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{{Short description|Bible interpretation guide}}
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'''Mammotrectus super Bibliam''' of Johannes Marchesinus, is a guide to understanding the text of the [[Bible]], it is one of the most important [[Franciscan]] school texts of the later Middle Ages. It was written for use by clerics.
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[[File:Mammotrectus, Strassburg, ca. 1474.jpg|thumb|1474 edition of the ''Mammotrectus'' printed in [[Strasbourg]]]]
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'''''Mammotrectus super Bibliam''''' ("nourisher on the Bible") of [[John Marchesinus]] is a guide to understanding the text of the [[Bible]]. It is one of the most important [[Franciscan]] school texts of the later Middle Ages and was written for the education of clerics.<ref name="Franout">Franout-M [http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/franautm.htm#_Toc409561347 Marchesinus de Regio Lepidi (Marchesio da Reggio/Johannes Marchesinus/Marchesino da Reggio, fl. later 13thcent)]</ref>


The Mammotrectus was written by Johannes Marchesinus, Franciscan, at Regio, near [[Modena]] at the end of the 13th century. It was the most important work of Marchesinus. Marchesinus based its work mainly on ''Expositiones vocabulorum biblie'', of Franciscan William of Brito (written between 1250 and 1270).<ref name = textmanuscripts>[http://www.textmanuscripts.com/manuscript_description.php?id=2825&%20cat=p3&# Textmanuscripts]</ref><ref name = Berger>Samuel Berger, [http://godieu.com/doc/samuelberger/la_bible_16e_siecle.html#Chapitre2 ''La Bible au XVIe siècle''], Paris, 1879, pp. 15-28.</ref>
The ''Mammotrectus'' was written in [[Latin]] by the Franciscan [[John Marchesinus]], at [[Reggio Emilia|Regio]], near [[Modena]], at the end of the 13th century. It was the most important work of Marchesinus. He based his work mainly on ''[[Expositiones vocabulorum biblie]]'' of the Franciscan [[William Brito]], written between 1250 and 1270.<ref name = textmanuscripts>[https://www.textmanuscripts.com/medieval/mammotrectus-bible-illuminated-60505 Textmanuscripts]</ref><ref name = Berger>Samuel Berger, [http://godieu.com/doc/samuelberger/la_bible_16e_siecle.html#Chapitre2 ''La Bible au XVIe siècle''], Paris, 1879, pp. 15-28.</ref>


The Mammotrectus contains about 1300 articles, it is divided into three parts: 1) explanations for difficult biblical words or passages; 2) a series of digressions on orthography, the accents of Latin words, the seven feasts of the Old Testament Law, the clothing of priests, the principles of exegesis and translation, the names of God, the qualities and properties of Scripture, and a treatise on the four main [[ecumenical councils]]; 3) liturgical pieces and some related materials (the hymns, legends of saints, sermons and homilies).<ref name = Berger/><ref name = textmanuscripts/><ref>[http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/franautm.htm#_Toc409561347 FRANAUT-M]</ref>
The ''Mammotrectus'' contains about 1,300 articles and is divided into three parts: 1) explanations for difficult biblical words and passages; 2) a series of digressions on orthography, the accents of Latin words, the seven feasts of the Old Testament Law, the clothing of priests, the principles of exegesis and translation, the names of God, the qualities and properties of Scripture, and a treatise on the four main [[ecumenical council]]s; 3) liturgical pieces and some related materials (the hymns, legends of saints, sermons and homilies).<ref name = Berger/><ref name = textmanuscripts/><ref name="Franout" /> The author was aware that his book was imperfect and he wrote in the preface: "Let any imperfections in the book be attributed to me: and if there is anything good, let it be thought to have come from God."<ref>P. S. Allen, [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/gutenberg/1/5/8/1/15810/15810-h/15810-h.htm ''Age of Erasmus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317050310/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/gutenberg/1/5/8/1/15810/15810-h/15810-h.htm |date=2012-03-17 }} (Oxford 1914), p. 55.</ref>


