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| birth_name = Ralph
| birth_name = Ralph
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|April 1, 1939}}
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|April 1, 1939}}
| birth_place = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]]<ref name="Hargittai">{{cite book |chapter=Mary Gaillard: theoretical physicist |last1=Hargittai |first1=Magdolna |title=Women scientists : reflections, challenges, and breaking boundaries |date=2015 |publisher=‎ Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780199359981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ktnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]]<ref name="Hargittai">{{cite book |chapter=Mary Gaillard: theoretical physicist |last1=Hargittai |first1=Magdolna |title=Women scientists : reflections, challenges, and breaking boundaries |date=2015 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-935998-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ktnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Jean-Marc Gaillard|5 August 1961|November 1983}}<br />{{marriage|Bruno Zumino|1984|21 June 2014}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jean-Marc Gaillard|5 August 1961|November 1983}}
* {{marriage|Bruno Zumino|1984|21 June 2014}}
}}
| children = 3
| children = 3
| field = [[Physics]]
| field = [[Physics]]
| work_institution = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
| work_institution = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
| alma_mater = [[Hollins College]] <br /> [[Columbia University]] <br /> [[University of Paris-Sud]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
*[[Hollins College]]
*[[Columbia University]]
*[[University of Paris-Sud]]
}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bernard d'Espagnat]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bernard d'Espagnat]]
| doctoral_students = [[Matt Visser]] [[Joel Giedt]] [[Guy F. de Téramond]]
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist|
*[[Pierre Binétruy]]
*[[Matt Visser]]
*[[Guy F. de Téramond]]
}}
| known_for = [[Standard Model]]
| known_for = [[Standard Model]]
| prizes = [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award|E. O. Lawrence Award]] (1988)<br />[[Sakurai Prize]] (1993)
| prizes = {{plainlist|
*[[Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award|E. O. Lawrence Award]] (1988)
*[[Sakurai Prize]] (1993)
}}
}}
}}
⚫
'''Mary Katharine Gaillard''' (born April 1, 1939) is an American [[theoretical physicist]] with a focus on [[particle physics]]. She is a professor of the Graduate School at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], a member of the [[Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics]], and Visiting Scientist at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]. She was Berkeley's first tenured female physicist.<ref name="Gibson">{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Val |title=Physics: She did it all |journal=Nature |date=August 2015 |volume=524 |issue=7564 |pages=160–160 |doi=10.1038/524160a |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/524160a |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
{{external media | width = 210px | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zN8fI-X-RY “One woman’s journey in physics”], Mary K Gaillard, June 1, 2016, CERN.}}

⚫
'''Mary Katharine Gaillard''' (born April 1, 1939) is an American [[theoretical physicist]]. Her focus is on [[particle physics]]. She is a professor of the graduate school at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], a member of the [[Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics]], and visiting scientist at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]. She was Berkeley's first tenured female physicist.<ref name="Gibson">{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Val |title=Physics: She did it all |journal=Nature |date=August 2015 |volume=524 |issue=7564 |pages=160 |doi=10.1038/524160a |bibcode=2015Natur.524..160G |s2cid=4389262 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


