Fritz Thiel: Difference between revisions

Fritz Thiel
Fritz Thiel
	Fritz Thiel, about 1933
Born	17 August 1916; Polkwitz, Silesia, German Empire
Died	13 May 1943 (aged 26); Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany
Known for	Member of the Red Orchestra resistance group
Spouse	Hannelore Hoffmann (m. 1942)
Children	son Alexander

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Fritz Thiel (17 August 1916 – 13 May 1943) was a German precision engineer and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. He became part of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group during World War II, that was later named the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle") by the Abwehr.^[1] Thiel along with his wife Hannelore were most notable for printing stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit, that they used to protest The Soviet Paradise exhibition (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in May 1942 in Berlin,^[2] that was held by the German regime to justify the war with the Soviet Union. The group found the exhibition both egregious and horrific; one exhibited photograph showed a young woman and her children hanged side by side. Thiel was executed for his resistance action.

Life

Thiel was born in Polkwitz, Silesia. After attending school in Bonn, he began an apprenticeship as a baker but later switched to a watchmaking career. In 1932, he joined the Young Communist League of Germany (KJVD).^[3] His later activities as a member of the Communist Party of Germany are not known.

In 1935, Thiel volunteered for the Luftwaffe and was sent to Berlin for training as a radio operator in 1936. As he was part of the communist youth group, he was detained by the Gestapo in 1936, in suspicion of High Treason but was released for lack of evidence.^[4] In 1939 he was drafted again and deployed as a radio operator in Poland. In 1940 he was released from the Wehrmacht at the request of his employer Zeiss-Ikon-Werke.

From 1937, he began attending the Heil'schen Abendschule Abendgymnasium ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in Schöneberg, where he successfully prepared for the Abitur.^[5] He met Hannelore Hoffmann at the school.^[6] Afterwards, he was a guest lecturer in economics at the Berlin University. At the Abendgymnasium, he made friends with his fellow students Friedrich Rehmer, Otto Gollnow, Ursula Goetze and Eva Rittmeister. Under the guidance of Eva Rittmeister's husband, John Rittmeister, the students in turn became opponents of Hitler.^[7]

In January 1942, Thiel married his pregnant girlfriend Hannelore Hoffmann, and on 24 May 1942 their son Alexander was born. Hannelore Thiel was seventeen years old at the time. She took an occasional active part in resistance activities.^[8]

Resistance

In January 1942, he came into contact with the anti-fascist group around Harro Schulze-Boysen^[9] that would be later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr. Thiel participated in the production and distribution of the programmatic pamphlet Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk,^[10] supported Hans Coppi in his attempts to repair defective radios and to learn radio, received and passed on leaflets and writings.

The Soviet Paradise exhibition

Adhesive stickers that were posted on top of The Soviet Paradise posters

In May 1942, Joseph Goebbels held a Nazi propaganda exhibition called The Soviet Paradise (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies")^[11] in Lustgarten, with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people.^[12] Schulze-Boysen and members of the group organised a protest action against the propaganda exhibition. Thiel and his wife Hannelore printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit.^[2] During the night of 17 May 1942, on a campaign initiated by John Graudenz Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel, Thiel^[13] and nineteen others, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the stickers.^[14] His heavily pregnant wife was involved in the preparation but did not stick them herself, which spared her the death penalty.^[15]

Arrest

As a result of the wave of arrests that began after Schulze-Boysen's imprisonment, the couple was also arrested on 16 September 1942.^[16] Hannelore Thiel celebrated her 18th birthday in prison. In detention, Thiel was severely tortured psychologically and physically (among other things, he was exposed to ultraviolet radiation for days). His statements severely incriminated his friends, especially Ursula Goetze, Werner Krauss and John Rittmeister. He subsequently tried to take his own life because of this.

On 18 January 1943, Thiel was sentenced to death for "preparation of high treason" and "for favouring the enemy" by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht.^[15] He was executed in Plötzensee Prison on 13 May 1943. His wife Hannelore was sentenced to six years in prison at the same trial.^[15] Her son was born in prison, and died in a children's home.^[6]

