Brown shrike: Difference between revisions

Brown shrike
	In Thailand
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Laniidae
Genus:	Lanius
Species:	L. cristatus
Binomial name
	Lanius cristatus; Linnaeus, 1758
	Breeding ranges
Synonyms
	Otomela cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)

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The brown shrike (Lanius cristatus) is a bird in the shrike family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the red-backed shrike (L. collurio) and isabelline shrike (L. isabellinus). The genus name, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific cristatus is Latin for "crested", used in a broader sense than in English.^[2] The common English name "shrike" is from Old English scríc, "shriek", referring to the shrill call.^[3]

Like most other shrikes, it has a distinctive black "bandit-mask" through the eye and is found mainly in open scrub habitats, where it perches on the tops of thorny bushes in search of prey. Several populations of this widespread species form distinctive subspecies which breed in temperate Asia and migrate to their winter quarters in tropical Asia. They are sometimes found as vagrants in Europe and North America.

Taxonomy

In 1747 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the brown shrike in the second volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The Crested Red, or Russit Butcher-Bird". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a specimen that had been sent from Bengal to the silk-pattern designer Joseph Dandridge in London.^[4] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the brown shrike with the other shrikes in the genus Lanius. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Lanius cristatus and cited Edwards' work.^[5] The specific epithet is Latin meaning "crested" or "plumed".^[6]

Four subspecies are recognised:^[7]

L. c. cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 – central, east Siberia and north Mongolia, India to the Malay Peninsula
L. c. confusus Stegmann, 1929 – east Mongolia, southeast Russia and northeast China Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
L. c. lucionensis Linnaeus, 1766 – east China, Korean Peninsula and south Japan southeast China, Philippines, Borneo and Sulawesi
L. c. superciliosus Latham, 1801 – the island of Sakhalin (southeast Russia) and north, central Japan southeast China and east Indochina to the Lesser Sunda Islands

Description

This shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with rufous flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white "mirror" patches. Females tend to have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. The distinction is not easy to use in the field but has been tested with breeding birds in Japan where the female can be identified from the presence of a brood patch.^[8] The use of multiple measurements allows discrimination of the sex of about 90% of the birds.^[9] Subspecies lucionensis has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upper back.^[10] The tail is more brownish and not as reddish as in the red-backed shrike.^[11] Younger birds of lucionensis have a brown crown and lack the grey on the head. Subspecies superciliosus has a broad white supercilium and a richer reddish crown. The tail is redder and tipped in white.^[12]^[13]

A number of confusing forms are known from central Asia where the populations of cristatus, isabellinus and collurio overlap. The taxonomy has been in a state of flux and some forms such as phoenicuroides formerly considered as subspecies of L. cristatus have been moved to the species L. isabellinus.^[10]^[14] Subspecies lucionensis has been recorded interbreeding with superciliosus in Ishikawa, Japan^[15] while superciliosus has interbred with Lanius tigrinus in central Japan.^[16]

Distribution

The nominate form breeds in northern Asia from Mongolia to Siberia and winters in South Asia, Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula. The race confusus described from the same region is not well marked but is said to have a wider white brow and paler upperparts and is sometimes included within the nominate population. Subspecies superciliosus (sometimes called the Japanese shrike) breeds on the islands of Sakhalin, Kuril and Japan and winters in Hainan, Sumatra, Java, and the Sundas. Subspecies lucionensis, sometimes known as the Philippine shrike (local names: tarat or pakis-kis),^[17]^[18]^[19] breeds in Korea and eastern China wintering mainly in Taiwan and the Philippines but also on the Andaman Islands and in peninsular India.^[10]^[20]^[21]^[22] Stuart Baker suggested that the species may breed in the Cachar Hills of Assam but the idea was questioned by Claud Buchanan Ticehurst.^[23]

This species is rare in Europe and vagrants have been recorded in the United States and Canada.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Behaviour and ecology

The brown shrike is a migratory species and ringing studies show that they have high fidelity to their wintering sites, often returning to the same locations each winter.^[27]^[28]^[29] They begin establishing wintering territories shortly after arrival and their loud chattering or rattling calls are distinctive. Birds that arrive early and establish territories appear to have an advantage over those that arrive later in the winter areas.^[30]^[31] The timing of their migration is very regular with their arrival in winter to India in August and September and departure in April.^[32] During their winter period, they go through a premigratory moult.^[27] Their song in the winter quarters is faint and somewhat resembles the call of the rosy starling and often includes mimicry of other birds. The beak remains closed when singing and only throat pulsations are visible although the bird moves its tail up and down while singing.^[11]^[33]

The breeding season is late May or June and the breeding habitat includes the taiga, forest to semi-desert where they build a nest in a tree or bush, laying two to six eggs.^[34]

They feed mainly on insects, especially Lepidoptera.^[35] Like other shrikes, they impale prey on thorns. Small birds and lizards are also sometimes preyed upon.^[36] A white-eye (Zosterops) has been recorded in its larder.^[11] They typically look out for prey from a perch and fly down towards the ground to capture them.^[37]

