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{{Short description|Protective suit with powered air-purifying respirator}} |
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[[File:Missouri, California Homeland Response Force 130520-Z-UP142-060.jpg|thumb|'''Powered air-purifying respirator''' (PAPR), worn during training by a [[Missouri Air National Guard]]sman.]]. |
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| ⚫ | A '''Racal suit''' (also known as a '''Racal space suit''')<ref>{{cite web|title=Racal space suit|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Racal+space+suit|website=McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref> is a protective suit with a [[powered air-purifying respirator]] (PAPR). It consists of a plastic suit and a battery-operated blower with [[HEPA filter]]s that supplies filtered air to a positive-pressure hood (also known as a '''Racal hood'''). Racal suits were among the protective suits used by the [[Aeromedical Isolation Team]] (AIT) of the [[United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases]] to [[medical evacuation|evacuate]] patients with highly [[infectious disease]]s for treatment.<ref name=hearing>{{cite journal|title=The threat to the United States from Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives|url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa46765.000/hfa46765_0f.htm|date=30 July 1997|page=9|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=sidell>{{cite book|last1=Sidell|first1=Frederick R.|last2=Takafuji|first2=Ernest T.|last3=Franz|first3=David R., D.V.M.|title=Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare|date=1997|publisher=Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America|url=http://www.sc-ems.com/ems/NuclearBiologicalChemical/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_19.htm|accessdate=15 April 2015|chapter=19| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426185617/http://sc-ems.com/ems/NuclearBiologicalChemical/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_19.htm |archivedate=26 April 2005}}</ref> |
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:''For the full-body lab garment with similar purpose, see ''[[Positive pressure personnel suit]]''.'' |
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| ⚫ | Originally, the hood was manufactured by Racal Health & Safety, a subsidiary of [[Racal Electronics]] located in [[Frederick, Maryland]], the same city where AIT was based.<ref name="sidell" /><ref name=":0" /> The division of Racal responsible for the suit's manufacture later became part of [[3M]],<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Racal Health & Safety to be sold to 3M for GBP432 mil|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/racal-health-and-safety-to-be-sold-to-3m-for-gbp432-mil--124544|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=Telecompaper|issue=5 December 1997}}</ref> and the respirator product line was branded as 3M/Racal.<ref>{{cite news|title=NIOSH Respirator User Notice|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/notices/run-061298a.html|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL)|date=12 June 1998}}</ref> |
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A '''powered, air-purifying respirator''' (PAPR) is a [[respirator]] in the form of a hood, or full-face mask, which takes ambient [[air]] that is [[contaminate]]d with one or more types of [[pollutant]] or [[pathogen]], actively removes a sufficient proportion of these hazards, and then delivers the clean air to the user's face and/or mouth. PAPRs are sometimes called '''positive-pressure masks'''. |
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==Components== |
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[[File:Aeromedical isolation team members in field-protective suits.jpg|thumb|right|Details of the suit components]]The main body of the protective suit consists of a lightweight [[coverall]] made of [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC), rubber gloves, and rubber boots.<ref name=marklund/> Originally, the coverall was in a bright orange color, and the Racal suit was known as an '''orange suit'''.<ref name=hotzone/> |
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There exist different types of PAPR units for different environments. Regardless of type, a PAPR consists of a mask or hood, a powered [[fan (mechanical)|fan]] (which forces incoming air through one or more [[filter (air)|filter]]s for delivery to the user for breathing), and a battery or other power source. The fan, filter, and power-pack may be carried around freely by the user, often secured by a belt around the waist. Alternatively, with certain units, the air is fed to the user via tubing while the fan and filters are remotely mounted. |
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| ⚫ | The hood is a separate component from the protective suit. The Racal hood is a type of PAPR consisting of a transparent hood connected to a respirator, which is powered by a [[rechargeable battery]]. The respirator has three HEPA filters that are certified to remove 99.7% of particles of 0.03 to 3.0 [[Micrometre|microns]] in diameter. The filtered air is supplied at the rate of 170 [[standard litre per minute|L/min]] to the top of the hood under [[positive pressure]] for breathing and cooling. The air is forced out through an air exhaust valve at the base of the hood. A [[two-way radio]] system is installed inside the hood for communication.<ref name=hearing/><ref name=cdc>{{cite journal|last1=Christopher|first1=George|title=Air Evacuation under High-Level Biosafety Containment: The Aeromedical Isolation Team|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=April 1999|volume=5|issue=2|pages=241–246|doi=10.3201/eid0502.990208|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/5/2/99-0208_article|accessdate=17 April 2015|pmid=10221876|pmc=2640682}}</ref> The AIT later switched from using transparent bubble hoods to [[butyl rubber]] hoods.<ref name="marklund">{{cite journal|last1=Marklund|first1=LA|title=Transporting patients with lethal contagious infections.|journal=International Journal of Trauma Nursing|date=2002|volume=8|issue=2|pages=51–3|pmid=12000908|url=http://intljourtranur.com.marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/article/S1075-4210(02)70009-6/pdf|doi=10.1067/mtn.2002.121669a}}</ref> |
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==Filters== |