References

^ Aleksandr S. Blank; Julius Mader (1979). Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler. Verlag der Nation. p. 255. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
^ Aleksandr S. Blank; Julius Mader (1979). Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler. Verlag der Nation. p. 255. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
^ Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
^ Wehner, Günter; Fieber, Hans-Joachim; Keim, Klaus; Barricelli, Michele (2002). Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: Verzeichnisse / Autor Hans-Joachim Fieber. Unter Mitarb. von Günter Wehner. Bd. 10 (in German). Trafo-Verlag. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-89626-350-6. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b Hoss, Christiane; Schönfeld, Martin (2002). Gedenktafeln in Berlin: Orte der Erinnerung an Verfolgte des Nationalsozialismus 1991-2001 (in German). Verein Aktives Museum. p. 246. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^ "John Rittmeister". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 169. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ Norman Ohler (2020). The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-328-56630-0. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
^ "Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk" (PDF). Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Memorial of the German Resistance. 6 March 1942. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
^ Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
^ Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
^ Corina L. Petrescu (2010). Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany. Peter Lang. p. 198. ISBN 978-3-03911-845-8. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
^ Mrowietz, Christian; Ockenga, Imke; Jurkatis, Lena Christine; Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker; Zalitatsch, Nora Lina (25 October 2017). "Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle". In Juchler, Ingo (ed.). Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin. Universitätsverlag Potsdam. p. 62. ISBN 978-3-86956-407-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof (in German). Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 170. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
^ Norman Ohler (2020). The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-328-56630-0. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[BlankMader1979-1] Aleksandr S. Blank; Julius Mader (1979). Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler. Verlag der Nation. p. 255. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

[Nelson_p255-2] Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.

[3] Aleksandr S. Blank; Julius Mader (1979). Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler. Verlag der Nation. p. 255. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[4] Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.

[WehnerFieber2002-5] Wehner, Günter; Fieber, Hans-Joachim; Keim, Klaus; Barricelli, Michele (2002). Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: Verzeichnisse / Autor Hans-Joachim Fieber. Unter Mitarb. von Günter Wehner. Bd. 10 (in German). Trafo-Verlag. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-89626-350-6. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

[HossSchönfeld2002-6] Hoss, Christiane; Schönfeld, Martin (2002). Gedenktafeln in Berlin: Orte der Erinnerung an Verfolgte des Nationalsozialismus 1991-2001 (in German). Verein Aktives Museum. p. 246. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

[7] "John Rittmeister". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

[8] Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 169. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

[Ohler2020-9] Norman Ohler (2020). The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-328-56630-0. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[10] "Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk" (PDF). Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Memorial of the German Resistance. 6 March 1942. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[11] Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.

[12] Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.

[Petrescu2010-13] Corina L. Petrescu (2010). Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany. Peter Lang. p. 198. ISBN 978-3-03911-845-8. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[IngoLadina2017-14] Mrowietz, Christian; Ockenga, Imke; Jurkatis, Lena Christine; Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker; Zalitatsch, Nora Lina (25 October 2017). "Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle". In Juchler, Ingo (ed.). Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin. Universitätsverlag Potsdam. p. 62. ISBN 978-3-86956-407-4.

