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Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them.^[1] The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs.^[2]

History

In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease",^[3] in Science magazine, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine.^[4] In 1956, Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality,^[5] a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis, and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine^[6] and orthomolecular medicine.^[7] Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968,^[8] introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention.

Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s' "biological revolution" that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications.^[9]

Molecular surgery

Some researchers separate molecular surgery as a compartment of molecular medicine.^[10]

Education

Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities.^[11] Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline, the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work, and postgraduate medical degrees.

Subjects

Core subjects are similar to biochemistry courses and typically include gene expression, research methods, proteins, cancer research, immunology, biotechnology and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as chemistry, functioning as an additional study to enrich the undergraduate program.

Citations

^ Jens Kurreck; Cy Aaron Stein (16 February 2016). Molecular Medicine: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-33189-5.
^ Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine: an evolving paradigm, Trends in Molecular Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 183-191
^ L Pauling, H Itano, SJ Singer, I Wells. "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". Science, 25 November 1949, vol. 110, no. 2865, pp. 543-548.
^ BJ Strasser, Perspectives: Molecular Medicine, [ "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"] Science, 19 November 1999, vol. 286, no.5444, pp. 1488 - 1490.
^ RJ Williams (1956) Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept (John Wiley & Sons, 1956; University of Texas Press, 1969 to 1979; Keats Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-87983-893-0
^ MS Runge, C Patterson, VA McKusick, Principles of Molecular Medicine, 2nd ed, p. 53, Humana Press, 2006 ISBN 1-58829-202-9.
^ RJ Williams, DK Kalita (1979) Physician's Handbook on Orthomolecular Medicine, Keats Publishing, ISBN 0-87983-199-5
^ Pauling L (1968). "Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease". Science. 160 (825): 265–71. doi:10.1126/science.160.3825.265. PMID 5641253. S2CID 20153555.
^ Izraeli, Shai; Rechavi, Gideon (August 2002). "Molecular medicine--an overview". The Israel Medical Association Journal. 4 (8): 638–640. ISSN 1565-1088. PMID 12183874.
^ Brunicardi, F. C. (2000). "Molecular surgery and biology". American Journal of Surgery. 180 (6): 397–401. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00494-3. ISSN 0002-9610. PMID 11182386.
^ "Best Doctorates in Molecular Sciences in Europe 2021". www.phdstudies.com. Retrieved 2021-08-06.

[KurreckStein2016-1] Jens Kurreck; Cy Aaron Stein (16 February 2016). Molecular Medicine: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-33189-5.

[2] Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine: an evolving paradigm, Trends in Molecular Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 183-191

[3] L Pauling, H Itano, SJ Singer, I Wells. "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". Science, 25 November 1949, vol. 110, no. 2865, pp. 543-548.

[4] BJ Strasser, Perspectives: Molecular Medicine, [ "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"] Science, 19 November 1999, vol. 286, no.5444, pp. 1488 - 1490.

[5] RJ Williams (1956) Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept (John Wiley & Sons, 1956; University of Texas Press, 1969 to 1979; Keats Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-87983-893-0

[6] MS Runge, C Patterson, VA McKusick, Principles of Molecular Medicine, 2nd ed, p. 53, Humana Press, 2006 ISBN 1-58829-202-9.

[7] RJ Williams, DK Kalita (1979) Physician's Handbook on Orthomolecular Medicine, Keats Publishing, ISBN 0-87983-199-5

[pauling1968-8] Pauling L (1968). "Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease". Science. 160 (825): 265–71. doi:10.1126/science.160.3825.265. PMID 5641253. S2CID 20153555.

[9] Izraeli, Shai; Rechavi, Gideon (August 2002). "Molecular medicine--an overview". The Israel Medical Association Journal. 4 (8): 638–640. ISSN 1565-1088. PMID 12183874.

[10] Brunicardi, F. C. (2000). "Molecular surgery and biology". American Journal of Surgery. 180 (6): 397–401. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00494-3. ISSN 0002-9610. PMID 11182386.

[11] "Best Doctorates in Molecular Sciences in Europe 2021". www.phdstudies.com. Retrieved 2021-08-06.