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Lanius cristatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705011A93995637. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705011A93995637.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 142, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Edwards, George (1747). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 54, Plate 54.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 93.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
^ Takagi, M (1996). "A sexual difference in plumage of Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus". J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 28 (2): 103–105. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.28.103.
^ Takagi, Masaoki (1996). "Sexual Size Dimorphism and Sex Determination of a Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus". Jap. J. Ornithol. 45 (3): 187–190. doi:10.3838/jjo.45.187.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 349–350.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ali, S & SD Ripley. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100.
^ McGregor, RC (1909). A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1. Bureau of Printing, Manila. pp. 596–599.
^ Worfolk, Tim (2000). "Identification of red-backed, isabelline and brown shrikes" (PDF). Dutch Birding. 22 (6): 323–362.
^ Mauersberger, G; Portenko, L A (1971). "Lanius collurio L., Lanius isabellinus Hemprich u. Ehrenberg und Lanius cristatus L." (PDF). Atlas der Verbreitung palaearktischer Vögel (in German). Vol. III. Akademie-verlag, Berlin. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ Ishizuka, T. "A case of hybridization in Brown Shrike subspecies， Lanius cristatus lucionensis and L．c．supercillosus in Kanazawa" (PDF). Strix. 9: 71–75.
^ Imanishi, S; Yoshimitsu Shigeta & Toshiyuki Yoshino (2007). "Interspecific Pair of a Male Brown and a Female Thick-billed Shrike, Lanius cristatus superciliosus and L. tigrinus, and Their Hybrids at Nobeyama Plateau in Central Japan". J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 38 (2): 90–96. doi:10.3312/jyio.38.90.
^ Kennedy, Robert (2000). A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198546689.
^ Ocon, Romy. "Brown Shrike - Bird Watch (Pbase)". Wild Bird Club of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ Obon, Romy. "Trees of Alabang hills". Manila Old Timer. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ Balachandran S & Rajan Sehgal (2008). "Occurrence of Lanius cristatus lucionensis in the Western Ghats, Kerala". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 105 (2): 220–221.
^ Balachandran, S; Rajan, S Alagar (1994). "Philippine Shrike Lanius cristatus lucionensis, a regular winter visitor to South India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 91 (1): 143–144.
^ Mohapatra, KK; Santharam, V (1992). "Occurrence of the Philippine Shrike Lanius cristatus lucionensis Linn. in coastal Andhra Pradesh". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 255–256.
^ Ticehurst, Claud B (1936). "The Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus Linn.) in Burma and Assam". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 (4): 824–825.
^ King, B.; D. Finch; R. Stallcup & W. Russell (1978). "First North American sighting of Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) and Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus), and second of Red-throated Flycatcher (Ficedula parva)". American Birds. 32: 158–160.
^ Foxall, Roger & Ian McLaren (1998). "A Brown Shrike in Halifax, Nova Scotia: First for Canada". Birders Journal. 7 (1): 32–36.
^ "Rare bird seen in Malta for the first time: Brown Shrike spotted in the south by BirdLife". Times of Malta. 3 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Lord Medway (1970). "A ringing study of the migratory brown shrike in West Malaysia". Ibis. 112 (2): 184–198. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00092.x.
^ Rimmer, CC & CH Darmstadt (1996). "Non-breeding site fidelity in Northern Shrikes". J. Field Ornithol. 67 (3): 360–366.
^ Takagi, Masaoki (2003). "Philopatry and Habitat Selection in Bull-Headed and Brown Shrikes". Journal of Field Ornithology. 74 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.45. S2CID 86155111.
^ Severinghaus, Lucia Liu (1996). "Territory strategy of the migratory Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus". Ibis. 138 (3): 460–465. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1524. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08065.x.
^ Betts, FN (1929). "Distribution of the Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus cristatus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 33 (3): 714.
^ Law, SC (1928). "On the migratory habit of Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn. as observed in the city of Calcutta". Ibis. 70 (3): 478–480. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1928.tb08732.x.
^ Praveen, J (1995). "The song of the Brown Shrike". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 35 (1): 18.
^ Dresser, HE (1902). A manual of palearctic birds. Part 1. Self published, London. pp. 240–242.
^ Yosef, Reuven (2004). "Perch-site use and inter- and intraspecific aggression of migratory Brown Shrikes (Lanius cristatus) in Southern Taiwan" (PDF). Biological Letters. 41 (2): 113–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
^ Ganguli, U (1962). "The Redtailed Skink as a food for birds". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 2 (5): 4–5.
^ Severinghaus, L. L. & C. T. Liang (1995). "Food and foraging of the Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) in Taiwan". In Yosef, R. & F. E. Lohrer (eds.). Shrikes (Laniidae) of the world: biology and conservation. (Proc. of the First Int. Shrike Symposium – Proc. of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, No. 6). Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, USA. pp. 194–199.

Other sources

Livesey, TR (1935). "The status of the Brown Shrike Lanius c. cristatus (Linn.) in the S. S. States, Burma". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 (2): 397–398.
Himmatsinhji MK (1995). "Lanius cristatus Linn. in Kutch, Gujarat — a westward extension". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (1): 123.

External links

Identification notes - Birds Korea
Videos, photos and sounds - Internet Bird Collection
Distribution maps - Natural History Resources

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Lanius cristatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705011A93995637. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705011A93995637.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[job-2] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 142, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[OED-3] "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[4] Edwards, George (1747). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 54, Plate 54.

[5] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 93.

[6] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 August 2021.

[8] Takagi, M (1996). "A sexual difference in plumage of Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus". J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 28 (2): 103–105. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.28.103.