Her important contributions include prediction of the mass of the [[charm quark]] prior to its discovery (with [[Benjamin W. Lee|B. W. Lee]]); prediction of [[Three-jet event|3-jet events]] (with [[John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)|J. Ellis]] and [[Graham Ross (physicist)|G.G. Ross]]); and prediction of [[Bottom quark|b-quark]] mass (with M.S. Chanowitz and J. Ellis).<ref name="Gibson"/><ref name="Oakes"/><ref name="Maiani">{{cite journal |last1=Maiani |first1=Luciano |last2=Bonolis |first2=Luisa |title=The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958–1993) |journal=The European Physical Journal H |date=December 2017 |volume=42 |issue=4–5 |pages=611–661 |doi=10.1140/epjh/e2017-80040-9 |arxiv=1707.01833 |bibcode=2017EPJH...42..611M |s2cid=119365093 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2017-80040-9.pdf |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite journal |last1=Gaillard |first1=Mary K. |last2=Lee |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Rosner |first3=Jonathan L. |title=Search for charm |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |date=1 April 1975 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=277–310 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.47.277 |bibcode=1975RvMP...47..277G |url=https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.47.277 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Ali">{{cite journal |author-first1=A. |author-last1=Ali |author-first2= G.|author-last2= Kramer |year=2011 |title=JETS and QCD: A historical review of the discovery of the quark and gluon jets and its impact on QCD |journal=[[European Physical Journal H]] |volume= 36|issue= 2|pages=245–326 |doi=10.1140/epjh/e2011-10047-1 |bibcode = 2011EPJH...36..245A |arxiv = 1012.2288 |s2cid=54062126
Her important contributions include prediction of the mass of the [[charm quark]] prior to its discovery (with [[Benjamin W. Lee|B. W. Lee]]); prediction of 3-jet events (with [[John Ellis (physicist)|J. Ellis]] and G.G. Ross); and prediction of b-quark mass (with M.S. Chanowitz and J. Ellis).
}}</ref><ref name="Nanopoulos">{{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=John |last2=Gaillard |first2=Mary K. |last3=Nanopoulos |first3=Dimitri V. |title=The Standard Theory of Particle Physics |chapter=A Historical Profile of the Higgs Boson |series=Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics |date=31 January 2012 |volume=26 |pages=255–274 |doi=10.1142/9789814733519_0014 |isbn=978-981-4733-50-2 |s2cid=35488065 |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1076793 |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Ellis">{{cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=John |title=The Discovery of the Gluon |journal=World Scientific Review |date=September 16, 2014 |volume=29 |issue=31 |doi=10.1142/S0217751X14300725 |arxiv=1409.4232 |bibcode=2014IJMPA..2930072E |s2cid=119255094 }}</ref> Gaillard's autobiography is ''A Singularly Unfeminine Profession'', published in 2015 by [[World Scientific]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaillard, Mary K.|title=A Singularly Unfeminine Profession: One Woman's Journey In Physics|publisher=World Scientific|year=2015|isbn=9789814644242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtqiCgAAQBAJ}} ebook {{isbn|978-981-4644-22-8}}; pbk {{isbn|978-981-4713-22-1}}</ref><ref name="Glazer">{{cite web |last1=Glazer |first1=Amanda |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Perseverance, Brilliance and Charm: An Interview With Mary Gaillard |url=https://berkeleysciencereview.com/article/2019/12/04/perseverance-brilliance-and-charm-an-interview-with-mary-gaillard |website=Berkeley Science Review |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Gavela, M. Belén|title=Review of ''A Singularly Unfeminine Profession: One Woman's Journey in Physics''|journal=Physics Today|volume=69|issue=2|year=2016|pages=50–51|doi=10.1063/PT.3.3084}}</ref>


==Education==
==Early life==
Mary Katharine Ralph was born April 1, 1939 in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]],<ref name="Hargittai"/> and grew up in [[Painesville, Ohio]], where her father taught history at [[Lake Erie College]].<ref name="Gaillard">{{cite journal |last1=Gaillard |first1=Mary K. |title=Adventures with Particles |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |date=21 September 2021 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716 |access-date=26 January 2022 |issn=0163-8998}}</ref>
Mary Katharine Ralph was born April 1, 1939, in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]],<ref name="Hargittai"/> and grew up in [[Painesville, Ohio]], where her father taught history at [[Lake Erie College]].<ref name="Gaillard">{{cite journal |last1=Gaillard |first1=Mary K. |title=Adventures with Particles |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |date=21 September 2021 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716 |bibcode=2021ARNPS..71....1G |s2cid=239237288 |issn=0163-8998|doi-access=free }}</ref>


She attended [[Hollins College]] in [[Virginia]] as an undergraduate. Her physics professor, Dorothy Montgomery, helped her to work in the Louis Leprince-Ringuet laboratory in France during a year abroad, and at [[Brookhaven National Labs]] in the summer.<ref name="Gaillard"/> She received her bachelor's degree from Hollins College in 1960.
She attended [[Hollins College]] in [[Virginia]] as an undergraduate. Her physics professor, Dorothy Montgomery, helped her to find work in the [[Louis Leprince-Ringuet]] laboratory in France during a year abroad, and at [[Brookhaven National Labs]] in the summer.<ref name="Gaillard"/> She received her bachelor's degree from Hollins in 1960. She received her master's degree from Columbia University in 1961.<ref name="AIP">{{cite web |title=Gaillard, Mary K. |url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11510009.html |website=American Institute of Physics |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
She joined [[Columbia University]] as a master's student in 1960 and received her master's degree from Columbia University in 1961.<ref name="AIP">{{cite web |title=Gaillard, Mary K. |url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11510009.html |website=American Institute of Physics |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>


