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{{short description|German resistance fighter who was part of the Rote Kapelle}} |
{{short description|German resistance fighter who was part of the Rote Kapelle}} |
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{{confused|Fritz Thiele}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} |
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{{Use British English|date=March 2021}} |
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = Fritz Thiel |
| name = Fritz Thiel |
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|image = Fritz_Thiel.png |
| image = Fritz_Thiel.png |
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|image_size = 200px |
| image_size = 200px |
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|caption |
| caption = Fritz Thiel, about 1933 |
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| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> |
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|08|17|df=y}} |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|08|17|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Polkowice]] |
| birth_place = [[Polkowice|Polkwitz]], [[Province of Silesia|Silesia]], [[German Empire]] |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|05|13|1916|08|17|df=y}} |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|05|13|1916|08|17|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Plötzensee Prison]], [[Berlin]] |
| death_place = [[Plötzensee Prison]], [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany]] |
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| other_names = |
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| nationality = Polish-German |
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| occupation = |
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| organization = |
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| years_active = |
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| ⚫ | |||
| years_active = |
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| spouse = {{marriage|Hannelore Hoffmann|1942}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| children = son Alexander |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Fritz Thiel''' ( |
'''Fritz Thiel''' (17 August 1916 – 13 May 1943) was a German precision engineer and [[German resistance to Nazism|resistance fighter]] against the Nazi regime. He became part of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group during [[World War II]], that was later named the [[Red Orchestra (espionage)|Red Orchestra]] ("Rote Kapelle") by the [[Abwehr]].<ref name="BlankMader1979">{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> Thiel along with his wife Hannelore were most notable for printing stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit, that they used to protest [[The Soviet Paradise]] exhibition (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in May 1942 in Berlin,<ref name="Nelson_p255">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=255}}</ref> that was held by the German regime to justify the war with the Soviet Union. The group found the exhibition both egregious and horrific; one exhibited photograph showed a young woman and her children hanged side by side. Thiel was executed for his resistance action. |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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After attending school in [[Bonn]], he began an apprenticeship as a baker but later switched to a watchmaking career. In 1932, he joined the [[Young Communist League of Germany]] (KJVD).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> His later activities as a member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] are not known. |
Thiel was born in [[Polkowice|Polkwitz]], [[Province of Silesia|Silesia]]. After attending school in [[Bonn]], he began an apprenticeship as a baker but later switched to a watchmaking career. In 1932, he joined the [[Young Communist League of Germany]] (KJVD).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> His later activities as a member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] are not known. |
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In 1935, Thiel volunteered for the [[Luftwaffe]] and was sent to Berlin for training as a radio operator in 1936. |
In 1935, Thiel volunteered for the [[Luftwaffe]] and was sent to Berlin for training as a radio operator in 1936. As he was part of the communist youth group, he was detained by the Gestapo in 1936, in suspicion of ''High Treason'' but was released for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=239}}</ref> In 1939 he was drafted again and deployed as a radio operator in Poland. In 1940 he was released from the Wehrmacht at the request of his employer Zeiss-Ikon-Werke. |
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From 1937, he began attending the ''Heil'schen Abendschule'' [[Abendgymnasium]] ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in [[Schöneberg]], where he successfully prepared for the [[Abitur]]. Afterwards, he was a guest lecturer in economics at the Berlin University. At the Abendgymnasium he made friends with his fellow students [[Friedrich Rehmer]], Otto Gollnow, [[Ursula Goetze]] and [[Eva Rittmeister]]. Under the guidance of Eva Rittmeister's husband [[John Rittmeister]], the students in turn became opponents of Hitler. |