[9] Takagi, Masaoki (1996). "Sexual Size Dimorphism and Sex Determination of a Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus". Jap. J. Ornithol. 45 (3): 187–190. doi:10.3838/jjo.45.187.

[pcr-10] Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 349–350.

[hbk-11] Ali, S & SD Ripley. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100.

[phil-12] McGregor, RC (1909). A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1. Bureau of Printing, Manila. pp. 596–599.

[13] Worfolk, Tim (2000). "Identification of red-backed, isabelline and brown shrikes" (PDF). Dutch Birding. 22 (6): 323–362.

[14] Mauersberger, G; Portenko, L A (1971). "Lanius collurio L., Lanius isabellinus Hemprich u. Ehrenberg und Lanius cristatus L." (PDF). Atlas der Verbreitung palaearktischer Vögel (in German). Vol. III. Akademie-verlag, Berlin. Retrieved 17 November 2015.

[15] Ishizuka, T. "A case of hybridization in Brown Shrike subspecies， Lanius cristatus lucionensis and L．c．supercillosus in Kanazawa" (PDF). Strix. 9: 71–75.

[16] Imanishi, S; Yoshimitsu Shigeta & Toshiyuki Yoshino (2007). "Interspecific Pair of a Male Brown and a Female Thick-billed Shrike, Lanius cristatus superciliosus and L. tigrinus, and Their Hybrids at Nobeyama Plateau in Central Japan". J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 38 (2): 90–96. doi:10.3312/jyio.38.90.

[17] Kennedy, Robert (2000). A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198546689.

[18] Ocon, Romy. "Brown Shrike - Bird Watch (Pbase)". Wild Bird Club of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

[19] Obon, Romy. "Trees of Alabang hills". Manila Old Timer. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

[20] Balachandran S & Rajan Sehgal (2008). "Occurrence of Lanius cristatus lucionensis in the Western Ghats, Kerala". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 105 (2): 220–221.

[21] Balachandran, S; Rajan, S Alagar (1994). "Philippine Shrike Lanius cristatus lucionensis, a regular winter visitor to South India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 91 (1): 143–144.

[22] Mohapatra, KK; Santharam, V (1992). "Occurrence of the Philippine Shrike Lanius cristatus lucionensis Linn. in coastal Andhra Pradesh". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 255–256.

[23] Ticehurst, Claud B (1936). "The Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus Linn.) in Burma and Assam". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 (4): 824–825.

[24] King, B.; D. Finch; R. Stallcup & W. Russell (1978). "First North American sighting of Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) and Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus), and second of Red-throated Flycatcher (Ficedula parva)". American Birds. 32: 158–160.

[25] Foxall, Roger & Ian McLaren (1998). "A Brown Shrike in Halifax, Nova Scotia: First for Canada". Birders Journal. 7 (1): 32–36.

[26] "Rare bird seen in Malta for the first time: Brown Shrike spotted in the south by BirdLife". Times of Malta. 3 November 2017.

[medway-27] Lord Medway (1970). "A ringing study of the migratory brown shrike in West Malaysia". Ibis. 112 (2): 184–198. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00092.x.

[28] Rimmer, CC & CH Darmstadt (1996). "Non-breeding site fidelity in Northern Shrikes". J. Field Ornithol. 67 (3): 360–366.

[29] Takagi, Masaoki (2003). "Philopatry and Habitat Selection in Bull-Headed and Brown Shrikes". Journal of Field Ornithology. 74 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.45. S2CID 86155111.

[30] Severinghaus, Lucia Liu (1996). "Territory strategy of the migratory Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus". Ibis. 138 (3): 460–465. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1524. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08065.x.

[31] Betts, FN (1929). "Distribution of the Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus cristatus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 33 (3): 714.

[32] Law, SC (1928). "On the migratory habit of Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn. as observed in the city of Calcutta". Ibis. 70 (3): 478–480. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1928.tb08732.x.

[33] Praveen, J (1995). "The song of the Brown Shrike". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 35 (1): 18.

[34] Dresser, HE (1902). A manual of palearctic birds. Part 1. Self published, London. pp. 240–242.

[35] Yosef, Reuven (2004). "Perch-site use and inter- and intraspecific aggression of migratory Brown Shrikes (Lanius cristatus) in Southern Taiwan" (PDF). Biological Letters. 41 (2): 113–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-10-25.

[36] Ganguli, U (1962). "The Redtailed Skink as a food for birds". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 2 (5): 4–5.