At the end of her first year at Columbia she married Jean-Marc Gaillard, a visiting physics postdoctoral student. She moved with him, first to the [[Paris-Sud 11 University|University of Paris at Orsay]], France and a year later to the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN) in [[Geneva, Switzerland]]. Despite experiencing [[sexism]] and having three children, she managed to continue her studies in theoretical physics.<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/> In 1964 she obtained her Doctorat du Troisième Cycle from the [[Paris-Sud 11 University|University of Paris at Orsay]], France. In 1968, she obtained her Doctorat d'Etat in Theoretical Physics from the University of Paris at Orsay, France.<ref name="AIP"/>
At the end of her first year at Columbia she married Jean-Marc Gaillard, a visiting physics postdoctoral student. She moved with him, first to the [[Paris-Sud 11 University|University of Paris at Orsay]], France and a year later to the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN) in [[Geneva, Switzerland]]. Despite experiencing [[sexism]] and having three children, she continued to study theoretical physics.<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/> In 1964 she obtained her Doctorat du Troisième Cycle from the [[Paris-Sud 11 University|University of Paris at Orsay]], France. In 1968, she completed her Doctorat d'Etat in Theoretical Physics there.<ref name="AIP"/>


==Career==
==Career==
During her time at CERN (1964-1981)<ref name="AIP"/> she was considered a visiting scientist, first as a student from Orsay, and later as a research scientist employed by the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS).<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/> At one point, she carried out and submitted a survey of women scientists at CERN, documenting clear patterns of blatant sexism against women scientists in hiring and salaries.<ref name="Hargittai"/>
During her time at CERN (1964-1981)<ref name="AIP"/> Gaillard was considered a visiting scientist, first as a student from Orsay, and later as a research scientist employed by the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS).<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/> At one point, she carried out and submitted a survey of women scientists at CERN, documenting clear patterns of blatant sexism against women scientists in hiring and salaries.<ref name="Hargittai"/>


Nonetheless, her scientific achievements at CERN led to her advancement at CNRS.<ref name="Hargittai"/>
Nonetheless, her scientific achievements at CERN led to her advancement at CNRS.<ref name="Hargittai"/>
In 1979 Mary Katharine Gaillard established a particle theory group at the [[Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de physique des particules]] (LAPP), Annecy-le-Vieux, France. She directed the group from 1979 to 1981. She served as Director of Research at Annecy-le-Vieux for the CNRS from 1980-1981.<ref name="AIP"/> In 1981, the Gaillards divorced, and Mary Katharine Gaillard returned to the United States.<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/>
In 1979 Gaillard established a particle theory group at the [[Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de physique des particules]] (LAPP), Annecy-le-Vieux, France. She directed the group from 1979 to 1981. She served as director of research at Annecy-le-Vieux for the CNRS from 1980 to 1981.<ref name="AIP"/> In 1981, the Gaillards divorced, and she returned to the United States.<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/>


She joined the physics department at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UCB) in 1981,<ref name="AIP"/> becoming the first woman Professor of Physics in the department.<ref name="Hargittai"/> She was concurrently a Faculty Senior Staff member at [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL), where she headed the Theory Group from 1985 to 1987.<ref name="AIP"/>
Gaillard joined the physics department at the Berkeley in 1981,<ref name="AIP"/> becoming the first woman professor of physics.<ref name="Hargittai"/> She was concurrently a faculty senior staff member at [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL), where she headed the Theory Group from 1985 to 1987.<ref name="AIP"/>


She has served on several committees of the [[American Physical Society]], advisory panels for the Department of Energy and the [[United States National Research Council]], and on a number of advisory and visiting committees at universities and national laboratories. She was a member of the National Science Board from 1996 to 2002.<ref name="AIP"/>
Gaillard served on several committees of the [[American Physical Society]], advisory panels for the Department of Energy and the [[United States National Research Council]], and on advisory and visiting committees at universities and national laboratories. She was a member of the National Science Board from 1996 to 2002.<ref name="AIP"/>


