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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
|name = ''Magnolia nilagirica''
|image = Magnolia nilagirica.JPG
|image = Magnolia nilagirica.JPG
|image_caption = Inflorescence and leaves of ''Magnolia nilagirica''
|image_caption = Inflorescence and leaves of ''Magnolia nilagirica''
|status = VU
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Haridasan, K. |author2=Ved, D. |author3=Saha, D. |author4=Ravikumar, K. |date=2015 |title=''Magnolia nilagirica'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T15114888A15114897 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15114888A15114897.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{ cite web
⚫
|genus = Magnolia
|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15114888A15114897.en |title=''Magnolia nilagirica'' in IUCN 2015 |author=Haridasan, K., Ved, D., Saha, D. & Ravikumar, K. (assessed: 16 July 2014) |quote=Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2cd ver 3.1 |work=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.3 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] |date=2015 |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref>
|display_parents = 3
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|parent = Magnolia subsect. Michelia
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperm]]s
⚫
|species = nilagirica
|unranked_classis = [[Magnoliid]]s
⚫
|authority = ([[Jonathan Carl Zenker|Zenker]]) [[Richard B. Figlar|Figlar]]<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />
|ordo = [[Magnoliales]]
|familia = [[Magnoliaceae]]
⚫
|genus = ''[[Magnolia]]''
|species = '''''M. nilagirica'''''
|binomial = ''Magnolia nilagirica''
⚫
|binomial_authority = ([[Jonathan Carl Zenker|Zenker]]) [[Richard B. Figlar|Figlar]]<ref name=iucn/>
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
*''Michelia glauca'' <small>[[Robert Wight|Wight]]</small>
*''Michelia glauca'' <small>[[Robert Wight|Wight]]</small>
*''M.&nbsp;nilagirica'' <small>Zenker</small> ([[basionym]])
*''M. nilagirica'' <small>Zenker</small> ([[basionym]])
*''M.&nbsp;n.'' var. ''walkeri'' <small>(Wight) [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] & [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomson]]</small>
*''M. n.'' var. ''walkeri'' <small>(Wight) [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] & [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomson]]</small>
*''M.&nbsp;n.'' var. ''wightii'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
*''M. n.'' var. ''wightii'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
*''M.&nbsp;ovalifolia'' <small>Wight</small>
*''M. ovalifolia'' <small>Wight</small>
*''M.&nbsp;pulneyensis'' <small>Wight</small>
*''M. pulneyensis'' <small>Wight</small>
*''M.&nbsp;walkeri'' <small>Wight</small>
*''M. walkeri'' <small>Wight</small>
*''Sampacca nilagirica'' <small>(Zenker) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
*''Sampacca nilagirica'' <small>(Zenker) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />
}}
}}


'''''Magnolia nilagirica''''' is a species of [[plant]] in the [[Magnoliaceae]] family. It is a [[tree]] that is threatened by [[habitat loss]], [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]] (including [[Agastya Mala]], the [[Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary]], the [[Anaimalai Hills|Anaimalai]] and [[Palni Hills]], the [[Nilgiri mountains]], and [[Baba Budangiri]]),<ref>{{ cite web |title= Michelia nilagirica Zenk. - MAGNOLIACEAE |publisher=BIOTIK |url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/m/michnila/michnila_en.html |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref> and also [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=iucn/>
'''''Magnolia nilagirica''''' is a species of [[plant]] in the family [[Magnoliaceae]]. It is a [[tree]] that is threatened by [[habitat loss]], [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]] (including [[Agastya Mala]], the [[Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary]], the [[Anaimalai Hills|Anaimalai]] and [[Palni Hills]], the [[Nilgiri mountains]], and [[Baba Budangiri]]),<ref>{{cite web |title= Michelia nilagirica Zenk. - MAGNOLIACEAE |publisher=BIOTIK |url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/m/michnila/michnila_en.html |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref> and also [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />


== Description==
== Description==
A large handsome tree; bark is brown with grey highlights and presents a cracked appearance. Leaves measure 5 to 10 cm × 2 to 4 cms, and are elliptic with both ends tapering. Flower petals are white, measuring about 7½ to 10 cm across; [[sepal]]s measure between 9 to 12 cm, narrow at their innermost, and ever broader as they approach the outermost perimeter; [[carpel]]s are [[sessile]]. Fruits measure between 5 and 8 cm in length, with many warty yellow [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s (each about 1½ cm long, containing 1 to 2 scarlet seeds).<ref>{{ cite book |title=Forest trees of the Western Ghats : includes Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau |author=S.G. Neginhal |year=2011 |publisher=Bangalore : S.G. Neginhal}}</ref>
A large tree; bark is brown with grey highlights and presents a cracked appearance. Leaves measure {{convert|5-10|cm|abbr=on}} × {{convert|2-4|cm|abbr=on}} and are elliptic with both ends tapering. Flower petals are white, measuring about {{convert|7.5-10|cm|abbr=on}} across; [[sepal]]s measure between {{convert|9-12|cm|abbr=on}}, narrow at their innermost, and ever broader as they approach the outermost perimeter; [[carpel]]s are [[sessility (botany)|sessile]]. Fruits measure {{convert|5-8|cm|abbr=on}} in length, with many warty yellow [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s each about {{convert|1.5|cm|abbr=on}} long, containing 1 to 2 scarlet seeds.<ref>{{cite book |title=Forest trees of the Western Ghats : includes Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau |author=S.G. Neginhal |year=2011 |publisher=Bangalore : S.G. Neginhal}}</ref>