[37] Severinghaus, L. L. & C. T. Liang (1995). "Food and foraging of the Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) in Taiwan". In Yosef, R. & F. E. Lohrer (eds.). Shrikes (Laniidae) of the world: biology and conservation. (Proc. of the First Int. Shrike Symposium – Proc. of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, No. 6). Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, USA. pp. 194–199.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{speciesbox
 | name =
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22705011 |title=''Lanius cristatus'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Lanius cristatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22705011A93995637 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705011A93995637.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 | image = Lanius cristatus - Surin.jpg
 | image_caption = In Thailand
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| genus = Lanius
+| species = cristatus
-| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
+| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
-| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
-| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
-| familia = [[Laniidae]]
-| genus = ''[[Lanius]]''
-| species = '''''L. cristatus'''''
-| binomial = ''Lanius cristatus''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
 | range_map = LaniusAsiaMap.svg
 | range_map_caption = Breeding ranges
-| synonyms = ''Otomela cristata''
+| synonyms = ''Otomela cristata'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}
 }}
-The '''brown shrike''' (''Lanius cristatus'') is a [[bird]] in the [[shrike]] family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the [[red-backed shrike]] (''L. collurio'') and [[isabelline shrike]] (''L. isabellinus''). The genus name, ''[[Lanius]]'', is derived from the [[Latin]] word for "[[butcher]]", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific ''cristatus'' is [[Latin]] for "crested", used in a broader sense than in English.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= 142, 219}}</ref> The common English name "shrike" is from [[Old English]] ''scríc'', "shriek", referring to the shrill call.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |Shrike}}</ref>
+The '''brown shrike''' ('''''Lanius cristatus''''') is a [[bird]] in the [[shrike]] family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the [[red-backed shrike]] (''L. collurio'') and [[isabelline shrike]] (''L. isabellinus''). The genus name, ''[[Lanius]]'', is derived from the [[Latin]] word for "[[butcher]]", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific ''cristatus'' is [[Latin]] for "crested", used in a broader sense than in English.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n142 142], 219}}</ref> The common English name "shrike" is from [[Old English]] ''scríc'', "shriek", referring to the shrill call.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |Shrike}}</ref>
 Like most other shrikes, it has a distinctive black "bandit-mask" through the eye and is found mainly in open scrub habitats, where it perches on the tops of thorny bushes in search of prey. Several populations of this widespread species form distinctive subspecies which breed in temperate [[Asia]] and migrate to their winter quarters in tropical Asia. They are sometimes found as vagrants in [[Europe]] and [[North America]].
+==Taxonomy==
+In 1747 the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included an illustration and a description of the brown shrike in the second volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "The Crested Red, or Russit Butcher-Bird". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a specimen that had been sent from Bengal to the silk-pattern designer [[Joseph Dandridge]] in London.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1747 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part II | page=54, Plate 54 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240712 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the brown shrike with the other shrikes in the [[genus]] ''[[Lanius]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Lanius cristatus'' and cited Edwards' work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=93 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/764491}}</ref> The specific epithet is [[Latin]] meaning "crested" or "plumed".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=121 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n121/mode/1up}}</ref>
+Four subspecies are recognised:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/shrikes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=2 August 2021 }}</ref>
+* ''L. c. cristatus'' Linnaeus, 1758 – central, east Siberia and north Mongolia, India to the Malay Peninsula
+* ''L. c. confusus'' [[Boris K. Stegmann|Stegmann]], 1929 – east Mongolia, southeast Russia and northeast China Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
+* ''L. c. lucionensis'' Linnaeus, 1766 – east China, Korean Peninsula and south Japan southeast China, Philippines, Borneo and Sulawesi
+* ''L. c. superciliosus'' [[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1801 – the island of [[Sakhalin]] (southeast Russia) and north, central Japan southeast China and east Indochina to the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]
 ==Description==
 [[File:Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus)- Immature in Kolkata I IMG 6072.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Immature bird, [[Kolkata]], [[India]]]]
-This shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with [[rufous]] flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white "mirror" patches. Females tend to have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. The distinction is not easy to use in the field but has been tested with breeding birds in Japan where the female can be identified from the presence of a brood patch.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A sexual difference in plumage of Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus|author=Takagi, M|year=1996| journal=J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.| volume=28|pages=103–105|doi=10.3312/jyio1952.28.103}}</ref> The use of multiple measurements allows discrimination of the sex of about 90% of the birds.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Jap. J. Ornithol.|volume=45|pages=187–190|year=1996|title=Sexual Size Dimorphism and Sex Determination of a Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus|author=Takagi, Masaoki|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjo1986/45/3/45_3_187/_pdf|doi=10.3838/jjo.45.187}}</ref> Subspecies ''lucionensis'' has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upper back.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC  |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|pages=349–350}}</ref> The tail is more brownish and not as reddish as in the [[red-backed shrike]].<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S  |author2=SD Ripley |lastauthoramp=yes | title= Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5|edition=2nd| pages=98–100|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}}</ref> Younger birds of ''lucionensis'' have a brown crown and lack the grey on the head. Supspecies ''superciliosus'' has a broad white supercilium and a richer reddish crown. The tail is redder and tipped in white.<ref name=phil>{{cite book| title= A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1| author=McGregor, RC| year=1909| publisher= Bureau of Printing, Manila| pages= 596–599|url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofphilippi00mcgr#page/596/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Worfolk, Tim |year=2000|title= Identification of red-backed, isabelline and brown shrikes|journal=Dutch Birding|volume=22|issue=6|pages=323–362|url=http://www.dutchbirding.nl/content/journal/pdf/2000-6.pdf}}</ref>