==Research==
==Research==
Her research accomplishments include pioneering work with [[Benjamin W. Lee]] on the evaluation of strong interaction corrections to weak transitions, including the successful prediction of the mass of the [[charm quark]]; work with [[John Ellis (physicist)|John Ellis]] and others on the analysis of final states in electron-positron collisions, including the prediction of [[Three-jet event]]s, and studies of unified [[Gauge theory|gauge theories]], including the prediction of the [[bottom quark]] mass; studies with Michael Chanowitz of signatures at proton-proton colliders which showed, on very general grounds, that new physics must show up at sufficiently high energies. Her work in recent years has focused on effective [[supergravity]] theories based on [[Superstring theory|superstrings]], and their implications for phenomena that may be detected both in accelerator experiments and cosmological observations.<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/>
Her research accomplishments include pioneering work with [[Benjamin W. Lee]] on the evaluation of strong interaction corrections to weak transitions, including the successful prediction of the mass of the [[charm quark]]; work with [[John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)|John Ellis]] and others on the analysis of final states in electron-positron collisions, including the prediction of Three-jet events, and studies of unified [[Gauge theory|gauge theories]], including the prediction of the bottom quark mass; studies with Michael Chanowitz of signatures at proton-proton colliders which showed, on very general grounds, that new physics must show up at sufficiently high energies. Her later work focused on effective [[supergravity]] theories based on [[Superstring theory|superstrings]], and their implications for phenomena that may be detected both in accelerator experiments and cosmological observations.<ref name="Hargittai"/><ref name="Gaillard"/><ref name="Gibson"/><ref name="Oakes"/><ref name="Maiani"/>


==Awards and honors==
==Awards and honors==
* 1977, Prix Thibaud, [[Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts of Lyon]]<ref name="Oakes">{{cite book |last1=Oakes |first1=Elizabeth H. |title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists |date=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1882-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&pg=PA259 |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1977, Prix Thibaud, [[Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts of Lyon]]<ref name="Oakes">{{cite book |last1=Oakes |first1=Elizabeth H. |title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists |date=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1882-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&pg=PA259 |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1984, Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]<ref>{{cite web |title=APS Fellow Archive |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=G |website=American Physical Society |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1984, Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]<ref>{{cite web |title=APS Fellow Archive |website=American Physical Society |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=1984&unit_id=&institution=University+of+California,+Berkeley |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}} (search on year 1984 and institution University of California, Berkeley)</ref>
* 1988, [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award|E.O. Lawrence Memorial Award]], [[U. S. Department of Energy]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Mary K. Gaillard, 1988 |url=https://science.osti.gov/lawrence/Award-Laureates/1980s/gaillard |website=U. S. Department of Energy |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=28 December 2010}}</ref>
* 1988, [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award|E.O. Lawrence Memorial Award]], [[U. S. Department of Energy]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Mary K. Gaillard, 1988 |url=https://science.osti.gov/lawrence/Award-Laureates/1980s/gaillard |website=U. S. Department of Energy |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=28 December 2010}}</ref>
* 1989, Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title= Professor Mary Katharine Ralph Gaillard |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/mary-katharine-ralph-gaillard |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref>
* 1989, Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title= Professor Mary Katharine Ralph Gaillard |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/mary-katharine-ralph-gaillard |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref>
* 1991, Member of [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESIDENT CLINTON NAMES THREE MEMBERS TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD |url=https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1996/08/1996-08-02-members-to-be-nominated-to-national-science-board.html |website=THE WHITE HOUSE |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
* 1991, Member of [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESIDENT CLINTON NAMES THREE MEMBERS TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD |url=https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1996/08/1996-08-02-members-to-be-nominated-to-national-science-board.html |website=THE WHITE HOUSE |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
* 1993, [[Sakurai Prize|J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics]]<ref name="APS">{{cite web |title=1993 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics Recipient Mary K. Gaillard |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?first_nm=Mary&last_nm=Gaillard&year=1993 |website=American Physical Society |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1993, [[Sakurai Prize|J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics]]<ref name="APS">{{cite web |title=1993 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics Recipient Mary K. Gaillard |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?first_nm=Mary&last_nm=Gaillard&year=1993 |website=American Physical Society |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2000, Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Members elected in 2000 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=2000 |volume=144 |issue=4 |page=494 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5i6vSWLIvkC&pg=PA494 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |language=en}}</ref>
* 2000, Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Members elected in 2000 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=2000 |volume=144 |issue=4 |page=494 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5i6vSWLIvkC&pg=PA494 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-1-4223-7274-6 |language=en}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Line 59: Line 75:
==External links==
==External links==
*[https://physics.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mary-k-gaillard UC Berkeley Faculty webpage]
*[https://physics.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/mary-k-gaillard UC Berkeley Faculty webpage]
*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/44286 Oral History Interview with David Zierler], April 2nd, 2020, American Institute of Physics.
*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/44286 Oral history interview transcript for Mary K. Gaillard on 2 April 2020, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives]
*[https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/M.K.Gaillard.1 Scientific publications of M. K. Gaillard] on [[INSPIRE-HEP]]
*[https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/M.K.Gaillard.1 Scientific publications of M. K. Gaillard] on [[INSPIRE-HEP]]
*[https://physics.berkeley.edu/news-events/events/20190921/symposium-for-mary-k-gaillard Symposium for Mary K. Gaillard]
*[https://physics.berkeley.edu/news-events/events/20190921/symposium-for-mary-k-gaillard Symposium for Mary K. Gaillard]
Line 76: Line 92:
[[Category:Hollins University alumni]]
[[Category:Hollins University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Paris-Sud 11 University alumni]]
[[Category:Paris-Sud University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]