From 1937, he began attending the ''Heil'schen Abendschule'' [[Abendgymnasium]] ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in [[Schöneberg]], where he successfully prepared for the [[Abitur]].<ref name="WehnerFieber2002">{{cite book|last1=Wehner|first1=Günter |last2=Fieber|first2=Hans-Joachim|last3=Keim|first3=Klaus |last4=Barricelli|first4=Michele|title=Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: Verzeichnisse / Autor Hans-Joachim Fieber. Unter Mitarb. von Günter Wehner. Bd. 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVFoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Trafo-Verlag|language=German|isbn=978-3-89626-350-6|page=163}}</ref> He met Hannelore Hoffmann at the school.<ref name="HossSchönfeld2002">{{cite book|last1=Hoss|first1=Christiane |last2=Schönfeld|first2=Martin |title=Gedenktafeln in Berlin: Orte der Erinnerung an Verfolgte des Nationalsozialismus 1991-2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20BoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Verein Aktives Museum|language=German|page=246}}</ref> Afterwards, he was a guest lecturer in economics at the Berlin University. At the Abendgymnasium, he made friends with his fellow students [[Friedrich Rehmer]], Otto Gollnow, [[Ursula Goetze]] and [[Eva Rittmeister]]. Under the guidance of Eva Rittmeister's husband, [[John Rittmeister]], the students in turn became opponents of Hitler.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Rittmeister |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/john-rittmeister/?no_cache=1 |website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> |
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In January 1942, Thiel married his pregnant girlfriend Hannelore Hoffmann, and on 24 May 1942 their son Alexander was born. Hannelore Thiel was seventeen years old at the time. She took an active part in |
In January 1942, Thiel married his pregnant girlfriend Hannelore Hoffmann, and on 24 May 1942 their son Alexander was born. Hannelore Thiel was seventeen years old at the time. She took an occasional active part in resistance activities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann|title=Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S97ATgsRHjkC|accessdate=12 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand|page=169}}</ref> |
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==Resistance== |
==Resistance== |
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In January 1942, he came into contact with the anti-fascist group around [[Harro Schulze-Boysen]]<ref name="Ohler2020">{{cite book|author=Norman Ohler|title=The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JuhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2020|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-56630-0|page=140}}</ref> that would be later called the [[Red Orchestra (espionage)|Red Orchestra]] by the [[Abwehr]]. Thiel participated in the production and distribution of the programmatic pamphlet ''Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/publikationen/begleitmaterialien/Faksimiles_PDFs_deutsch/FS_14.1_DE_2.Aufl-RZ-web.pdf |website=Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=Memorial of the German Resistance |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=6 March 1942}}</ref> supported [[Hans Coppi]] in his attempts to repair defective radios and to learn radio, received and passed on leaflets and writings. |
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==The Soviet Paradise exhibition== |
==The Soviet Paradise exhibition== |
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[[File:Klebezettel.jpg|left|thumb|Adhesive stickers that were posted on top of The Soviet Paradise posters]] |
[[File:Klebezettel.jpg|left|thumb|Adhesive stickers that were posted on top of The Soviet Paradise posters]] |
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In May 1942, [[Joseph Goebbels]] held a Nazi propaganda exhibition called [[The Soviet Paradise]] (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies")<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=254}}</ref> in [[Lustgarten]], with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=300}}</ref> Schulze-Boysen and members of the group organised a protest action against the propaganda exhibition. Thiel and his wife Hannelore printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit.<ref name="Nelson_p255"/> During the night of 17 May 1942, on a campaign initiated by [[John Graudenz]] Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel, Thiel<ref name="Petrescu2010">{{cite book|author=Corina L. Petrescu|title=Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL00PmEbDnIC&pg=PA198|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-845-8|page=198}}</ref> and nineteen others, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the stickers.<ref name="IngoLadina2017">{{cite book |editor=Juchler, Ingo |author1=Mrowietz, Christian |author2=Ockenga, Imke |author3=Jurkatis,Lena Christine |author4=Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker |author5=Zalitatsch, Nora Lina |chapter=Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle|title=Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk87DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Potsdam |isbn=978-3-86956-407-4 |page=62}}</ref> His heavily pregnant wife was involved in the preparation but did not stick them herself, which spared her the death penalty. |