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The type of filter incorporated into a PAPR must be appropriate to the contaminants that need to be removed. Some respirators are designed to remove fine particulate [[matter]] such as the [[dust]] created during various [[woodwork]]ing processes. When used with [[high-efficency particulate air]] (HEPA) filters, airborne particles containing pathogens (viruses, bacteria) smaller than 5 microns will be removed. When used in combination with the correct filters, PAPRs are suitable for working with volatile [[organic compound]]s such as those used in many [[spray paint]]s. At the same time filters that are suitable for volatile substances must typically have their filter elements replaced more often than a particulate filter. In addition there is some confusion over terminology. Some literature and users will refer to a particulate filtering unit as a [[dust mask]] or filter and then use the term respirator to mean a unit that can handle organic [[solvent]]s. |
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==Procedures== |
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| ⚫ | The main purpose of the AIT was to evacuate a patient from the field to a specialized isolation unit. As part of their procedures, AIT members wore Racal suits while transporting the patients.{{cn|date=April 2019}} They were trained to take a bathroom break before suiting up, since the time they would be in the suits could be 1 hour and 45 minutes for a training session and 4 to 6 hours for an actual mission.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleming-Michael|first1=Karen|title=Training Day|url=http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/092805/37324-1.shtml|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=Comprint Military Publications|date=28 September 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120160922/http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/092805/37324-1.shtml|archivedate=20 January 2015}}</ref> The patient was placed in a mobile stretcher isolator during transit. After the patient was delivered to the isolation unit, the members would leave the unit and enter into an [[anteroom]] with an [[airlock]]. They were then sprayed with [[glutaraldehyde]] solution to disinfect before the suit was cut away and sent to an on-site [[incinerator]] for complete destruction.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamblin|first1=James|title=21 Days|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/10/21-days/381901/|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=The Atlantic|date=26 October 2014}}</ref> |
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==Similar suits== |
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The Racal suit is similar to other [[positive pressure personnel suit]]s such as the [[Chemturion]], in that there is an air supply to provide positive pressure to reduce the chance of [[Airborne disease|airborne agents]] entering the suit. However, several components are different. The positive pressure section for the Racal suit is only available at the hood. The air supply for Racal suits comes from a battery-operated blower that makes the suit portable, whereas other suits must be connected to an air [[hose]] that is part of the building, such as in [[biosafety level 4|Biosafety Level 4]] laboratories. The main body part of the Racal suit is also more lightweight and can be disposed of by burning after use.<ref name="hotzone">{{cite book |last1=Preston |first1=Richard |title=The hot zone |date=1995 |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780307817655 |page=147 |edition=1st Anchor books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6BKpf2tSkoC&pg=PA147 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> |
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==In popular culture== |
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'''Components'''<br> |
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Racal suits were used in films such as ''[[Outbreak (film)|Outbreak]]'' in 1995.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Kathleen|title=A Clothes Call With Danger|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/11/a-clothes-call-with-danger/b1633930-89ac-4258-b7fa-5674a7dc4f8f/|accessdate=30 October 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=11 March 1995}}</ref> The term is also used in literature related to situations with infectious diseases, such as in ''[[The Hot Zone|The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story]]'',<ref name=hotzone/> ''[[Infected (novel)|Infected]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sigler|first1=Scott|title=Infected a novel|date=2008|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=9780307409171|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihfWe10gLasC&q=Racal|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Executive Orders]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clancy|first1=Tom|title=Executive orders|date=1996|publisher=Berkley Books|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=9780425158630|edition=Berkley mass market|url=https://archive.org/details/executiveorders00clan_0|url-access=registration|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> |
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:'''Protective suit'''<br> |
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The main body of the protective suit consists of a lightweight [[coverall]] made of [[polyvinyl chloride]], rubber gloves, and rubber boots.<ref name=cdc>{{cite journal|last1=Christopher|first1=George|title=Air Evacuation under High-Level Biosafety Containment: The Aeromedical Isolation Team|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=April 1999|volume=5|issue=2|pages=241–246|doi=10.3201/eid0502.990208|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/5/2/99-0208_article|accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=marklund/> Originally, the coverall was in a bright orange color, and the racal suit was known as the '''orange suit'''.<ref>Preston, Richard (1994). ''The Hot Zone''. Anchor (Random House). ISBN 0385479565. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> |
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:'''Hood'''<br> |
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| ⚫ | The hood is a separate component from the protective suit. The |
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| ⚫ | Originally, the hood was manufactured by Racal Health & Safety, |
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[[File:Aeromedical isolation team members in field-protective suits.jpg|thumb|right|Details of the "Racal Space Suit" components]] |
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'''Procedures'''<br> |