Variants on the title are known. Marchesinus names it "Mammotrectus" or "Mammetractus", which he explains as "led by a pedagogue"; but another contemporary form of the name was "Mammothreptus", which was interpreted as "brought up by one's grandmother".<ref>P. S. Allen, [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/gutenberg/1/5/8/1/15810/15810-h/15810-h.htm ''Age of Erasmus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317050310/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/gutenberg/1/5/8/1/15810/15810-h/15810-h.htm |date=2012-03-17 }} (Oxford 1914), p. 53.</ref>
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It was edited in 1470, in Mainz, by [[Peter Schöffer]].<ref> Magne Saebo, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=OMlT-FViF40C&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment''], Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, p. 99. </ref> It was popular in the 15th century, but its popularity fall in the 16th century. Henri Bebel criticised it in 1508 (''Commentaria deabusione linguae latinae apud Germanos'', Pfortzheim).<ref name = Berger/> [[Desiderius Erasmus]] in 1515 in one of the symposiums ''Synodus grammaticorum'' had criticised those priests who still read the ''Mammotrectus''.<ref>[http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/schoeffer/mammotrectus.htm PETER SCHOEFFER : PRINTER OF MAINZ]</ref> It was criticised by [[François Rabelais]] (in ''[[Gargantua and Pantagruel]]'') and Luther (1524).<ref name = Berger/> Protestants completely rejected this work.


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The first printed edition was published in Mainz by [[Peter Schöffer]] in 1470.<ref>Magne Saebo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OMlT-FViF40C&pg=PA99 ''Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment''], Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, p. 99.</ref> The book was popular in the 15th century, but its popularity declined in the 16th century. Henri Bebel criticized it in 1508 (''Commentaria deabusione linguae latinae apud Germanos'', Pforzheim).<ref name = Berger/> [[Desiderius Erasmus]] criticized in 1515 – in one of the symposiums ''Synodus grammaticorum'' – those priests who still read the ''Mammotrectus''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/schoeffer/mammotrectus.htm |title=PETER SCHOEFFER : PRINTER OF MAINZ |access-date=2011-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206055506/http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/schoeffer/mammotrectus.htm |archive-date=2012-02-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The book was also criticized by [[François Rabelais]] (in ''[[Gargantua and Pantagruel]]'') and [[Martin Luther]] (1524).<ref name = Berger/> Protestants rejected the book completely and it was quickly forgotten. Frans van Liere called the work "tools for fools" in 2003.<ref>“Tools for Fools: Marchesinus of Reggio and his 'Mammotrectus'”, ''Medieval Perspectives'' 18 (2003), 246-262</ref>
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Samuel Berger listed in 1879 fifteen manuscripts of the Mammotrectus, all in continental European libraries.<ref name = Berger/> Some other manuscripts were identified in the 20th century. Most of the early printed editions of the Mammotrectus are different from the earliest manuscripts. The new critical edition of the work should be prepared.<ref name = textmanuscripts/>

⚫
In 1879 Samuel Berger listed fifteen manuscripts of the ''Mammotrectus'', all in continental European libraries,<ref name = Berger/> and further manuscripts of the text were identified in the 20th century. Most of the early printed editions of the ''Mammotrectus'' differ from the earliest manuscripts and for this reason, according to one source, "the ''Mammotrectus'' urgently needs a modern scholarly edition."<ref name = textmanuscripts/>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 13: Line 18:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* ''Mammotrectus super Bibliam''. Martin Flach, Strassburg 1494 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-117173 digital]
* Samuel Berger, [http://godieu.com/doc/samuelberger/la_bible_16e_siecle.html#Chapitre2 ''La Bible au XVIe siècle''], Paris, 1879, pp. 15-28.
* Samuel Berger, [http://godieu.com/doc/samuelberger/la_bible_16e_siecle.html#Chapitre2 ''La Bible au XVIe siècle''], Paris, 1879, pp.&nbsp;15–28.
* Gilhofer & Ranschburg, [https://archive.org/stream/finebooksfromlib00gilhrich#page/58/mode/2up ''Fine books from the library of Hieronymus Holzschuher (1469-1529) the friend of Albrecht Dürer ... together with a library removed from an Austrian castle''] Vienna 192?, p.&nbsp;48.
* P. S. Allen, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317050310/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/gutenberg/1/5/8/1/15810/15810-h/15810-h.htm ''Age of Erasmus''] (Oxford 1914), pp.&nbsp;53–55.