In May 1942, [[Joseph Goebbels]] held a Nazi propaganda exhibition called [[The Soviet Paradise]] (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies")<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=254}}</ref> in [[Lustgarten]], with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=300}}</ref> Schulze-Boysen and members of the group organised a protest action against the propaganda exhibition. Thiel and his wife Hannelore printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit.<ref name="Nelson_p255"/> During the night of 17 May 1942, on a campaign initiated by [[John Graudenz]] Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel, Thiel<ref name="Petrescu2010">{{cite book|author=Corina L. Petrescu|title=Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL00PmEbDnIC&pg=PA198|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-845-8|page=198}}</ref> and nineteen others, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the stickers.<ref name="IngoLadina2017">{{cite book |editor=Juchler, Ingo |author1=Mrowietz, Christian |author2=Ockenga, Imke |author3=Jurkatis, Lena Christine |author4=Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker |author5=Zalitatsch, Nora Lina |chapter=Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle|title=Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk87DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Potsdam |isbn=978-3-86956-407-4 |page=62}}</ref> His heavily pregnant wife was involved in the preparation but did not stick them herself, which spared her the death penalty.<ref name="Wörmann2002"/> |
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==Arrest== |
==Arrest== |
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As a result of the wave of arrests that began after Schulze-Boysen's imprisonment, the couple was also arrested on 16 September 1942. Hannelore Thiel celebrated her 18th birthday in prison. In detention, Thiel was severely tortured psychologically and physically (among other things, he was exposed to ultraviolet radiation for days). His statements severely incriminated his friends, especially Ursula Goetze, Werner Krauss and John Rittmeister. He subsequently tried to take his own life because of this. |
As a result of the wave of arrests that began after Schulze-Boysen's imprisonment, the couple was also arrested on 16 September 1942.<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman Ohler|title=The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JuhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2020|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-56630-0|page=200}}</ref> Hannelore Thiel celebrated her 18th birthday in prison. In detention, Thiel was severely tortured psychologically and physically (among other things, he was exposed to ultraviolet radiation for days). His statements severely incriminated his friends, especially Ursula Goetze, Werner Krauss and John Rittmeister. He subsequently tried to take his own life because of this. |
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On 18 January 1943, Thiel was sentenced to death for preparation of high treason and for favouring the enemy |
On 18 January 1943, Thiel was sentenced to death for "preparation of high treason" and "for favouring the enemy" by the 2nd Senate of the [[Reichskriegsgericht]].<ref name="Wörmann2002">{{cite book|author=Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann|title=Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S97ATgsRHjkC|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand|language=German|page=170}}</ref> He was executed in [[Plötzensee Prison]] on 13 May 1943. His wife Hannelore was sentenced to six years in prison at the same trial.<ref name="Wörmann2002"/> Her son was born in prison, and died in a children's home.<ref name="HossSchönfeld2002"/> |
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His wife was sentenced to six years in prison at the same trial. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:1916 births]] |
[[Category:1916 births]] |
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[[Category:1943 deaths]] |
[[Category:1943 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:People from Polkowice]] |
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[[Category:People |
[[Category:People from the Province of Silesia]] |
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[[Category:Executed Red Orchestra members]] |
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[[Category:Executed communists in the German Resistance]] |
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[[Category:Executions at Plötzensee Prison]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:47, 29 October 2023
Fritz Thiel | |
|---|---|
 Fritz Thiel, about 1933 | |
| Born | 17 August 1916 |
| Died | 13 May 1943 (aged 26) |
| Known for | Member of the Red Orchestra resistance group |
| Spouse |
Hannelore Hoffmann (m. 1942) |
| Children | son Alexander |
Fritz Thiel (17 August 1916 – 13 May 1943) was a German precision engineer and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. He became part of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group during World War II, that was later named the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle") by the Abwehr.[1] Thiel along with his wife Hannelore were most notable for printing stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit, that they used to protest The Soviet Paradise exhibition (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in May 1942 in Berlin,[2] that was held by the German regime to justify the war with the Soviet Union. The group found the exhibition both egregious and horrific; one exhibited photograph showed a young woman and her children hanged side by side. Thiel was executed for his resistance action.
Life
[edit]Thiel was born in Polkwitz, Silesia. After attending school in Bonn, he began an apprenticeship as a baker but later switched to a watchmaking career. In 1932, he joined the Young Communist League of Germany (KJVD).[3] His later activities as a member of the Communist Party of Germany are not known.