Latest revision as of 23:26, 28 October 2023

Mary Katharine Gaillard
Gaillard in 2015
Born
Ralph

April 1, 1939 (1939-04) (age 85)
New Brunswick, New Jersey[1]
Alma mater
Known forStandard Model
Spouses
Jean-Marc Gaillard
​
​
(m. 1961⁠–⁠1983)​
Bruno Zumino
​
(m. 1984⁠–⁠2014)​
Children3
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisorBernard d'Espagnat
Doctoral students
External videos
video icon “One woman’s journey in physics”, Mary K Gaillard, June 1, 2016, CERN.

Mary Katharine Gaillard (born April 1, 1939) is an American theoretical physicist. Her focus is on particle physics. She is a professor of the graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, a member of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, and visiting scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. She was Berkeley's first tenured female physicist.[2]

Her important contributions include prediction of the mass of the charm quark prior to its discovery (with B. W. Lee); prediction of 3-jet events (with J. Ellis and G.G. Ross); and prediction of b-quark mass (with M.S. Chanowitz and J. Ellis).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Gaillard's autobiography is A Singularly Unfeminine Profession, published in 2015 by World Scientific.[9][10][11]

Early life

[edit]

Mary Katharine Ralph was born April 1, 1939, in New Brunswick, New Jersey,[1] and grew up in Painesville, Ohio, where her father taught history at Lake Erie College.[12]

She attended Hollins College in Virginia as an undergraduate. Her physics professor, Dorothy Montgomery, helped her to find work in the Louis Leprince-Ringuet laboratory in France during a year abroad, and at Brookhaven National Labs in the summer.[12] She received her bachelor's degree from Hollins in 1960. She received her master's degree from Columbia University in 1961.[13]

At the end of her first year at Columbia she married Jean-Marc Gaillard, a visiting physics postdoctoral student. She moved with him, first to the University of Paris at Orsay, France and a year later to the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. Despite experiencing sexism and having three children, she continued to study theoretical physics.[1][12] In 1964 she obtained her Doctorat du Troisième Cycle from the University of Paris at Orsay, France. In 1968, she completed her Doctorat d'Etat in Theoretical Physics there.[13]

Career

[edit]

During her time at CERN (1964-1981)[13] Gaillard was considered a visiting scientist, first as a student from Orsay, and later as a research scientist employed by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).[1][12] At one point, she carried out and submitted a survey of women scientists at CERN, documenting clear patterns of blatant sexism against women scientists in hiring and salaries.[1]

Nonetheless, her scientific achievements at CERN led to her advancement at CNRS.[1] In 1979 Gaillard established a particle theory group at the Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de physique des particules (LAPP), Annecy-le-Vieux, France. She directed the group from 1979 to 1981. She served as director of research at Annecy-le-Vieux for the CNRS from 1980 to 1981.[13] In 1981, the Gaillards divorced, and she returned to the United States.[1][12]

Gaillard joined the physics department at the Berkeley in 1981,[13] becoming the first woman professor of physics.[1] She was concurrently a faculty senior staff member at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), where she headed the Theory Group from 1985 to 1987.[13]

