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Willuconquer (talk | contribs) ←Created page with 'A '''''vassa candle''''' is a giant beeswax candle which burns for the whole duration of the Theravada Buddhist festival of Vassa used especially in Cambodia and Thailand. It has been compared to the paschal candle of Christians, which burns during the whole season of Paschaltide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Leclère |first=Adhémard |url=https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=F7oeAAAAMAAJ&q=vossa+cierge&dq=vo...' |
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{{Short description|Candle which burns during Buddhist festival of Vassa}} |
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| ⚫ | A ''''' |
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[[File:Thawai Thian Phansa 3.jpg|thumb|A Vassa candle being carried in procession]] |
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| ⚫ | A '''''Vassa candle''''', or '''''Tean Vassa''''', is a giant [[Beeswax candles|beeswax candle]] that is burned for the duration of the [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhist]] festival of [[Vassa]]. These candles are most frequently used in [[Cambodia]] and [[Thailand]]. The Vassa candle has been compared to the [[paschal candle]] of Christians, burned during the entirety of [[Paschaltide]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Leclère |first=Adhémard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7oeAAAAMAAJ&q=vossa+cierge |title=Cambodge: fêtes civiles et religieuses |date=1916 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=175–179 |language=fr |chapter=Le Cierge du Vossa |trans-chapter=The Candle of Vossa}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Angkorian origin |
=== Angkorian origin === |
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''Tchen-t'an'' was an ancient [[Khmer Empire|Angkorian]] rite that was associated with a large candle, sometimes compared to the Vassa candle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pym |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZJOAAAAMAAJ&q=vossa+candle |title=The Ancient Civilization of Angkor |date=1968 |publisher=New American Library |isbn=978-0-451-60858-1 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> According to the Chinese diplomat [[Zhou Daguan]] who visited [[Angkor]] in the 12th century, ''tchen-t'an'' was a rite of [[Virginity|deflowering]] girls between the ages of seven and nine years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kersalé |first=Patrick |title=Documentary sources on the music of Angkor Wat |url=http://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/ancient-music/about-early-music/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Sounds of Angkor |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Buddhist rite === |
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{{Main|Vassa}} |
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Archaeologists found the remains of a sandstone candle holder made by Buddhists at Wat Langka Krao in [[Siem Reap]] between 1807 and 1857. The oldest written Buddhist reference to the Vassa candle is in the [[Cambodian Royal Chronicles]], composed between 1848 and 1859 during the reign of King [[Ang Duong]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=កេស |first=រណ្ណីយ្យា |date=2014-10-01 |title=ទំនៀមបូជាទៀនវស្សា|trans-title=The Tradition of the Vossa candle |url=https://www.rfa.org/khmer/program/religion/tradition-of-offering-wax-candle-10012014043922.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=km}}</ref> |
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=== Wax |
=== Wax candle festivals === |
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{{Main|Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival}} |
{{Main|Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival}} |
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In the pre- |
In the pre-electric era, people made temple offerings of candles that monks could use to illuminate temples during the darker days of the rainy season. Candle-giving morphed into the [[Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival]], one of Thailand's more colourful festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vassavasa – Thailand's Annual 'Rains Retreat' and Candle Festivals |url=https://www.xyzasia.com/home/vassavasa-thailand-annual-rains-retreat-candle-festivals |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=xyzAsia |language=en-GB}}</ref> The candles are carved a few days before the festival with designs that are so intricate that some observers consider them to be "extravagant".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenton |first=Stéphanie |date=2012-08-02 |title=Buddhist: Light a candle for the three months of Vassa |url=https://readthespirit.com/religious-holidays-festivals/buddhist-light-a-candle-for-the-three-months-of-vassa/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Religious Holidays |language=en-US}}</ref> In various localities of Thailand, teams come from all over the world for competitions carving these giant wax artworks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title=Khao Phansa festivals across Thailand |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/thai-destination/30348911 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Nation - Thailand |language=en}}</ref> |
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== |
== Ritual == |
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[[File:Thawai Thian Phansa 1.jpg|thumb|A Thai celebration of ''Vassa'' utilizing a Vassa candle.]] |
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=== Moulding === |
=== Moulding === |
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In Cambodia, an annual ceremony known as ''sett tean Vassa'' is held at the [[Royal Palace of Cambodia|royal palace]] to mould Vassa candles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni - News |url=https://www.norodomsihamoni.org/en/news/2019-07-11_1# |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Official website of His Majesty King Sihamouni}}</ref> While sitting on his throne, the [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Khmer monarch]] pours the melted wax into moulds that are held by the [[Purohita|''purohit'']] ''baku,'' the priest who serves the palace. |
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=== Offering === |
=== Offering === |
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Men usually carry the Vassa candle, bringing it to Buddhist [[Pagoda|pagodas]] in an elaborate procession.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leroi-Gourhan |first1=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxXxAAAAIAAJ&dq=vossa+candle&pg=PA93 |title=Ethnology of Indochina |last2=Poirier |first2=Jean |date=1962 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Joint Publications Research Service |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrock |first=Joann L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnIEBfOGWjsC&dq=vossa+candle&pg=PA1094 |title=Minority Groups in the Republic of Vietnam |date=1966 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |pages=1094 |language=en}}</ref> Carrying and offering the Vassa candle is an honor that is highly sought by government officials and benefactors of Cambodian pagodas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=Lok Chumteav Khieu Tep Rainsy Kanharith Offers Vossa Candles and Foodstuffs to Buddhist Monks in Koh Sotin District |url=https://www.information.gov.kh/articles/50749 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Royal Ministry of Information of the Kingdom of Cambodia}}</ref> |
