II, Sir Hugh le Despenser of Winchester, as well as the prior of Coventry. John allegedly accepted 20 pounds sterling, and starts his necromancy by making wax figurines of the targets of elimination and then using them for the next six months. The two men will later be prosecuted for sorcery after one of the designated victims allegedly dies after a pin is driven into his figurine. <ref>Natalie Fryde, ''The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004) pp.162-163</ref> |
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=== By topic === |
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* [[December 21]] – In further retaliation by the King Charles of France against King Edward of England for the Saint-Sardos incident, Edward's chief advocate in France's parliament, Pons Tournemire, is arrested and imprisoned in the [[Grand Châtelet]]. <ref>Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign and Its Aftermath 1284—1330 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003) pp. 315-321, 509</ref> |
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==== Architecture ==== |
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* Remains of the [[Lighthouse of Alexandria]] (one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]) are topled by the third of a series of earthquakes. |
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==== Cities and Towns ==== |
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| ⚫ | * [[Vilnius]] is first mentioned |
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==== Religion ==== |
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| ⚫ | * [[July 18]] – [[Thomas Aquinas]] |
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</onlyinclude> |
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== Births == |
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* [[February 9]] – [[Margaret of Brabant, Countess of Flanders|Margaret of Brabant]], Dutch noblewoman (d. [[1380]]) |
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* ''date unknown'' |
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** [[Bernabò Visconti]], Italian [[Nobility|nobleman]] and statesman (d. [[1385]]) |
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** [[Charles, Duke of Durazzo|Charles of Durazzo]], Italian nobleman and knight (d. [[1348]])<ref>Bartlett, Robert (2020). ''Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in Medieval Europe'', p. 248. Cambridge University Press.</ref> |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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* [[January 18]] – [[Catherine of Austria, Duchess of Calabria|Catherine of Austria]], German noblewoman (b. [[1295]]) |
* [[January 18]] – [[Catherine of Austria, Duchess of Calabria|Catherine of Austria]], German noblewoman (b. [[1295]]) |
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* [[March 3]] – [[Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|Andrew Harclay]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1270]]) |
* [[March 3]] – [[Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|Andrew Harclay]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1270]]) |
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* [[ |
* [[March 25]] – [[Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples|Mary of Hungary]], Hungarian princess and queen (b. [[1257]]) |
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* [[ |
* [[April 13]] – [[Joan of Lusignan]], French noblewoman and ruler (b. [[1260]]) |
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* [[June 11]] – [[Berengar Fredol the Elder]], French cardinal and writer<ref>Herbermann, Charles (1913). "Berenger Fredol". ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[June 19]] – [[Mechthild of Nassau]], German noblewoman and princess |
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* [[July 14]] – [[Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke|Ralph Greystoke]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1299]])<ref>Charles Clay; Diana E. Greenway (2013). ''Early Yorkshire Families'', p. 39. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-108-05837-7}}.</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[August 2]] – [[Hōjō Nobutoki]], Japanese nobleman and regent (b. [[1238]]) |
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* [[August 3]] – [[Augustin Kažotić]], Croatian prelate and bishop (b. 1260) |
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| ⚫ | * [[October 28]] – [[John Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Wilton|John Grey]], English nobleman, knight and politician<ref>Wright, Thomas (1864). ''The Roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who |
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* [[ |
* [[September 4]] – [[Gegeen Khan]], Emperor Yingzong of China and Mongol ruler (b. [[1302]]) |
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* [[September 22]] – [[Kosmas the Zographite]], Bulgarian monk and saint |
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| ⚫ | * [[October 28]] – [[John Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Wilton|John Grey]], English nobleman, knight and politician<ref>Wright, Thomas (1864). ''The Roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who attended King Edward I. at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300'', PP. 2–3. London: J.C. Hotten.</ref> |
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* [[November 16]] – [[Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen|Frederick the Brave]], German nobleman (b. 1257) |