+This shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with [[rufous]] flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white "mirror" patches. Females tend to have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. The distinction is not easy to use in the field but has been tested with breeding birds in Japan where the female can be identified from the presence of a brood patch.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A sexual difference in plumage of Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus|author=Takagi, M|year=1996| journal=J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.| volume=28|issue=2|pages=103–105|doi=10.3312/jyio1952.28.103|doi-access=free}}</ref> The use of multiple measurements allows discrimination of the sex of about 90% of the birds.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Jap. J. Ornithol.|volume=45|issue=3|pages=187–190|year=1996|title=Sexual Size Dimorphism and Sex Determination of a Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus|author=Takagi, Masaoki|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjo1986/45/3/45_3_187/_pdf|doi=10.3838/jjo.45.187|doi-access=free}}</ref> Subspecies ''lucionensis'' has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upper back.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC  |author2=JC Anderton |name-list-style=amp|year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|pages=349–350}}</ref> The tail is more brownish and not as reddish as in the [[red-backed shrike]].<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S  |author2=SD Ripley |name-list-style=amp| title= Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5|edition=2nd| pages=98–100|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}}</ref> Younger birds of ''lucionensis'' have a brown crown and lack the grey on the head. Subspecies ''superciliosus'' has a broad white supercilium and a richer reddish crown. The tail is redder and tipped in white.<ref name=phil>{{cite book| title= A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1| author=McGregor, RC| year=1909| publisher= Bureau of Printing, Manila| pages= 596–599|url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofphilippi00mcgr#page/596/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Worfolk, Tim |year=2000|title= Identification of red-backed, isabelline and brown shrikes|journal=Dutch Birding|volume=22|issue=6|pages=323–362|url=http://www.dutchbirding.nl/content/journal/pdf/2000-6.pdf}}</ref>
-A number of confusing forms are known from central Asia where the populations of ''cristatus'', ''isabellinus'' and ''collurio'' overlap. The taxonomy has been in a state of flux and some forms such as ''phoenicuroides'' formerly considered as subspecies of ''L. cristatus'' have been moved to the species ''L. isabellinus''.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite book|last=Mauersberger|first=G |first2=L A |last2=Portenko |year=1971|chapter=Lanius collurio L., Lanius isabellinus Hemprich u. Ehrenberg und Lanius cristatus L.|url=http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/martens/atlas/03_lanius_collurio.pdf|title=Atlas der Verbreitung palaearktischer Vögel|volume=III|format=PDF|language=German|publisher=Akademie-verlag, Berlin|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> Subspecies ''lucionensis'' has been recorded interbreeding with ''superciliosus'' in Ishikawa, Japan<ref>{{cite journal|title=A case of hybridization in Brown Shrike subspecies， Lanius cristatus lucionensis and L．c．supercillosus in Kanazawa|author=Ishizuka, T |journal=Strix |volume=9|pages=71–75|url=http://www.wbsj.org/nature/public/strix/09/Strix09_08.pdf}}</ref> while ''superciliosus'' has interbred with ''Lanius tigrinus'' in central Japan.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Interspecific Pair of a Male Brown and a Female Thick-billed Shrike, Lanius cristatus superciliosus and L. tigrinus, and Their Hybrids at Nobeyama Plateau in Central Japan|author1=Imanishi, S |author2=Yoshimitsu Shigeta |author3=Toshiyuki Yoshino  |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.| volume=38| pages=90–96| year=2007 |url= https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jyio/38/2/38_2_90/_pdf| doi=10.3312/jyio.38.90}}</ref>
+A number of confusing forms are known from central Asia where the populations of ''cristatus'', ''isabellinus'' and ''collurio'' overlap. The taxonomy has been in a state of flux and some forms such as ''phoenicuroides'' formerly considered as subspecies of ''L. cristatus'' have been moved to the species ''L. isabellinus''.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mauersberger|first1=G |first2=L A |last2=Portenko |year=1971|chapter=Lanius collurio L., Lanius isabellinus Hemprich u. Ehrenberg und Lanius cristatus L.|chapter-url=http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/martens/atlas/03_lanius_collurio.pdf|title=Atlas der Verbreitung palaearktischer Vögel|volume=III|language=de|publisher=Akademie-verlag, Berlin|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Subspecies ''lucionensis'' has been recorded interbreeding with ''superciliosus'' in Ishikawa, Japan<ref>{{cite journal|title=A case of hybridization in Brown Shrike subspecies， Lanius cristatus lucionensis and L．c．supercillosus in Kanazawa|author=Ishizuka, T |journal=Strix |volume=9|pages=71–75|url=http://www.wbsj.org/nature/public/strix/09/Strix09_08.pdf}}</ref> while ''superciliosus'' has interbred with ''Lanius tigrinus'' in central Japan.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Interspecific Pair of a Male Brown and a Female Thick-billed Shrike, Lanius cristatus superciliosus and L. tigrinus, and Their Hybrids at Nobeyama Plateau in Central Japan|author1=Imanishi, S |author2=Yoshimitsu Shigeta |author3=Toshiyuki Yoshino  |name-list-style=amp|journal=J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.| volume=38|issue=2 | pages=90–96| year=2007 |url= https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jyio/38/2/38_2_90/_pdf| doi=10.3312/jyio.38.90|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Distribution==
 [[File:Lanius cristatus MWNH 1312.JPG|left|thumb|upright|Eggs, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
-The nominate form breeds in northern Asia from Mongolia to Siberia and winters in South Asia, Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula. The [[Race (biology)|race]] ''confusus'' described from the same region is not well marked but is said to have a wider white brow and paler upperparts and is sometimes included within the nominate population. Subspecies ''superciliosus'' (sometimes called the Japanese shrike) breeds on the islands of Sakhalin, Kuril and Japan and winters in Hainan, Sumatra, Java, and the Sundas. Subspecies ''lucionensis'', sometimes known as the Philippine shrike (local names: ''tarat'' or ''pakis-kis''),<ref>{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Robert|title=A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198546688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPDxk551AhkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+the+Philippines&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fkRKUoyDNqTJiAeJsYH4Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Birds%20of%20the%20Philippines&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ocon|first=Romy|title=Brown Shrike - Bird Watch (Pbase)|url=http://www.birdwatch.ph/html/gallery/brownshrike.html|publisher=Wild Bird Club of the Philippines|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Obon|first=Romy|title=Trees of Alabang hills|url=http://www.manilaoldtimer.net/Trees%20of%20Alabang%20Hills/birds.html|publisher=Manila Old Timer|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref> breeds in Korea and eastern China wintering mainly in [[Taiwan]] and the Philippines but also on the [[Andaman Islands]] and in peninsular India.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Occurrence of ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'' in the Western Ghats, Kerala|author1=Balachandran S  |author2=Rajan Sehgal |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=105|issue=2|year=2008|pages=220–221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Balachandran, S |author2=Rajan, S Alagar |year=1994|title= Philippine Shrike ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'', a regular winter visitor to South India|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.  |volume=91|issue=1|pages=143–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mohapatra, KK |author2=Santharam, V |year=1992|title= Occurrence of the Philippine Shrike ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'' Linn. in coastal Andhra Pradesh|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–256}}</ref> [[E. C. Stuart Baker|Stuart Baker]] suggested that the species may breed in the Cachar Hills of Assam but the idea was questioned by [[Claud Buchanan Ticehurst]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= Ticehurst, Claud B |year= 1936| title=The Brown Shrike (''Lanius cristatus'' Linn.) in Burma and Assam| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.| volume=38|issue=4|pages=824–825}}</ref>