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+{{Short description|Medical specialty and academic discipline}}
-'''Molecular medicine''' is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, [[bioinformatics]] and medical techniques are used to describe [[molecular structure]]s and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The concept of the distribution of medicine to each individual cell just as oxygen would be an example of the practice of molecular medicine(via lung chemical reaction manipulation). The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs.<ref>Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090731190957/http://www.sciencedirect.com:80/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W7J-4NFRV1N-1&_user=6861050&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000055858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6861050&md5=bd395ce6f1b6102c36b096360210a627  Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine: an evolving paradigm], ''Trends in Molecular Medicine'', Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 183-191</ref>
+'''Molecular medicine''' is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, [[bioinformatics]] and medical techniques are used to describe [[molecular structure]]s and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them.<ref name="KurreckStein2016">{{cite book|author1=Jens Kurreck|author2=Cy Aaron Stein|title=Molecular Medicine: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji6sBwAAQBAJ|date=16 February 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-33189-5}}</ref> The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs.<ref>Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090731190957/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W7J-4NFRV1N-1&_user=6861050&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000055858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6861050&md5=bd395ce6f1b6102c36b096360210a627  Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine: an evolving paradigm], ''Trends in Molecular Medicine'', Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 183-191</ref>
+==History==
-In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "[[Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease]]",<ref>L Pauling, H Itano, SJ Singer, I Wells. [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/blood/papers/1949p.15.html "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"]. ''Science'',  25 November 1949, vol. 110, no. 2865, pp. 543-548.</ref>  in ''Science'' magazine, [[Linus Pauling]], [[Harvey Itano]] and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine.<ref>BJ Strasser, [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/286/5444/1488 Perspectives: Molecular Medicine], [ "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"] ''Science'', 19 November 1999, vol. 286, no.5444, pp. 1488 - 1490.</ref>  In 1956, [[Roger J. Williams]] wrote ''Biochemical Individuality'',<ref>RJ Williams (1956) ''Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept'' (John Wiley & Sons, 1956; University of Texas Press, 1969 to 1979; Keats Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-87983-893-0</ref> a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis, and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine<ref>MS Runge, C Patterson, VA McKusick,
+In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "[[Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease]]",<ref>L Pauling, H Itano, SJ Singer, I Wells. [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/blood/papers/1949p.15.html "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"]. ''Science'',  25 November 1949, vol. 110, no. 2865, pp. 543-548.</ref>  in ''Science'' magazine, [[Linus Pauling]], [[Harvey Itano]] and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine.<ref>BJ Strasser, [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/286/5444/1488 Perspectives: Molecular Medicine], [ "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"] ''Science'', 19 November 1999, vol. 286, no.5444, pp. 1488 - 1490.</ref>  In 1956, [[Roger J. Williams]] wrote ''Biochemical Individuality'',<ref>RJ Williams (1956) ''Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept'' (John Wiley & Sons, 1956; University of Texas Press, 1969 to 1979; Keats Publishing, 1998, {{ISBN|0-87983-893-0}}</ref> a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis, and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine<ref>MS Runge, C Patterson, VA McKusick,
-[https://books.google.com/books?id=wn44Wkxmu9kC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=%22roger+williams%22&source=web&ots=K6GK1nP9CZ&sig=9OxfgDQuk6pSna8Mp-TW7h98Lh4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result  ''Principles of Molecular Medicine''], 2nd ed, p. 53, Humana Press, 2006
+[https://books.google.com/books?id=wn44Wkxmu9kC&dq=%22roger+williams%22&pg=PA53  ''Principles of Molecular Medicine''], 2nd ed, p. 53, Humana Press, 2006