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* ''date unknown'' |
* ''date unknown'' |
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** [[Benvenuto Campesani]], Italian poet, notary and writer (b. [[1250]]) |
** [[Benvenuto Campesani]], Italian poet, notary and writer (b. [[1250]]) |
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** [[Bernhard II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg|Bernhard II]], German nobleman and prince ([[House of Ascania]]) |
** [[Bernhard II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg|Bernhard II]], German nobleman and prince ([[House of Ascania]]) |
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** [[Blanche of France, Infanta of Castile|Blanche of France]], French princess ([[House of Capet]]) (b. [[1253]]) |
** [[Blanche of France, Infanta of Castile|Blanche of France]], French princess ([[House of Capet]]) (b. [[1253]]) |
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** [[Enrique Enríquez the Elder |
** [[Enrique Enríquez the Elder]], Castilian nobleman (b. [[1246]])<ref>Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (1982). Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro (ed.). ''Heráldica medieval espyearla''. Volumen I: La Casa Real de Castilla y León. Hidalguía. {{ISBN|8400051505}}.</ref> |
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** [[George II of Bulgaria|George II]], Bulgarian nobleman and co-ruler ([[Terter dynasty|House of Terter]]) |
** [[George II of Bulgaria|George II]], Bulgarian nobleman and co-ruler ([[Terter dynasty|House of Terter]]) |
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** [[Gerhard IV, Count of Holstein-Plön|Gerhard IV]], German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b. [[1277]]) |
** [[Gerhard IV, Count of Holstein-Plön|Gerhard IV]], German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b. [[1277]]) |
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** [[Giorgi I Dadiani|Giorgi I]], Georgian nobleman and co-ruler ([[House of Dadiani]]) |
** [[Giorgi I Dadiani|Giorgi I]], Georgian nobleman and co-ruler ([[House of Dadiani]]) |
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** [[Emperor Gong of Song|Gong of Song]], Chinese emperor ([[House of Zhao]]) (b. [[1271]])<ref>Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (2018). ''Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia'', p. 208. BRILL. {{ISBN|978-9004366152}}.</ref> |
** [[Emperor Gong of Song|Gong of Song]], Chinese emperor ([[House of Zhao]]) (b. [[1271]])<ref>Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (2018). ''Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia'', p. 208. BRILL. {{ISBN|978-9004366152}}.</ref> |
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** [[Guy Ferre (died 1323)|Guy Ferre |
** [[Guy Ferre (died 1323)|Guy Ferre the Younger]], English nobleman and seneschal |
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** [[Henry III, Count of Gorizia|Henry III]], German nobleman and co-ruler ([[House of Gorizia]]) |
** [[Henry III, Count of Gorizia|Henry III]], German nobleman and co-ruler ([[House of Gorizia]]) |
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** [[Hervaeus Natalis]], French scholar and theologian (b. 1260)<ref>Leonore Bazinek (1993). "Natalis, Hervaeus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). ''Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)'' (in German). Vol. 6. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 468–474. {{ISBN|3-88309-044-1}}.</ref> |
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** [[Ibn Adjurrum]], Moroccan scholar and grammarian (b. [[1273]])<ref>Sarton, George (1947). ''Introduction to the History of Science'', p. 1009. Vol. 3.</ref> |
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** [[Ibn al-Fuwati]], Persian librarian, historian and writer (b. [[1244]]) |
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** [[Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany|Isabella of Burgundy]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (b. 1270)<ref>''Philippe Le Bel et la Noblesse Franc-Comtoise'', p. 9. Frantz Funck-Brentano, ''Bibliothèque de I'École des chartes'', Vol. 49 (1888).</ref> |
** [[Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany|Isabella of Burgundy]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (b. 1270)<ref>''Philippe Le Bel et la Noblesse Franc-Comtoise'', p. 9. Frantz Funck-Brentano, ''Bibliothèque de I'École des chartes'', Vol. 49 (1888).</ref> |
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** [[Joan of Taranto]], queen consort of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]] (b. [[1297]]) |
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** [[John of Monmouth (bishop)|John of Monmouth]], English bishop and [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] (b. 1270) |
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** [[Maria dalle Carceri]], Italian noblewoman ([[Cornaro family|House of Cornaro]]) |
** [[Maria dalle Carceri]], Italian noblewoman ([[Cornaro family|House of Cornaro]]) |
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** [[Nicholas Orsini]], Italian nobleman, count palatine and ruler<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1984). ''The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages'', pp. 91–92. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-13089-9}}.</ref> |
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** [[Niklot I, Count of Schwerin]], German nobleman and ruler (b. 1250) |