==Botanical classification==
==Botanical classification==
''Magnolia nilagirica'' was originally described and published under the name ''Michelia nilagirica'' (the [[basionym]]) by Jonathan Carl Zenker (1799–1837) in ''Plantae Indicae, quas in montibus&nbsp;… '', 2: 21, t. 20. 1836.<ref name=trop1>{{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/19300158 |title=Name - ''Michelia nilagirica'' Zenk. |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref> In 2000 it was reclassified under the genus ''Magnolia'' by Richard B. Figlar (In: ''Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae'', 23. 2000. Guangzhou, China).<ref name=trop2>{{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100219062 |title=Name - ''Magnolia nilagirica'' (Zenk.) Figlar |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref>
''Magnolia nilagirica'' was originally described and published under the name ''Michelia nilagirica'' (the [[basionym]]) by Jonathan Carl Zenker (1799–1837) in ''Plantae Indicae, quas in montibus&nbsp;… '', 2: 21, t. 20. 1836.<ref name=trop1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/19300158 |title=Name - ''Michelia nilagirica'' Zenk. |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref> In 2000 it was reclassified under the genus ''Magnolia'' by Richard B. Figlar (In: ''Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae'', 23. 2000. Guangzhou, China).<ref name=trop2>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100219062 |title=Name - ''Magnolia nilagirica'' (Zenk.) Figlar |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref>


==Ecological vulnerability==
==Ecological vulnerability==
Due to this tree's excellent [[timber|wood]] quality, it is under severe threat of being over-logged. In general, the forests in which it grows are rapidly being harvested, at a faster pace than is needed to allow the forests a chance to regrow; it is estimated that this species in particular has lost 40% of its wild growing population during a period of about 180 years. The [[IUCN]] (2015) has determined that no improvements have been implemented to halt this pace of [[deforestation]], and therefore have assessed its status as "vulnerable".<ref name=iucn/> IUCN has not determined whether the stands of trees are becoming [[habitat fragmentation|fragmented]] from within, or are more or less shrinking in area from the perimeter of their ranges.<ref name=iucn/>
Due to this tree's excellent [[timber|wood]] quality, it is under severe threat of being over-logged. In general, the forests in which it grows are rapidly being harvested, at a faster pace than is needed to allow the forests a chance to regrow; it is estimated that this species in particular has lost 40% of its wild growing population during a period of about 180 years. The [[IUCN]] (2015) has determined that no improvements have been implemented to halt this pace of [[deforestation]], and therefore have assessed its status as "vulnerable".<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> IUCN has not determined whether the stands of trees are becoming [[habitat fragmentation|fragmented]] from within, or are more or less shrinking in area from the perimeter of their ranges.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />


==Vernacular names==
==Vernacular names==
This tree is known by different common names in various languages of India, as shown below:<ref>{{ cite web |authors=Editors: D.K. Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, R. Kartikeyan, Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar , S.N. Venugopal, B.S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Sugandhi Rani, K.V. Surekha, and Nikhil Desale |year=2014 |title=Plant details for Michelia nilagirica |publisher=Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions's Environmental Information System Centre on Medicinal Plants |location=Bangalore, India |url=http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2547 |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref>
This tree is known by different common names in various languages of India, as shown below:<ref>{{cite web |editor=D.K. Ved |editor2=Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra |editor3=Vijay Barve |editor4=Vijay Srinivas |editor5=Sathya Sangeetha |editor6=K. Ravikumar |editor7=R. Kartikeyan |editor8=Vaibhav Kulkarni |editor9=Ajith S. Kumar |editor10=S.N. Venugopal |editor11=B.S. Somashekhar |editor12=M.V. Sumanth |editor13=Sugandhi Rani |editor14=K.V. Surekha |editor15=Nikhil Desale |year=2014 |title=Plant details for Michelia nilagirica |publisher=Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions's Environmental Information System Centre on Medicinal Plants |location=Bangalore, India |url=http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2547 |accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Hindi]]: ''pila champa''
*[[Hindi]]: ''pila champa''
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''kattu shanbagam''
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''kattu shanbagam''
*[[Kannada]]: ''bana sampige'', ''bili sampige'', ''bilisampage'', ''dodda sampige''
*[[Kannada]]: ''bana sampige'', ''bili sampige'', ''bilisampage'', ''dodda sampige''
*[[Telgu]]: ''tella sampanga''
*[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]: ''tella sampanga''
*[[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]: ''wanasapu''
*Malayalam: kattuchempakam (കാട്ടുചെമ്പകം)