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The Vassa candle is usually carried by men<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrock |first=Joann L. |url=https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=LnIEBfOGWjsC&pg=PA1094&dq=vossa+candle&hl=km&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwio1s3nruH4AhWQpVYBHaZwBqs4ChDoAXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=vossa%20candle&f=false |title=Minority Groups in the Republic of Vietnam |last2= |first2= |date=1966 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |pages=1094 |language=en}}</ref> and brought to the pagoda in an elaborate procession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leroi-Gourhan |first=André |url=https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=zxXxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=vossa+candle&hl=km&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi55qKhpuH4AhVAmVYBHdWxCtgQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=vossa%20candle&f=false |title=Ethnology of Indochina |last2=Poirier |first2=Jean |date=1962 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Joint Publications Research Service |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Lighting === |
=== Lighting === |
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While |
While monks have historically lighted the Vassa candle, [[Upasaka|laypeople]] have more recently been granted this privilege.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebihara |first=May Mayko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhFEDwAAQBAJ&dq=vossa+candle&pg=PA167 |title=Svay: A Khmer Village in Cambodia |date=2018-02-15 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-1480-1 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> In the past, the candle could be lit only with fire coming from a stone beaten by a lighter or by fire obtained by the friction of two bamboo sticks. Today, a match is allowed to be used.<ref name=":0" /> Once lit, the candle burns for the entire length of the Vassa festival. |
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Formerly the candle could be lit only with the fire coming from a stone beaten by a lighter or by the fire which one obtained by the friction of two bamboos. Today, a simple match is enough.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Once lit, the candle has to burn for the full length of the Vassa festival. |
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== Fabrication == |
== Fabrication == |
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| ⚫ | A Vassa candle is traditionally prepared by an [[Achar (Buddhism)|''achar'']] from {{Convert|12|kg|lb|abbr=off}} of natural [[beeswax]]. The beeswax is usually recycled by melting old candle stumps that are collected from within the temple or donated by the surrounding villages. Hairdryers are used to re-soften the wax, allowing it to be moulded and created into shapes. Then, sculptors create intricate carvings and details of the candle's exterior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Allan |date=2019-04-02 |title=Buddhist Lent Day: The Candle Festival on Wan Khao Phansa |url=https://www.live-less-ordinary.com/buddhist-lent-day-candle-festival/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Live Less Ordinary: Bangkok Based Bloggers Travelling in Asia & Beyond |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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A Vassa candle is traditionally prepared by the [[Achar (Buddhism)|''achar'']] from twelve kilograms of natural [[beeswax]]. It measures 93 centimeters and is seated on a pedestal or throne called ''balan'', about 29 centimeters high. |
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| ⚫ | A Vassa candle measures {{Convert|93|cm|in|abbr=off}} in length. It is seated on a pedestal or throne called ''balan'', about {{Convert|29|cm|in|abbr=off}} tall. Another candle is placed on top of the Vassa candle; this smaller candle is the one that is lit. The smaller wax candle is carved with the intricate design of [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flowers]]. It is often crowned with a small receptacle filled with [[coconut oil]], which burns instead of the wax.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Symbolism == |
== Symbolism == |
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Vassa candles are considered to be "the light for life", that lighten the darker parts of life and guide the way toward [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-24 |title="Chol Vossa" festival to be celebrated from tomorrow |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50900401/chol-vossa-festival-to-be-celebrated-from-tomorrow/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=[[Khmer Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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{{Stub}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vassa Candle}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vassa Candle}} |
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[[Category:Candles]] |
[[Category:Candles]] |
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[[Category:Khmer folklore]] |
[[Category:Khmer folklore]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:33, 19 October 2023
A Vassa candle, or Tean Vassa, is a giant beeswax candle that is burned for the duration of the Theravada Buddhist festival of Vassa. These candles are most frequently used in Cambodia and Thailand. The Vassa candle has been compared to the paschal candle of Christians, burned during the entirety of Paschaltide.[1]
History
[edit]Angkorian origin
[edit]Tchen-t'an was an ancient Angkorian rite that was associated with a large candle, sometimes compared to the Vassa candle.[2] According to the Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan who visited Angkor in the 12th century, tchen-t'an was a rite of deflowering girls between the ages of seven and nine years.[3]
Buddhist rite
[edit]Archaeologists found the remains of a sandstone candle holder made by Buddhists at Wat Langka Krao in Siem Reap between 1807 and 1857. The oldest written Buddhist reference to the Vassa candle is in the Cambodian Royal Chronicles, composed between 1848 and 1859 during the reign of King Ang Duong.[4]
Wax candle festivals
[edit]In the pre-electric era, people made temple offerings of candles that monks could use to illuminate temples during the darker days of the rainy season. Candle-giving morphed into the Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival, one of Thailand's more colourful festivals.[5] The candles are carved a few days before the festival with designs that are so intricate that some observers consider them to be "extravagant".[6] In various localities of Thailand, teams come from all over the world for competitions carving these giant wax artworks.[7]
Ritual
[edit]
Moulding
[edit]In Cambodia, an annual ceremony known as sett tean Vassa is held at the royal palace to mould Vassa candles.[8] While sitting on his throne, the Khmer monarch pours the melted wax into moulds that are held by the purohit baku, the priest who serves the palace.