+The nominate form breeds in northern Asia from Mongolia to Siberia and winters in South Asia, Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula. The [[Race (biology)|race]] ''confusus'' described from the same region is not well marked but is said to have a wider white brow and paler upperparts and is sometimes included within the nominate population. Subspecies ''superciliosus'' (sometimes called the Japanese shrike) breeds on the islands of Sakhalin, Kuril and Japan and winters in Hainan, Sumatra, Java, and the Sundas. Subspecies ''lucionensis'', sometimes known as the Philippine shrike (local names: ''tarat'' or ''pakis-kis''),<ref>{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Robert|title=A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198546689|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPDxk551AhkC&q=A+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+the+Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ocon|first=Romy|title=Brown Shrike - Bird Watch (Pbase)|url=http://www.birdwatch.ph/html/gallery/brownshrike.html|publisher=Wild Bird Club of the Philippines|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324063537/http://www.birdwatch.ph/html/gallery/brownshrike.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Obon|first=Romy|title=Trees of Alabang hills|url=http://www.manilaoldtimer.net/Trees%20of%20Alabang%20Hills/birds.html|publisher=Manila Old Timer|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204010231/http://www.manilaoldtimer.net/Trees%20of%20Alabang%20Hills/birds.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> breeds in Korea and eastern China wintering mainly in [[Taiwan]] and the Philippines but also on the [[Andaman Islands]] and in peninsular India.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Occurrence of ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'' in the Western Ghats, Kerala|author1=Balachandran S  |author2=Rajan Sehgal |name-list-style=amp|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=105|issue=2|year=2008|pages=220–221|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48379109}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Balachandran, S |author2=Rajan, S Alagar |year=1994|title= Philippine Shrike ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'', a regular winter visitor to South India|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=91|issue=1|pages=143–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mohapatra, KK |author2=Santharam, V |year=1992|title= Occurrence of the Philippine Shrike ''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'' Linn. in coastal Andhra Pradesh|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–256|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732719}}</ref> [[E. C. Stuart Baker|Stuart Baker]] suggested that the species may breed in the Cachar Hills of Assam but the idea was questioned by [[Claud Buchanan Ticehurst]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= Ticehurst, Claud B |year= 1936| title=The Brown Shrike (''Lanius cristatus'' Linn.) in Burma and Assam| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.| volume=38|issue=4|pages=824–825|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47603220}}</ref>
-This species is rare in [[Europe]] and vagrants have been recorded in the United States and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=King, B. |author2=D. Finch |author3=R. Stallcup |author4=W. Russell |last-author-amp=yes |title= First North American sighting of Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) and Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus), and second of Red-throated Flycatcher (Ficedula parva)|journal= American Birds |year=1978|volume=32|pages=158–160}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Foxall, Roger  |author2=Ian McLaren |lastauthoramp=yes |title= A Brown Shrike in Halifax, Nova Scotia: First for Canada|journal= Birders Journal |year=1998|volume=7|issue=1|pages=32–36}}</ref>
+This species is rare in [[Europe]] and vagrants have been recorded in the United States and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=King, B. |author2=D. Finch |author3=R. Stallcup |author4=W. Russell |name-list-style=amp|title= First North American sighting of Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) and Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus), and second of Red-throated Flycatcher (Ficedula parva)|journal= American Birds |year=1978|volume=32|pages=158–160}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Foxall, Roger  |author2=Ian McLaren |name-list-style=amp|title= A Brown Shrike in Halifax, Nova Scotia: First for Canada|journal= Birders Journal |year=1998|volume=7|issue=1|pages=32–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2017|title=Rare bird seen in Malta for the first time: Brown Shrike spotted in the south by BirdLife|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20171103/local/rare-bird-seen-in-malta-for-the-first-time.662104|work=Times of Malta}}</ref>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
 [[File:Brown Shrike I IMG 7367.jpg|thumb|''Lanius cristatus lucionensis'', the Philippine shrike; note the grey crown and white throat contrasting with the rufescent underside. Kolkata, India]]
-The brown shrike is a [[bird migration|migratory]] species and ringing studies show that they have high fidelity to their wintering sites, often returning to the same locations each winter.<ref name=medway>{{cite journal|title=A ringing study of the migratory brown shrike in West Malaysia| author=Lord Medway|journal=Ibis |volume=112|issue=2|pages=184–198| year=1970|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00092.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Non-breeding site fidelity in Northern Shrikes|author1=Rimmer, CC  |author2=CH Darmstadt  |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1996|journal= J. Field Ornithol.| volume= 67|issue=3|pages=360–366}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= Philopatry and Habitat Selection in Bull-Headed and Brown Shrikes |author=Takagi, Masaoki|journal= Journal of Field Ornithology|volume= 74| issue=1 |year= 2003| pages=45–52}}</ref> They begin establishing wintering territories shortly after arrival and their loud chattering or rattling calls are distinctive. Birds that arrive early and establish territories appear to have an advantage over those that arrive later in the winter areas.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Territory strategy of the migratory Brown Shrike ''Lanius cristatus''| author=Severinghaus, Lucia Liu|journal=Ibis| year=1996| volume = 138| issue=3|pages=460–465 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08065.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Betts, FN |year=1929|title= Distribution of the Brown Shrike ''Lanius cristatus cristatus''|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=33|issue=3|pages=714}}</ref> The timing of their migration is very regular with their arrival in winter to India in August and September and departure in April.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Law, SC |year=1928|title=On the migratory habit of ''Lanius cristatus cristatus'' Linn. as observed in the city of Calcutta|journal=Ibis|volume=70|issue=3|pages=478–480|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1928.tb08732.x}}</ref> During their winter period, they go through a premigratory moult.<ref name=medway/> Their song in the winter quarters is faint and somewhat resembles the call of the [[rosy starling]] and often includes mimicry of other birds. The beak remains closed when singing and only throat pulsations are visible although the bird moves its tail up and down while singing.<ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite journal| author= Praveen, J |year=1995| title= The song of the Brown Shrike|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume=35| issue=1|page=18| url= https://archive.org/stream/NLBW35_1#page/n18/mode/1up}}</ref>