-ISBN 1-58829-202-9.</ref> and [[orthomolecular medicine]].<ref>RJ Williams, DK Kalita (1979)  Physician's Handbook on Orthomolecular Medicine, Keats Publishing, ISBN 0-87983-199-5</ref>  Another paper in ''Science'' by Pauling in 1968,<ref name=pauling1968>Pauling L, "Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease", [[Science (journal)|''Science'']] 19 Apr 1968; 160(825):265-71. ({{DOI|10.1126/science.160.3825.265}} PMID 5641253) [http://www.roccomanzi.it/imp-vitaminerali/SCIENZIATI/scienziati-docu/pauling/orthomed-pauling2-mental-con_file/orthomed-pauling2-mental-con.htm]</ref> introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention.
+{{ISBN|1-58829-202-9}}.</ref> and [[orthomolecular medicine]].<ref>RJ Williams, DK Kalita (1979)  Physician's Handbook on Orthomolecular Medicine, Keats Publishing, {{ISBN|0-87983-199-5}}</ref>  Another paper in ''Science'' by Pauling in 1968,<ref name=pauling1968>{{cite journal | author = Pauling L | year = 1968 | title = Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 160 | issue = 825| pages = 265–71 | doi = 10.1126/science.160.3825.265 | pmid = 5641253 | s2cid = 20153555 }}</ref> introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention.
-Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s' "biological revolution" that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications.<ref>[Molecular medicine—an overview sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/22/2200268.pdf] HKMJ, June 1997, Vol3, No. 2</ref>
+Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s' "biological revolution" that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Izraeli|first1=Shai|last2=Rechavi|first2=Gideon|date=August 2002|title=Molecular medicine--an overview|journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal|volume=4|issue=8|pages=638–640|issn=1565-1088|pmid=12183874}}</ref>
+==Molecular surgery==
-Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European [[universities]]. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of [[biochemistry]], it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to [[undergraduate]]s. With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees.
+Some researchers separate molecular [[surgery]] as a compartment of molecular medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brunicardi|first=F. C.|date=2000|title=Molecular surgery and biology|journal=American Journal of Surgery|volume=180|issue=6|pages=397–401|issn=0002-9610|pmid=11182386|doi=10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00494-3}}</ref>
-== Subjects ==
+==Education==
+Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European [[universities]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Doctorates in Molecular Sciences in Europe 2021|url=https://www.phdstudies.com/PhD/Molecular-Sciences/Europe/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=www.phdstudies.com}}</ref> Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of [[biochemistry]], it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to [[undergraduate]]s. With a degree in this discipline, the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work, and postgraduate medical degrees.
+===Subjects===
 Core subjects are similar to [[biochemistry]] courses and typically include [[gene expression]], research methods, [[proteins]], [[cancer]] research, [[immunology]], [[biotechnology]] and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as [[chemistry]], functioning as an additional study to enrich the undergraduate program.
 ==See also==
+{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
-* [[Clinical chemistry]]
-* [[Life sciences]]
-* [[Medical biology]]
-* [[Medical chemistry]]
-* [[Medical Physics]]
 * [[Metabolomics]]
-* [[Molecular Biology]]
+* [[Molecular biology]]
 * [[Molecular diagnostics]]
-* [[Molecular pathology]]
+* [[Molecular Medicine (journal)|''Molecular Medicine'' (journal)]]
 * [[Molecular pathological epidemiology]]
-* [[Molecular Medicine (journal)]]
+* [[Molecular pathology]]
+{{colend}}
-* [[Nuclear Medicine]]
-* [[Pathology]]
-* [[Virology]]
-* [[International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm]]
 ==Citations==
-{{reflist|1}}
+{{Reflist|1}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.ucas.ac.uk/ UCAS website]
-* [http://www.essex.ac.uk/coursefinder/course_details.aspx?course=MSC+C74112 University of Essex Molecular Medicine prospectus]
-* [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/publications/ugrad2006/degrees/Molecular%20medicine University of Sussex Molecular Medicine prospectus]
-* [http://courses.wlv.ac.uk/Course.asp?id=11565&type=1 University of Wolverhampton Molecular Medicine prospectus]
-* [http://www.med.lu.se/labmedlund/molekylaer_medicin_och_genterapi Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy at Lund University]
 {{Medicine}}
+{{Linus Pauling}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Molecular Medicine}}
 [[Category:Molecular biology]]
-[[Category:Medical specialties]]

v t e Linus Pauling
Publications	The Nature of the Chemical Bond (1939 book) Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease (1949 paper) Vitamin C and the Common Cold (1970 book) How to Live Longer and Feel Better (1986)
Concepts	Valence bond theory Orbital hybridisation Resonance Pauling Electronegativity Scale Pauling's rules
Founded	Linus Pauling Institute International League of Humanists
Related	Ava Helen Pauling (wife) Molecular medicine Vitamin C megadosage Intravenous ascorbic acid Linus Pauling Award Pauling Field 4674 Pauling