[Wörmann2002-15] Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof (in German). Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 170. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[16] Norman Ohler (2020). The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-328-56630-0. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|German resistance fighter who was part of the Rote Kapelle}}
+{{confused|Fritz Thiele}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
 {{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
 {{Infobox person
-| name          = Fritz Thiel
+| name               = Fritz Thiel
-|image             = Fritz_Thiel.png
+| image              = Fritz_Thiel.png
-|image_size        = 200px
+| image_size         = 200px
-|caption           = The youngster Fritz Thiel
+| caption            = Fritz Thiel, about 1933
-| birth_name    = <!-- only use if different from name -->
+| birth_name         = <!-- only use if different from name -->
-| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1916|08|17|df=y}}
+| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1916|08|17|df=y}}
-| birth_place   = [[Polkowice]] in [[Silesia]]
+| birth_place        = [[Polkowice|Polkwitz]], [[Province of Silesia|Silesia]], [[German Empire]]
-| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1943|05|13|1916|08|17|df=y}}
+| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1943|05|13|1916|08|17|df=y}}
-| death_place   = [[Plötzensee Prison]], [[Berlin]]
+| death_place        = [[Plötzensee Prison]], [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany]]
+| other_names        =
-| nationality   = Polish-German
-| other_names   =
+| occupation         =
-| occupation    =
+| organization       =
-| organization  =
+| years_active       =
+| known_for          = Member of the Red Orchestra resistance group
-| years_active  =
+| spouse             = {{marriage|Hannelore Hoffmann|1942}}
-| known_for     = Member of the Red Orchestra
+| children           = son Alexander
 }}
-'''Fritz Thiel''' (* 17 August 1916 in [[Polkowice]] in [[Silesia]] † 13 May 1943 in [[Plötzensee Prison]]) was a Polish-German precision engineeer and resistance fighter, who became part of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group during [[World War II]], that was later named the [[Red Orchestra (espionage)|Red Orchestra]] ("Rote Kapelle") by the [[Abwehr]].<ref name="BlankMader1979">{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> Thiel along with his wife Hannelore were most notable for printing stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit, that they used to protest the [[The Soviet Paradise]] exhibition (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in May 1942 in Berlin.<ref name="Nelson_p255">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=255}}</ref>
+'''Fritz Thiel''' (17 August 1916 – 13 May 1943) was a German precision engineer and [[German resistance to Nazism|resistance fighter]] against the Nazi regime. He became part of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group during [[World War II]], that was later named the [[Red Orchestra (espionage)|Red Orchestra]] ("Rote Kapelle") by the [[Abwehr]].<ref name="BlankMader1979">{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> Thiel along with his wife Hannelore were most notable for printing stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit, that they used to protest [[The Soviet Paradise]] exhibition (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies") in May 1942 in Berlin,<ref name="Nelson_p255">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=255}}</ref> that was held by the German regime to justify the war with the Soviet Union. The group found the exhibition both egregious and horrific; one exhibited photograph showed a young woman and her children hanged side by side. Thiel was executed for his resistance action.
 ==Life==
-After attending school in [[Bonn]], he began an apprenticeship as a baker but later switched to a watchmaking career. In 1932, he joined the [[Young Communist League of Germany]] (KJVD).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> His later activities as a member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] are not known.
+Thiel was born in [[Polkowice|Polkwitz]], [[Province of Silesia|Silesia]]. After attending school in [[Bonn]], he began an apprenticeship as a baker but later switched to a watchmaking career. In 1932, he joined the [[Young Communist League of Germany]] (KJVD).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aleksandr S. Blank|author2=Julius Mader|title=Rote Kapelle gegen Hitler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=670MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=1979|publisher=Verlag der Nation|page=255}}</ref> His later activities as a member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] are not known.
-In 1935, Thiel volunteered for the [[Luftwaffe]] and was sent to Berlin for training as a radio operator in 1936.  As he was part of the communist youth group, he was detained by the Gestapo in 1936, in suspicion of ''High Treason'' but was released for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=239}}</ref> In 1939 he was drafted again and deployed as a radio operator in Poland. In 1940 he was released from the Wehrmacht at the request of his employer Zeiss-Ikon-Werke.
+In 1935, Thiel volunteered for the [[Luftwaffe]] and was sent to Berlin for training as a radio operator in 1936. As he was part of the communist youth group, he was detained by the Gestapo in 1936, in suspicion of ''High Treason'' but was released for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=239}}</ref> In 1939 he was drafted again and deployed as a radio operator in Poland. In 1940 he was released from the Wehrmacht at the request of his employer Zeiss-Ikon-Werke.