+The brown shrike is a [[bird migration|migratory]] species and ringing studies show that they have high fidelity to their wintering sites, often returning to the same locations each winter.<ref name=medway>{{cite journal|title=A ringing study of the migratory brown shrike in West Malaysia| author=Lord Medway|journal=Ibis |volume=112|issue=2|pages=184–198| year=1970|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00092.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Non-breeding site fidelity in Northern Shrikes|author1=Rimmer, CC  |author2=CH Darmstadt  |name-list-style=amp|year=1996|journal= J. Field Ornithol.| volume= 67|issue=3|pages=360–366}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= Philopatry and Habitat Selection in Bull-Headed and Brown Shrikes |author=Takagi, Masaoki|journal= Journal of Field Ornithology|volume= 74| issue=1 |year= 2003| pages=45–52|doi=10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.45|s2cid=86155111}}</ref> They begin establishing wintering territories shortly after arrival and their loud chattering or rattling calls are distinctive. Birds that arrive early and establish territories appear to have an advantage over those that arrive later in the winter areas.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Territory strategy of the migratory Brown Shrike ''Lanius cristatus''| author=Severinghaus, Lucia Liu|journal=Ibis| year=1996| volume = 138| issue=3|pages=460–465 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08065.x| citeseerx=10.1.1.693.1524}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Betts, FN |year=1929|title= Distribution of the Brown Shrike ''Lanius cristatus cristatus''|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=33|issue=3|page=714|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47489886}}</ref> The timing of their migration is very regular with their arrival in winter to India in August and September and departure in April.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Law, SC |year=1928|title=On the migratory habit of ''Lanius cristatus cristatus'' Linn. as observed in the city of Calcutta|journal=Ibis|volume=70|issue=3|pages=478–480|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1928.tb08732.x}}</ref> During their winter period, they go through a premigratory moult.<ref name=medway/> Their song in the winter quarters is faint and somewhat resembles the call of the [[rosy starling]] and often includes mimicry of other birds. The beak remains closed when singing and only throat pulsations are visible although the bird moves its tail up and down while singing.<ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite journal| author= Praveen, J |year=1995| title= The song of the Brown Shrike|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume=35| issue=1|page=18| url= https://archive.org/stream/NLBW35_1#page/n18/mode/1up}}</ref>
 The breeding season is late May or June and the breeding habitat includes the [[taiga]], forest to semi-desert where they build a nest in a tree or bush, laying two to six eggs.<ref>{{cite book| pages=240–242| title= A manual of palearctic birds. Part 1|year=1902|author=Dresser, HE| publisher=Self published, London| url=https://archive.org/stream/manualofpalarc01dresrich#page/n261/mode/2up}}</ref>
-They feed mainly on insects, especially [[Lepidoptera]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yosef, Reuven |year=2004 |title=Perch-site use and inter- and intraspecific aggression of migratory Brown Shrikes (''Lanius cristatus'') in Southern Taiwan|journal= Biological Lett.|volume=41 |issue=2|pages=113–118|url=http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl/biollett_41_2_8.pdf }}</ref> Like other shrikes, they impale prey on [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]]. Small birds and lizards are also sometimes preyed upon.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Ganguli, U |year=1962| title= The Redtailed Skink as a food for birds|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume=2|issue= 5| pages= 4–5| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW2#page/n64/mode/1up}}</ref> A white-eye (''[[Zosterops]]'') has been recorded in its larder.<ref name=hbk/> They typically look out for prey from a perch and fly down towards the ground to capture them.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Severinghaus, L. L.  |author2=C. T. Liang |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1995 |chapter= Food and foraging of the Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) in Taiwan|pages=194–199|editor=Yosef, R.|editor2=F. E. Lohrer|title=Shrikes (Laniidae) of the world: biology and conservation. (Proc. of the First Int. Shrike Symposium&nbsp;– Proc. of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, No. 6)|publisher=Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, USA}}</ref>
+They feed mainly on insects, especially [[Lepidoptera]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yosef, Reuven |year=2004 |title=Perch-site use and inter- and intraspecific aggression of migratory Brown Shrikes (''Lanius cristatus'') in Southern Taiwan |journal=Biological Letters |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl/biollett_41_2_8.pdf |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191014/http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl/biollett_41_2_8.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Like other shrikes, they impale prey on [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]]. Small birds and lizards are also sometimes preyed upon.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Ganguli, U |year=1962| title= The Redtailed Skink as a food for birds|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume=2|issue= 5| pages= 4–5| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW2#page/n64/mode/1up}}</ref> A white-eye (''[[Zosterops]]'') has been recorded in its larder.<ref name=hbk/> They typically look out for prey from a perch and fly down towards the ground to capture them.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Severinghaus, L. L.  |author2=C. T. Liang |name-list-style=amp|year=1995 |chapter= Food and foraging of the Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) in Taiwan|pages=194–199|editor=Yosef, R.|editor2=F. E. Lohrer|title=Shrikes (Laniidae) of the world: biology and conservation. (Proc. of the First Int. Shrike Symposium&nbsp;– Proc. of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, No. 6)|publisher=Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, USA}}</ref>
+{{-}}
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 ==Other sources==
-* {{cite journal|author=Livesey, TR |year=1935|title= The status of the Brown Shrike ''Lanius c. cristatus'' (Linn.) in the S. S. States, Burma|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=38|issue=2|pages=397–398}}
+* {{cite journal|author=Livesey, TR |year=1935|title= The status of the Brown Shrike ''Lanius c. cristatus'' (Linn.) in the S. S. States, Burma|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=38|issue=2|pages=397–398|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47561166}}
 *{{cite journal|author=Himmatsinhji MK|author-link=Himmatsinhji MK|year=1995|title=''Lanius cristatus'' Linn. in Kutch, Gujarat&nbsp;— a westward extension|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=92|issue=1|page=123|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombay921995bomb#page/123/mode/1up}}
 ==External links==
-{{commons category|Lanius cristatus}}
+{{Commons category|Lanius cristatus}}{{Wikispecies|Lanius cristatus}}
 * [http://www.birdskorea.org/Birds/Identification/ID_Notes/BK-ID-Brown-Shrike.shtml Identification notes] - Birds Korea
 * [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/brown-shrike-lanius-cristatus?page=1 Videos, photos and sounds] - Internet Bird Collection
 * [http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/NHR/Shrike/distribution.html Distribution maps] - Natural History Resources
-{{taxonbar}}
+{{Laniidae}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q790616}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:shrike, brown}}
 [[Category:Lanius|brown shrike]]
 [[Category:Birds of Asia]]
-[[Category:Asian migratory birds]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1758|brown shrike]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|brown shrike]]