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.textmanuscripts.com/manuscript_description.php?id=2825&%20cat=p3&# Textmanuscripts]
* [https://www.textmanuscripts.com/medieval/mammotrectus-bible-illuminated-60505 Textmanuscripts]
* [http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=1779585 MARCHESINUS, Johannes (b. ca. 1300). Mammotrectus super Bibliam. [Strassburg: Printer of Henricus Ariminensis type 1 (Heinrich Eggestein?), ca. 1474].
* [http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=1779585 MARCHESINUS, Johannes (b. ca. 1300). ''Mammotrectus super Bibliam''. [Strassburg: Printer of Henricus Ariminensis type 1 (Heinrich Eggestein?), ca. 1474].
* [http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4516073 MARCHESINUS, Joannes. Mammotrectus super Bibliam. Venezia: Nicolaus Jenson, 1479.]
* [http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4516073 MARCHESINUS, Joannes. ''Mammotrectus super Bibliam''. Venezia: Nicolaus Jenson, 1479.]
* [http://istc.bl.uk/search/search.html?operation=print&rsid=967764 British Library list of editions of the ''Mammotrectus'']


{{Authority control}}


[[Category:13th-century Christian texts]]
[[Category:13th-century Christian texts]]

[[pl:Mammotrectus super Bibliam]]

Latest revision as of 19:35, 23 October 2023

1474 edition of the Mammotrectus printed in Strasbourg

Mammotrectus super Bibliam ("nourisher on the Bible") of John Marchesinus is a guide to understanding the text of the Bible. It is one of the most important Franciscan school texts of the later Middle Ages and was written for the education of clerics.[1]

The Mammotrectus was written in Latin by the Franciscan John Marchesinus, at Regio, near Modena, at the end of the 13th century. It was the most important work of Marchesinus. He based his work mainly on Expositiones vocabulorum biblie of the Franciscan William Brito, written between 1250 and 1270.[2][3]

The Mammotrectus contains about 1,300 articles and is divided into three parts: 1) explanations for difficult biblical words and passages; 2) a series of digressions on orthography, the accents of Latin words, the seven feasts of the Old Testament Law, the clothing of priests, the principles of exegesis and translation, the names of God, the qualities and properties of Scripture, and a treatise on the four main ecumenical councils; 3) liturgical pieces and some related materials (the hymns, legends of saints, sermons and homilies).[3][2][1] The author was aware that his book was imperfect and he wrote in the preface: "Let any imperfections in the book be attributed to me: and if there is anything good, let it be thought to have come from God."[4]

Variants on the title are known. Marchesinus names it "Mammotrectus" or "Mammetractus", which he explains as "led by a pedagogue"; but another contemporary form of the name was "Mammothreptus", which was interpreted as "brought up by one's grandmother".[5]

The first printed edition was published in Mainz by Peter Schöffer in 1470.[6] The book was popular in the 15th century, but its popularity declined in the 16th century. Henri Bebel criticized it in 1508 (Commentaria deabusione linguae latinae apud Germanos, Pforzheim).[3] Desiderius Erasmus criticized in 1515 – in one of the symposiums Synodus grammaticorum – those priests who still read the Mammotrectus.[7] The book was also criticized by François Rabelais (in Gargantua and Pantagruel) and Martin Luther (1524).[3] Protestants rejected the book completely and it was quickly forgotten. Frans van Liere called the work "tools for fools" in 2003.[8]

In 1879 Samuel Berger listed fifteen manuscripts of the Mammotrectus, all in continental European libraries,[3] and further manuscripts of the text were identified in the 20th century. Most of the early printed editions of the Mammotrectus differ from the earliest manuscripts and for this reason, according to one source, "the Mammotrectus urgently needs a modern scholarly edition."[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b Franout-M Marchesinus de Regio Lepidi (Marchesio da Reggio/Johannes Marchesinus/Marchesino da Reggio, fl. later 13thcent)
  2. ^ a b c Textmanuscripts
  3. ^ a b c d e Samuel Berger, La Bible au XVIe siècle, Paris, 1879, pp. 15-28.
  4. ^ P. S. Allen, Age of Erasmus Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine (Oxford 1914), p. 55.
  5. ^ P. S. Allen, Age of Erasmus Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine (Oxford 1914), p. 53.
  6. ^ Magne Saebo, Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, p. 99.
  7. ^ "PETER SCHOEFFER : PRINTER OF MAINZ". Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  8. ^ “Tools for Fools: Marchesinus of Reggio and his 'Mammotrectus'”, Medieval Perspectives 18 (2003), 246-262

Further reading

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