Offering
[edit]Men usually carry the Vassa candle, bringing it to Buddhist pagodas in an elaborate procession.[9][10] Carrying and offering the Vassa candle is an honor that is highly sought by government officials and benefactors of Cambodian pagodas.[11]
Lighting
[edit]While monks have historically lighted the Vassa candle, laypeople have more recently been granted this privilege.[12] In the past, the candle could be lit only with fire coming from a stone beaten by a lighter or by fire obtained by the friction of two bamboo sticks. Today, a match is allowed to be used.[1] Once lit, the candle burns for the entire length of the Vassa festival.
Fabrication
[edit]A Vassa candle is traditionally prepared by an achar from 12 kilograms (26 pounds) of natural beeswax. The beeswax is usually recycled by melting old candle stumps that are collected from within the temple or donated by the surrounding villages. Hairdryers are used to re-soften the wax, allowing it to be moulded and created into shapes. Then, sculptors create intricate carvings and details of the candle's exterior.[13]
A Vassa candle measures 93 centimetres (37 inches) in length. It is seated on a pedestal or throne called balan, about 29 centimetres (11 inches) tall. Another candle is placed on top of the Vassa candle; this smaller candle is the one that is lit. The smaller wax candle is carved with the intricate design of lotus flowers. It is often crowned with a small receptacle filled with coconut oil, which burns instead of the wax.[1]
Symbolism
[edit]Vassa candles are considered to be "the light for life", that lighten the darker parts of life and guide the way toward Nirvana.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Leclère, Adhémard (1916). "Le Cierge du Vossa" [The Candle of Vossa]. Cambodge: fêtes civiles et religieuses (in French). Imprimerie nationale. pp. 175–179.
- ^ Pym, Christopher (1968). The Ancient Civilization of Angkor. New American Library. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-451-60858-1.
- ^ Kersalé, Patrick. "Documentary sources on the music of Angkor Wat". Sounds of Angkor (in French). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ កេស, រណ្ណីយ្យា (2014-10-01). "ទំនៀមបូជាទៀនវស្សា" [The Tradition of the Vossa candle]. Radio Free Asia (in Khmer). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ "Vassavasa – Thailand's Annual 'Rains Retreat' and Candle Festivals". xyzAsia. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ Fenton, Stéphanie (2012-08-02). "Buddhist: Light a candle for the three months of Vassa". Religious Holidays. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ "Khao Phansa festivals across Thailand". The Nation - Thailand. 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ "His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni - News". Official website of His Majesty King Sihamouni. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ Leroi-Gourhan, André; Poirier, Jean (1962). Ethnology of Indochina. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Joint Publications Research Service. p. 93.
- ^ Schrock, Joann L. (1966). Minority Groups in the Republic of Vietnam. Headquarters, Department of the Army. p. 1094.
- ^ "Lok Chumteav Khieu Tep Rainsy Kanharith Offers Vossa Candles and Foodstuffs to Buddhist Monks in Koh Sotin District". Royal Ministry of Information of the Kingdom of Cambodia. 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ Ebihara, May Mayko (2018-02-15). Svay: A Khmer Village in Cambodia. Cornell University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-5017-1480-1.
- ^ Wilson, Allan (2019-04-02). "Buddhist Lent Day: The Candle Festival on Wan Khao Phansa". Live Less Ordinary: Bangkok Based Bloggers Travelling in Asia & Beyond. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ^ ""Chol Vossa" festival to be celebrated from tomorrow". Khmer Times. 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2022-07-05.