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*[http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/15672 India Biodiversity]
*[http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/15672 India Biodiversity]
*[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237584098_MICROFUNGI_ASSOCIATED_WITH_LEAF_LITTER_DECOMPOSITION_OF_MICHELIA_NILAGIRICA_AND_SEMECARPUS_CORIACEA_AT_HAKGALA_MONTANE_FOREST Microfungi association]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237584098_MICROFUNGI_ASSOCIATED_WITH_LEAF_LITTER_DECOMPOSITION_OF_MICHELIA_NILAGIRICA_AND_SEMECARPUS_CORIACEA_AT_HAKGALA_MONTANE_FOREST Microfungi association]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-252955 The Plant List]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-252955 The Plant List]


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=15114888 Natural range in India of ''Magnolia nilagirica''] from IUCN
*[http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=15114888 Natural range in India of ''Magnolia nilagirica''] from IUCN

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15603337}}


[[Category:Magnolia|nilagirica]]
[[Category:Magnolia|nilagirica]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of India]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1836]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1836]]

{{Magnoliales-stub}}

Latest revision as of 04:35, 29 October 2023

Magnolia nilagirica
Inflorescence and leaves of Magnolia nilagirica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Genus: Magnolia
Subgenus: Magnolia subg. Yulania
Section: Magnolia sect. Michelia
Subsection: Magnolia subsect. Michelia
Species:
M. nilagirica
Binomial name
Magnolia nilagirica
Synonyms[1]
  • Michelia glauca Wight
  • M. nilagirica Zenker (basionym)
  • M. n. var. walkeri (Wight) Hook.f. & Thomson
  • M. n. var. wightii Hook.f. & Thomson
  • M. ovalifolia Wight
  • M. pulneyensis Wight
  • M. walkeri Wight
  • Sampacca nilagirica (Zenker) Kuntze

Magnolia nilagirica is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is a tree that is threatened by habitat loss, endemic to the Western Ghats of India (including Agastya Mala, the Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, the Anaimalai and Palni Hills, the Nilgiri mountains, and Baba Budangiri),[2] and also Sri Lanka.[1]

Description

[edit]

A large tree; bark is brown with grey highlights and presents a cracked appearance. Leaves measure 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) × 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) and are elliptic with both ends tapering. Flower petals are white, measuring about 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) across; sepals measure between 9–12 cm (3.5–4.7 in), narrow at their innermost, and ever broader as they approach the outermost perimeter; carpels are sessile. Fruits measure 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) in length, with many warty yellow follicles each about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long, containing 1 to 2 scarlet seeds.[3]

Botanical classification

[edit]

Magnolia nilagirica was originally described and published under the name Michelia nilagirica (the basionym) by Jonathan Carl Zenker (1799–1837) in Plantae Indicae, quas in montibus … , 2: 21, t. 20. 1836.[4] In 2000 it was reclassified under the genus Magnolia by Richard B. Figlar (In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, 23. 2000. Guangzhou, China).[5]

Ecological vulnerability

[edit]

Due to this tree's excellent wood quality, it is under severe threat of being over-logged. In general, the forests in which it grows are rapidly being harvested, at a faster pace than is needed to allow the forests a chance to regrow; it is estimated that this species in particular has lost 40% of its wild growing population during a period of about 180 years. The IUCN (2015) has determined that no improvements have been implemented to halt this pace of deforestation, and therefore have assessed its status as "vulnerable".[1] IUCN has not determined whether the stands of trees are becoming fragmented from within, or are more or less shrinking in area from the perimeter of their ranges.[1]

Vernacular names

[edit]

This tree is known by different common names in various languages of India, as shown below:[6]

  • Hindi: pila champa
  • Tamil: kattu shanbagam
  • Kannada: bana sampige, bili sampige, bilisampage, dodda sampige
  • Telugu: tella sampanga
  • Sinhala: wanasapu
  • Malayalam: kattuchempakam (കാട്ടുചെമ്പകം)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Haridasan, K.; Ved, D.; Saha, D.; Ravikumar, K. (2015). "Magnolia nilagirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15114888A15114897. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15114888A15114897.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Michelia nilagirica Zenk. - MAGNOLIACEAE". BIOTIK. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  3. ^ S.G. Neginhal (2011). Forest trees of the Western Ghats : includes Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau. Bangalore : S.G. Neginhal.
  4. ^ "Name - Michelia nilagirica Zenk". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  5. ^ "Name - Magnolia nilagirica (Zenk.) Figlar". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  6. ^ D.K. Ved; Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra; Vijay Barve; Vijay Srinivas; Sathya Sangeetha; K. Ravikumar; R. Kartikeyan; Vaibhav Kulkarni; Ajith S. Kumar; S.N. Venugopal; B.S. Somashekhar; M.V. Sumanth; Sugandhi Rani; K.V. Surekha; Nikhil Desale, eds. (2014). "Plant details for Michelia nilagirica". Bangalore, India: Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions's Environmental Information System Centre on Medicinal Plants. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
[edit]
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