In 1935, Thiel volunteered for the Luftwaffe and was sent to Berlin for training as a radio operator in 1936. As he was part of the communist youth group, he was detained by the Gestapo in 1936, in suspicion of High Treason but was released for lack of evidence.[4] In 1939 he was drafted again and deployed as a radio operator in Poland. In 1940 he was released from the Wehrmacht at the request of his employer Zeiss-Ikon-Werke.
From 1937, he began attending the Heil'schen Abendschule Abendgymnasium ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in Schöneberg, where he successfully prepared for the Abitur.[5] He met Hannelore Hoffmann at the school.[6] Afterwards, he was a guest lecturer in economics at the Berlin University. At the Abendgymnasium, he made friends with his fellow students Friedrich Rehmer, Otto Gollnow, Ursula Goetze and Eva Rittmeister. Under the guidance of Eva Rittmeister's husband, John Rittmeister, the students in turn became opponents of Hitler.[7]
In January 1942, Thiel married his pregnant girlfriend Hannelore Hoffmann, and on 24 May 1942 their son Alexander was born. Hannelore Thiel was seventeen years old at the time. She took an occasional active part in resistance activities.[8]
Resistance
[edit]In January 1942, he came into contact with the anti-fascist group around Harro Schulze-Boysen[9] that would be later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr. Thiel participated in the production and distribution of the programmatic pamphlet Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk,[10] supported Hans Coppi in his attempts to repair defective radios and to learn radio, received and passed on leaflets and writings.
The Soviet Paradise exhibition
[edit]
In May 1942, Joseph Goebbels held a Nazi propaganda exhibition called The Soviet Paradise (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies")[11] in Lustgarten, with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people.[12] Schulze-Boysen and members of the group organised a protest action against the propaganda exhibition. Thiel and his wife Hannelore printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit.[2] During the night of 17 May 1942, on a campaign initiated by John Graudenz Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel, Thiel[13] and nineteen others, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the stickers.[14] His heavily pregnant wife was involved in the preparation but did not stick them herself, which spared her the death penalty.[15]
Arrest
[edit]As a result of the wave of arrests that began after Schulze-Boysen's imprisonment, the couple was also arrested on 16 September 1942.[16] Hannelore Thiel celebrated her 18th birthday in prison. In detention, Thiel was severely tortured psychologically and physically (among other things, he was exposed to ultraviolet radiation for days). His statements severely incriminated his friends, especially Ursula Goetze, Werner Krauss and John Rittmeister. He subsequently tried to take his own life because of this.
On 18 January 1943, Thiel was sentenced to death for "preparation of high treason" and "for favouring the enemy" by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht.[15] He was executed in Plötzensee Prison on 13 May 1943. His wife Hannelore was sentenced to six years in prison at the same trial.[15] Her son was born in prison, and died in a children's home.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ Aleksandr S. Blank; Julius Mader (1979). Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler. Verlag der Nation. p. 255. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ a b Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
- ^ Aleksandr S. Blank; Julius Mader (1979). Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler. Verlag der Nation. p. 255. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
- ^ Wehner, Günter; Fieber, Hans-Joachim; Keim, Klaus; Barricelli, Michele (2002). Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: Verzeichnisse / Autor Hans-Joachim Fieber. Unter Mitarb. von Günter Wehner. Bd. 10 (in German). Trafo-Verlag. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-89626-350-6. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ a b Hoss, Christiane; Schönfeld, Martin (2002). Gedenktafeln in Berlin: Orte der Erinnerung an Verfolgte des Nationalsozialismus 1991-2001 (in German). Verein Aktives Museum. p. 246. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ "John Rittmeister". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 169. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ Norman Ohler (2020). The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-328-56630-0. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk" (PDF). Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Memorial of the German Resistance. 6 March 1942. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
- ^ Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
- ^ Corina L. Petrescu (2010). Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany. Peter Lang. p. 198. ISBN 978-3-03911-845-8. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Mrowietz, Christian; Ockenga, Imke; Jurkatis, Lena Christine; Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker; Zalitatsch, Nora Lina (25 October 2017). "Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle". In Juchler, Ingo (ed.). Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin. Universitätsverlag Potsdam. p. 62. ISBN 978-3-86956-407-4.
- ^ a b c Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof (in German). Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 170. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ Norman Ohler (2020). The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-328-56630-0. Retrieved 1 April 2021.