Gaillard served on several committees of the American Physical Society, advisory panels for the Department of Energy and the United States National Research Council, and on advisory and visiting committees at universities and national laboratories. She was a member of the National Science Board from 1996 to 2002.[13]

Research

[edit]

Her research accomplishments include pioneering work with Benjamin W. Lee on the evaluation of strong interaction corrections to weak transitions, including the successful prediction of the mass of the charm quark; work with John Ellis and others on the analysis of final states in electron-positron collisions, including the prediction of Three-jet events, and studies of unified gauge theories, including the prediction of the bottom quark mass; studies with Michael Chanowitz of signatures at proton-proton colliders which showed, on very general grounds, that new physics must show up at sufficiently high energies. Her later work focused on effective supergravity theories based on superstrings, and their implications for phenomena that may be detected both in accelerator experiments and cosmological observations.[1][12][2][3][4]

Awards and honors

[edit]

Personal life

[edit]

She married Jean Marc Gaillard with whom she had three children - Alain, Dominique and Bruno. Later, she married Bruno Zumino.[1][12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hargittai, Magdolna (2015). "Mary Gaillard: theoretical physicist". Women scientists : reflections, challenges, and breaking boundaries. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935998-1. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Gibson, Val (August 2015). "Physics: She did it all". Nature. 524 (7564): 160. Bibcode:2015Natur.524..160G. doi:10.1038/524160a. S2CID 4389262.
  3. ^ a b c Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1882-6. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b Maiani, Luciano; Bonolis, Luisa (December 2017). "The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958–1993)" (PDF). The European Physical Journal H. 42 (4–5): 611–661. arXiv:1707.01833. Bibcode:2017EPJH...42..611M. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80040-9. S2CID 119365093. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  5. ^ Gaillard, Mary K.; Lee, Benjamin W.; Rosner, Jonathan L. (1 April 1975). "Search for charm". Reviews of Modern Physics. 47 (2): 277–310. Bibcode:1975RvMP...47..277G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.47.277. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  6. ^ Ali, A.; Kramer, G. (2011). "JETS and QCD: A historical review of the discovery of the quark and gluon jets and its impact on QCD". European Physical Journal H. 36 (2): 245–326. arXiv:1012.2288. Bibcode:2011EPJH...36..245A. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10047-1. S2CID 54062126.
  7. ^ Ellis, John; Gaillard, Mary K.; Nanopoulos, Dimitri V. (31 January 2012). "A Historical Profile of the Higgs Boson". The Standard Theory of Particle Physics. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 26. pp. 255–274. doi:10.1142/9789814733519_0014. ISBN 978-981-4733-50-2. S2CID 35488065. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  8. ^ Ellis, John (September 16, 2014). "The Discovery of the Gluon". World Scientific Review. 29 (31). arXiv:1409.4232. Bibcode:2014IJMPA..2930072E. doi:10.1142/S0217751X14300725. S2CID 119255094.
  9. ^ Gaillard, Mary K. (2015). A Singularly Unfeminine Profession: One Woman's Journey In Physics. World Scientific. ISBN 9789814644242. ebook ISBN 978-981-4644-22-8; pbk ISBN 978-981-4713-22-1
  10. ^ Glazer, Amanda (December 4, 2019). "Perseverance, Brilliance and Charm: An Interview With Mary Gaillard". Berkeley Science Review. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  11. ^ Gavela, M. Belén (2016). "Review of A Singularly Unfeminine Profession: One Woman's Journey in Physics". Physics Today. 69 (2): 50–51. doi:10.1063/PT.3.3084.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Gaillard, Mary K. (21 September 2021). "Adventures with Particles". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 71 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2021ARNPS..71....1G. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716. ISSN 0163-8998. S2CID 239237288.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "Gaillard, Mary K." American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  14. ^ "APS Fellow Archive". American Physical Society. Retrieved 26 January 2022. (search on year 1984 and institution University of California, Berkeley)
  15. ^ "Mary K. Gaillard, 1988". U. S. Department of Energy. 28 December 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  16. ^ "Professor Mary Katharine Ralph Gaillard". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  17. ^ "PRESIDENT CLINTON NAMES THREE MEMBERS TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD". THE WHITE HOUSE. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  18. ^ "1993 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics Recipient Mary K. Gaillard". American Physical Society. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  19. ^ "Members elected in 2000". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 144 (4). American Philosophical Society: 494. 2000. ISBN 978-1-4223-7274-6. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
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