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| ⚫ | The main purpose of the AIT was to evacuate a patient from the field to a specialized isolation unit. AIT members were trained to take a bathroom break before suiting up, since the time they would be in the suits could be 1 hour and 45 minutes for a training session and 4 to 6 hours for an actual mission.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleming-Michael|first1=Karen|title=Training Day|url=http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/092805/37324-1.shtml|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=Comprint Military Publications|date=28 September 2005}}</ref> The patient was placed in a mobile stretcher isolator during transit. After the patient was delivered to the isolation unit, the members would leave the unit and enter into an [[anteroom]] with an [[airlock]]. They were then sprayed with [[glutaraldehyde]] solution to disinfect before the suit was cut away and sent to an on-site [[incinerator]] for complete destruction.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamblin|first1=James|title=21 Days|url= |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Environmental suits]] |
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[[Category:Emergency medical responders]] |
[[Category:Emergency medical responders]] |
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[[Category:Biological hazards]] |
[[Category:Biological hazards]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:46, 25 October 2023
A Racal suit (also known as a Racal space suit)[2] is a protective suit with a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR). It consists of a plastic suit and a battery-operated blower with HEPA filters that supplies filtered air to a positive-pressure hood (also known as a Racal hood). Racal suits were among the protective suits used by the Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT) of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases to evacuate patients with highly infectious diseases for treatment.[3][1]
Originally, the hood was manufactured by Racal Health & Safety, a subsidiary of Racal Electronics located in Frederick, Maryland, the same city where AIT was based.[1][4] The division of Racal responsible for the suit's manufacture later became part of 3M,[4] and the respirator product line was branded as 3M/Racal.[5]
Components
[edit]
The main body of the protective suit consists of a lightweight coverall made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), rubber gloves, and rubber boots.[6] Originally, the coverall was in a bright orange color, and the Racal suit was known as an orange suit.[7]
The hood is a separate component from the protective suit. The Racal hood is a type of PAPR consisting of a transparent hood connected to a respirator, which is powered by a rechargeable battery. The respirator has three HEPA filters that are certified to remove 99.7% of particles of 0.03 to 3.0 microns in diameter. The filtered air is supplied at the rate of 170 L/min to the top of the hood under positive pressure for breathing and cooling. The air is forced out through an air exhaust valve at the base of the hood. A two-way radio system is installed inside the hood for communication.[3][8] The AIT later switched from using transparent bubble hoods to butyl rubber hoods.[6]
Procedures
[edit]The main purpose of the AIT was to evacuate a patient from the field to a specialized isolation unit. As part of their procedures, AIT members wore Racal suits while transporting the patients.[citation needed] They were trained to take a bathroom break before suiting up, since the time they would be in the suits could be 1 hour and 45 minutes for a training session and 4 to 6 hours for an actual mission.[9] The patient was placed in a mobile stretcher isolator during transit. After the patient was delivered to the isolation unit, the members would leave the unit and enter into an anteroom with an airlock. They were then sprayed with glutaraldehyde solution to disinfect before the suit was cut away and sent to an on-site incinerator for complete destruction.[10]
Similar suits
[edit]The Racal suit is similar to other positive pressure personnel suits such as the Chemturion, in that there is an air supply to provide positive pressure to reduce the chance of airborne agents entering the suit. However, several components are different. The positive pressure section for the Racal suit is only available at the hood. The air supply for Racal suits comes from a battery-operated blower that makes the suit portable, whereas other suits must be connected to an air hose that is part of the building, such as in Biosafety Level 4 laboratories. The main body part of the Racal suit is also more lightweight and can be disposed of by burning after use.[7]
In popular culture
[edit]Racal suits were used in films such as Outbreak in 1995.[11] The term is also used in literature related to situations with infectious diseases, such as in The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story,[7] Infected,[12] and Executive Orders.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Sidell, Frederick R.; Takafuji, Ernest T.; Franz, David R., D.V.M. (1997). "19". Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America. Archived from the original on 26 April 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Racal space suit". McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ a b "The threat to the United States from Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives". 30 July 1997: 9. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "Racal Health & Safety to be sold to 3M for GBP432 mil". Telecompaper. No. 5 December 1997. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ "NIOSH Respirator User Notice". The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL). 12 June 1998. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ a b Marklund, LA (2002). "Transporting patients with lethal contagious infections". International Journal of Trauma Nursing. 8 (2): 51–3. doi:10.1067/mtn.2002.121669a. PMID 12000908.
- ^ a b c Preston, Richard (1995). The hot zone (1st Anchor books ed.). New York, NY: Anchor Books. p. 147. ISBN 9780307817655. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Christopher, George (April 1999). "Air Evacuation under High-Level Biosafety Containment: The Aeromedical Isolation Team". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 5 (2): 241–246. doi:10.3201/eid0502.990208. PMC 2640682. PMID 10221876. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ Fleming-Michael, Karen (28 September 2005). "Training Day". Comprint Military Publications. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ Hamblin, James (26 October 2014). "21 Days". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ Day, Kathleen (11 March 1995). "A Clothes Call With Danger". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Sigler, Scott (2008). Infected a novel (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9780307409171. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Clancy, Tom (1996). Executive orders (Berkley mass market ed.). New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books. ISBN 9780425158630. Retrieved 30 October 2015.