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** [[Nisshō]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] disciple and teacher (b. [[1221]]) |
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** [[Zhongfeng Mingben]], Chinese [[Chan Buddhism|Buddhist]] master (b. [[1263]])<ref>Lauer, Uta (2002). ''A Master of His Own: The Calligraphy of the Chan Abbot Zhongfeng Mingben (1262–1323)'', p. 52. Franz Steiner Verlag. {{ISBN|9783515079327}}.</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 12:35, 18 October 2023
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1323 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1323 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1323 MCCCXXIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2076 |
| Armenian calendar | 772 ԹՎ ՉՀԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6073 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1244–1245 |
| Bengali calendar | 730 |
| Berber calendar | 2273 |
| English Regnal year | 16 Edw. 2 – 17 Edw. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1867 |
| Burmese calendar | 685 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6831–6832 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬戌年 (Water Dog) 4020 or 3813 — to — 癸亥年 (Water Pig) 4021 or 3814 |
| Coptic calendar | 1039–1040 |
| Discordian calendar | 2489 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1315–1316 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5083–5084 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1379–1380 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1244–1245 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4423–4424 |
| Holocene calendar | 11323 |
| Igbo calendar | 323–324 |
| Iranian calendar | 701–702 |
| Islamic calendar | 722–723 |
| Japanese calendar | Genkō 3 (元亨３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1234–1235 |
| Julian calendar | 1323 MCCCXXIII |
| Korean calendar | 3656 |
| Minguo calendar | 589 before ROC 民前589年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −145 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1865–1866 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳水狗年 (male Water-Dog) 1449 or 1068 or 296 — to — 阴水猪年 (female Water-Pig) 1450 or 1069 or 297 |
Year 1323 (MCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit]January – March
[edit]- January 3 – Englishman Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, who had recently defeated rebel Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge, commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's King Robert the Bruce. [1] [2]
- January 14 – On behalf of the Fraticelli order of Spiritual Franciscans, Italian lawyer Bonagrazia of Bergamo issues a protest to Pope John XXII of the December 8 papal bull Ad conditorem canonum. [3] Pope John revises the text of the bull and reissues it, but also punishes Bonagrazia for his insolence by having him imprisoned.
- January 25 – Vilnius, now the capital of Lithuania is first mentioned as a city, when the second of the Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas of the Duchy of Lithuania are sent to German cities inviting German Jews and other Germans to resettle in the city of "Vilna".[4]
- February 20 – Norway's regency council takes a stand against Ingeborg Haakonsdater, mother of and regent for the 7-year-old King Magnus VII. [5] Ingeborg is removed from her position as chief regent on charges of misuse of her power.
- February 25 – The Earl of Carlisle is arrested at Carlisle Castle by the Castle's warden, Anthony de Lucy, on charges of treason and turned over to the custody of King Edward II of England. [2]
- March 3 – The Earl of Carlisle is tried and convicted for treason, then executed later in the day. Carlisle is hanged, drawn and quartered, and parts of his body are sent to various sites in England for public display. [2]
- March 6 – Treaty of Paris: Count Louis I relinquishes Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland. He acknowledges William II the Good as count of Avesnes, Holland, and Zeeland as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. William occupies most of the Bishopric of Utrecht and tries to conquer Friesland (or Frisia) but is repelled by Governor Hessel Martena.[6]
- March 13 – Siege of Warangal: Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sends an expeditionary army led by his son, Muhammad bin Tughluq, to the Kakatiya capital Warangal – after ruler Prataparudra has refused to make tribute payments. He besieges the city and finally, after a campaign of 8 months, Prataparudra surrenders on November 9.[7]
April – June
[edit]- April 11 – Hugh II, the self-styled King of Arborea (on the Italian island of Sardinia, with a capital at Oristano, becomes a vassal of Spain's King James II of Aragon in exchange for maintenance of the dynastic rights over his Judicate, and begins a war on the Italian mainland against the Republic of Pisa, winning a battle at Villanovaforru. [8]
- April 23 – Elizabeth of Carinthia marries Peter, Crown Prince of Sicily, co-ruler (with his father Frederick II) of the Kingdom of Sicily.
- April 25 – Nicolò Pistorino becomes the new Grand Chancellor of the Republic of Venice, succeeding Jacopo Bertoldi, who held the office for almost nine years.
- May 15 – Marie of Luxembourg is formally crowned as Queen consort of France at Sainte-Chapelle after her September 21 marriage to King Charles IV.
- May 21 – The German ruler Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg, signs a peace treaty with King Christopher II of Denmark confirming his conquest of the Lordship of Rostock.