-From 1937, he began attending the ''Heil'schen Abendschule'' [[Abendgymnasium]] ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in [[Schöneberg]], where he successfully prepared for the [[Abitur]].<ref name="WehnerFieber2002">{{cite book|last1=Wehner|first1=Günter |last2=Fieber|first2=Hans-Joachim|last3=Keim|first3=Klaus |last4=Barricelli|first4=Michele|title=Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: Verzeichnisse / Autor Hans-Joachim Fieber. Unter Mitarb. von Günter Wehner. Bd. 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVFoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Trafo-Verlag|language=German|isbn=978-3-89626-350-6|page=163}}</ref> He met Hannelore Hoffmann at the school.<ref name="HossSchönfeld2002">{{cite book|last1=Hoss|first1=Christiane |last2=Schönfeld|first2=Martin |title=Gedenktafeln in Berlin: Orte der Erinnerung an Verfolgte des Nationalsozialismus 1991-2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20BoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Verein Aktives Museum|language=German|page=246}}</ref> Afterwards, he was a guest lecturer in economics at the Berlin University. At the Abendgymnasium, he made friends with his fellow students [[Friedrich Rehmer]], Otto Gollnow, [[Ursula Goetze]] and [[Eva Rittmeister]]. Under the guidance of Eva Rittmeister's husband, [[John Rittmeister]], the students in turn became opponents of Hitler.
+From 1937, he began attending the ''Heil'schen Abendschule'' [[Abendgymnasium]] ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in [[Schöneberg]], where he successfully prepared for the [[Abitur]].<ref name="WehnerFieber2002">{{cite book|last1=Wehner|first1=Günter |last2=Fieber|first2=Hans-Joachim|last3=Keim|first3=Klaus |last4=Barricelli|first4=Michele|title=Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: Verzeichnisse / Autor Hans-Joachim Fieber. Unter Mitarb. von Günter Wehner. Bd. 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVFoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Trafo-Verlag|language=German|isbn=978-3-89626-350-6|page=163}}</ref> He met Hannelore Hoffmann at the school.<ref name="HossSchönfeld2002">{{cite book|last1=Hoss|first1=Christiane |last2=Schönfeld|first2=Martin |title=Gedenktafeln in Berlin: Orte der Erinnerung an Verfolgte des Nationalsozialismus 1991-2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20BoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Verein Aktives Museum|language=German|page=246}}</ref> Afterwards, he was a guest lecturer in economics at the Berlin University. At the Abendgymnasium, he made friends with his fellow students [[Friedrich Rehmer]], Otto Gollnow, [[Ursula Goetze]] and [[Eva Rittmeister]]. Under the guidance of Eva Rittmeister's husband, [[John Rittmeister]], the students in turn became opponents of Hitler.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Rittmeister |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/john-rittmeister/?no_cache=1 |website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>
-In January 1942, Thiel married his pregnant girlfriend Hannelore Hoffmann, and on 24 May 1942 their son Alexander was born. Hannelore Thiel was seventeen years old at the time. She took an active part in the resistance activities.
+In January 1942, Thiel married his pregnant girlfriend Hannelore Hoffmann, and on 24 May 1942 their son Alexander was born. Hannelore Thiel was seventeen years old at the time. She took an occasional active part in resistance activities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann|title=Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S97ATgsRHjkC|accessdate=12 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand|page=169}}</ref>
 ==Resistance==
-In January 1942, he came into contact with the anti-fascist group around [[Harro Schulze-Boysen]]<ref name="Ohler2020">{{cite book|author=Norman Ohler|title=The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JuhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2020|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-56630-0|page=140}}</ref> that would be later called the [[Red Orchestra (espionage)|Red Orchestra]] by the [[Abwehr]]. Thiel participated in the production and distribution of the programmatic pamphlet ''Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/publikationen/begleitmaterialien/Faksimiles_PDFs_deutsch/FS_14.1_DE_2.Aufl-RZ-web.pdf |website=Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=Memorial of the German Resistance |access-date=1 April 2021 |format=pdf |date=6 March 1942}}</ref> supported [[Hans Coppi]] in his attempts to repair defective radios and to learn radio, received and passed on leaflets and writings.
+In January 1942, he came into contact with the anti-fascist group around [[Harro Schulze-Boysen]]<ref name="Ohler2020">{{cite book|author=Norman Ohler|title=The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JuhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2020|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-56630-0|page=140}}</ref> that would be later called the [[Red Orchestra (espionage)|Red Orchestra]] by the [[Abwehr]]. Thiel participated in the production and distribution of the programmatic pamphlet ''Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/publikationen/begleitmaterialien/Faksimiles_PDFs_deutsch/FS_14.1_DE_2.Aufl-RZ-web.pdf |website=Die Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=Memorial of the German Resistance |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=6 March 1942}}</ref> supported [[Hans Coppi]] in his attempts to repair defective radios and to learn radio, received and passed on leaflets and writings.
 ==The Soviet Paradise exhibition==
 [[File:Klebezettel.jpg|left|thumb|Adhesive stickers that were posted on top of The Soviet Paradise posters]]