v t e Shrikes (family: Laniidae)
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Superfamily: Corvoidea
Lanius (Typical shrikes)	Tiger shrike (L. tigrinus) Souza's shrike (L. souzae) Bull-headed shrike (L. bucephalus) Brown shrike (L. cristatus) Red-backed shrike (L. collurio) Isabelline shrike (L. isabellinus) Red-tailed shrike (L. phoenicuroides) Burmese shrike (L. collurioides) Emin's shrike (L. gubernator) Bay-backed shrike (L. vittatus) Long-tailed shrike (L. schach) Grey-backed shrike (L. tephronotus) Mountain shrike (L. validirostris) Mackinnon's shrike (L. mackinnoni) Lesser grey shrike (L. minor) Loggerhead shrike (L. ludovicianus) Northern shrike (L. borealis) Great grey shrike (L. excubitor) Iberian grey shrike (L. meridionalis) Chinese grey shrike (L. sphenocercus) Giant grey shrike (L. giganteus) Grey-backed fiscal (L. excubitoroides) Long-tailed fiscal (L. cabanisi) Taita fiscal (L. dorsalis) Somali fiscal (L. somalicus) Northern fiscal (L. humeralis) Southern fiscal (L. collaris) São Tomé fiscal (L. newtoni) Woodchat shrike (L. senator) Masked shrike (L. nubicus)
Corvinella	Yellow-billed shrike (C. corvina)
Urolestes	Magpie shrike (U. melanoleucus)
Eurocephalus	Northern white-crowned shrike (E. ruppelli) Southern white-crowned shrike (E. anguitimens)