- May 26 – Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sends his third, fourth and fifth letters to German cities to advocate that residents relocate to his the Duchy of Lithuania. [4]
- May 30 – King Edward II of England makes a 13-year truce with Scotland at York. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept Robert the Bruce as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.[9]
- May 31 – Zhao Xian, who had been the Song dynasty Emperor of China from 1274 to 1276, commits suicide as an alternative to being executed, after being viewed as a threat by the Yuan dynasty Mongol Emperor Yingzong.
- June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.[10]
- June 28 – Siege of Villa di Chiesa: Aragonese forces under Prince Alfonso IV the Kind begin the siege at Villa di Chiesa. The fortified town is founded by Count Ugolino della Gherardesca, but is now under the control of the Republic of Pisa. Alfonso attacks the town with some 1,000 men and several siege engines, while the citizens are starved to death.[11]
July – September
[edit]- July 18 – Thomas Aquinas, Italian priest and theologian, is canonized by Pope John XXII at the Avignon Cathedral and canonized as a saint.[12]
- August 12 – Treaty of Nöteborg: Sweden signs a peace treaty with the Novgorod Republic, regulating the border (known as Finland today) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of the Hanseatic League in order to conclude the conflict over the control of the Gulf of Finland during the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars.[13]
- September 4 – Gegeen Khan, the Mongol Emperor Yingzong of China is assassinated in a coup d'etat on orders of Yesün Temür, who becomes the new Emperor
- September 28 – In southern Burma (now Myanmar), Saw Zein becomes the new monarch of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (or Martaban) upon the death of his older brother, Saw O.
October – December
[edit]- October 8 – John XXII claims the right to confirm imperial elections and demands that Louis IV of Bavarian surrender his claim to be King of the Romans.[10]
- October 15 – Hostilities that will lead to the War of Saint-Sardos between England and France begin when King Charles IV of France has a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town of Saint-Sardos, territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of the Duchy of Aquitaine in southeastern France). [14]
- October 16 – Lord Raymond-Bernard, of the Aquitaine town of Montpezat, burns the village of Saint-Sardos to the ground and hangs the French royal sergeant who acted as agent for King Charles IV. France's government blames the England's Baron Basset of the Duchy of Gascony, for hiring Lord Raymond-Bernard.
- November 12 – Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Cum inter nonnullos as an addendum to the December 8 bull Ad conditorem canonum, declaring that the assertion of the Fraticelli that Christ and the Apostles possessed no property (and advocated poverty as a Christian virtue) is a heresy. [3]
- November – Flemish Revolt: A uprising in Flanders is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry join and William Deken, mayor of Bruges, becomes the leader of the revolt.[15]
- December 7 – John of Nottingham and Robert of Coventry, two Englishmen believed by Coventry residents to be expert on necromancy, begin the process of casting a spell to kill King Edward II, Sir Hugh le Despenser of Winchester, as well as the prior of Coventry. John allegedly accepted 20 pounds sterling, and starts his necromancy by making wax figurines of the targets of elimination and then using them for the next six months. The two men will later be prosecuted for sorcery after one of the designated victims allegedly dies after a pin is driven into his figurine. [16]
- December 21 – In further retaliation by the King Charles of France against King Edward of England for the Saint-Sardos incident, Edward's chief advocate in France's parliament, Pons Tournemire, is arrested and imprisoned in the Grand Châtelet. [17]
Deaths
[edit]- January 18 – Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman (b. 1295)
- March 3 – Andrew Harclay, English nobleman and knight (b. 1270)
- March 25 – Mary of Hungary, Hungarian princess and queen (b. 1257)
- April 13 – Joan of Lusignan, French noblewoman and ruler (b. 1260)
- June 11 – Berengar Fredol the Elder, French cardinal and writer[18]
- June 19 – Mechthild of Nassau, German noblewoman and princess
- July 14 – Ralph Greystoke, English nobleman and knight (b. 1299)[19]
- August 2 – Hōjō Nobutoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (b. 1238)
- August 3 – Augustin Kažotić, Croatian prelate and bishop (b. 1260)
- September 4 – Gegeen Khan, Emperor Yingzong of China and Mongol ruler (b. 1302)
- September 22 – Kosmas the Zographite, Bulgarian monk and saint
- October 11 – Henry II the Younger, German nobleman (b. 1292)
- October 16 – Amadeus V, Savoyan nobleman and regent (b. 1252)
- October 28 – John Grey, English nobleman, knight and politician[20]
- November 16 – Frederick the Brave, German nobleman (b. 1257)
- date unknown
- Benvenuto Campesani, Italian poet, notary and writer (b. 1250)
- Bernhard II, German nobleman and prince (House of Ascania)
- Blanche of France, French princess (House of Capet) (b. 1253)
- Enrique Enríquez the Elder, Castilian nobleman (b. 1246)[21]
- George II, Bulgarian nobleman and co-ruler (House of Terter)
- Gerhard IV, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b. 1277)
- Giorgi I, Georgian nobleman and co-ruler (House of Dadiani)
- Gong of Song, Chinese emperor (House of Zhao) (b. 1271)[22]
- Guy Ferre the Younger, English nobleman and seneschal
- Henry III, German nobleman and co-ruler (House of Gorizia)
- Hervaeus Natalis, French scholar and theologian (b. 1260)[23]
- Ibn Adjurrum, Moroccan scholar and grammarian (b. 1273)[24]
- Ibn al-Fuwati, Persian librarian, historian and writer (b. 1244)
- Isabella of Burgundy, queen consort of Germany (b. 1270)[25]
- Joan of Taranto, queen consort of Cilician Armenia (b. 1297)
- John of Monmouth, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1270)
- Maria dalle Carceri, Italian noblewoman (House of Cornaro)
- Nicholas Orsini, Italian nobleman, count palatine and ruler[26]
- Niklot I, Count of Schwerin, German nobleman and ruler (b. 1250)
- Nisshō, Japanese Buddhist disciple and teacher (b. 1221)
- Zhongfeng Mingben, Chinese Buddhist master (b. 1263)[27]
References
[edit]- ^ Geoffrey Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965) pp. 351-353
- ^ a b c Sir Herbert Maxwell, The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated with Notes (J. Maclehose and Sons, 1913) pp. 250-252
- ^ a b "Bonagratia of Bergamo", The Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1907)
- ^ a b Snyder, Timothy (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, pp. 92–93. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5.
- ^ Arthur L. Herman (2021). The Viking Heart: How Scandinavians Conquered the World, pp. 176–178. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-1328595904.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 608. Eleventh Edition, Vol. XIII, Ed. Hugh Chisholm (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1910).
- ^ Richard M. Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761, p. 21. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521254847.
- ^ Francesco Cesare Casula, Il Regno di Sardegna (Logus mondi interattivi,2012)
- ^ Pete Armstrong (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 89. ISBN 1-85532-609-4.
- ^ a b Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 408. Cornell University Press.
- ^ Hampden, Renn Dickson (1848). "The Life of Thomas Aquinas: A Dissertation of the Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages". Encyclopædia Metropolitana. London: John J. Griffin & Co. p. 54.
- ^ Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019). Ristiretket, p. 280. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. ISBN 978-952-7045-09-1.
- ^ Kathryn Warner, Edward II: The Unconventional King (Amberley Publishing, 2014)
- ^ William H. TeBrake (1993). A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3241-0.
- ^ Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) pp.162-163
- ^ Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign and Its Aftermath 1284—1330 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003) pp. 315-321, 509
- ^ Herbermann, Charles (1913). "Berenger Fredol". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Charles Clay; Diana E. Greenway (2013). Early Yorkshire Families, p. 39. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-05837-7.
- ^ Wright, Thomas (1864). The Roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who attended King Edward I. at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300, PP. 2–3. London: J.C. Hotten.
- ^ Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (1982). Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro (ed.). Heráldica medieval espyearla. Volumen I: La Casa Real de Castilla y León. Hidalguía. ISBN 8400051505.
- ^ Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (2018). Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia, p. 208. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004366152.
- ^ Leonore Bazinek (1993). "Natalis, Hervaeus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 6. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 468–474. ISBN 3-88309-044-1.
- ^ Sarton, George (1947). Introduction to the History of Science, p. 1009. Vol. 3.
- ^ Philippe Le Bel et la Noblesse Franc-Comtoise, p. 9. Frantz Funck-Brentano, Bibliothèque de I'École des chartes, Vol. 49 (1888).
- ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages, pp. 91–92. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
- ^ Lauer, Uta (2002). A Master of His Own: The Calligraphy of the Chan Abbot Zhongfeng Mingben (1262–1323), p. 52. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515079327.