-In May 1942, [[Joseph Goebbels]] held a Nazi propaganda exhibition called [[The Soviet Paradise]] (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies")<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=254}}</ref> in [[Lustgarten]], with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=300}}</ref> Schulze-Boysen and members of the group organised a protest action against the propaganda exhibition. Thiel and his wife Hannelore printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit.<ref name="Nelson_p255"/> During the night of 17 May 1942, on a campaign initiated by [[John Graudenz]] Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel, Thiel<ref name="Petrescu2010">{{cite book|author=Corina L. Petrescu|title=Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL00PmEbDnIC&pg=PA198|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-845-8|page=198}}</ref> and nineteen others, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the stickers.<ref name="IngoLadina2017">{{cite book |editor=Juchler, Ingo |author1=Mrowietz, Christian |author2=Ockenga, Imke |author3=Jurkatis,Lena Christine |author4=Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker |author5=Zalitatsch, Nora Lina |chapter=Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle|title=Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk87DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Potsdam |isbn=978-3-86956-407-4 |page=62}}</ref> His heavily pregnant wife was involved in the preparation but did not stick them herself, which spared her the death penalty.
+In May 1942, [[Joseph Goebbels]] held a Nazi propaganda exhibition called [[The Soviet Paradise]] (German original title "Das Sowjet-Paradies")<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|page=254}}</ref> in [[Lustgarten]], with the express purpose of justifying the invasion of the Soviet Union to the German people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys|page=300}}</ref> Schulze-Boysen and members of the group organised a protest action against the propaganda exhibition. Thiel and his wife Hannelore printed stickers using a child's toy rubber stamp kit.<ref name="Nelson_p255"/> During the night of 17 May 1942, on a campaign initiated by [[John Graudenz]] Schulze-Boysen, Marie Terwiel, Thiel<ref name="Petrescu2010">{{cite book|author=Corina L. Petrescu|title=Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL00PmEbDnIC&pg=PA198|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-845-8|page=198}}</ref> and nineteen others, travelled across five Berlin neighbourhoods to paste the stickers over the original exhibition posters with the stickers.<ref name="IngoLadina2017">{{cite book |editor=Juchler, Ingo |author1=Mrowietz, Christian |author2=Ockenga, Imke |author3=Jurkatis, Lena Christine |author4=Chahrour, Mohamed Chaker |author5=Zalitatsch, Nora Lina |chapter=Kapitel 2: Die Rote Kapelle|title=Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk87DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Potsdam |isbn=978-3-86956-407-4 |page=62}}</ref> His heavily pregnant wife was involved in the preparation but did not stick them herself, which spared her the death penalty.<ref name="Wörmann2002"/>
 ==Arrest==
 As a result of the wave of arrests that began after Schulze-Boysen's imprisonment, the couple was also arrested on 16 September 1942.<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman Ohler|title=The Bohemians: The Lovers Who Led Germany's Resistance Against the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JuhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2020|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-1-328-56630-0|page=200}}</ref> Hannelore Thiel celebrated her 18th birthday in prison. In detention, Thiel was severely tortured psychologically and physically (among other things, he was exposed to ultraviolet radiation for days). His statements severely incriminated his friends, especially Ursula Goetze, Werner Krauss and John Rittmeister. He subsequently tried to take his own life because of this.
-On 18 January 1943, Thiel was sentenced to death for preparation of high treason and for favouring the enemy before the 2nd Senate of the [[Reichskriegsgericht]].<ref name="Wörmann2002">{{cite book|author=Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann|title=Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S97ATgsRHjkC|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand|language=German|page=170}}</ref> He was executed in [[Plötzensee Prison]] on 13 May 1943. His wife, Hannelore was sentenced to six years in prison at the same trial<ref name="Wörmann2002"/>  Her son who was born in prison had died in a children's home.<ref name="HossSchönfeld2002"/>
+On 18 January 1943, Thiel was sentenced to death for "preparation of high treason" and "for favouring the enemy" by the 2nd Senate of the [[Reichskriegsgericht]].<ref name="Wörmann2002">{{cite book|author=Heinrich-Wilhelm Wörmann|title=Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S97ATgsRHjkC|accessdate=1 April 2021|year=2002|publisher=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand|language=German|page=170}}</ref> He was executed in [[Plötzensee Prison]] on 13 May 1943. His wife Hannelore was sentenced to six years in prison at the same trial.<ref name="Wörmann2002"/> Her son was born in prison, and died in a children's home.<ref name="HossSchönfeld2002"/>
 ==References==
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 [[Category:1916 births]]
 [[Category:1943 deaths]]
-[[Category:Red Orchestra (espionage)]]
+[[Category:People from Polkowice]]
-[[Category:People condemned by Nazi courts]]
+[[Category:People from the Province of Silesia]]
+[[Category:Executed Red Orchestra members]]
 [[Category:Executed communists in the German Resistance]]
-[[Category:Communists in the German Resistance]]
+[[Category:Executions at Plötzensee Prison]]
-[[Category:People executed for treason against Germany]]

v t e People of the German Rote Kapelle resistance group
Harro Schulze-Boysen group	Harro Schulze-Boysen Libertas Schulze-Boysen Maria Terwiel Cato Bontjes van Beek Mietje Bontjes van Beek Jan Bontjes van Beek Elisabeth Schumacher Kurt Schumacher Günther Weisenborn Joy Weisenborn Walter Küchenmeister Elfriede Paul John Graudenz John Rittmeister Eva Rittmeister Gisela von Pöllnitz Oda Schottmüller Hilde Coppi Hans Coppi Heinrich Scheel Horst Heilmann Herbert Engelsing Hermann Natterodt Hans Lautenschlager Liane Berkowitz Ursula Goetze Friedrich Rehmer Fritz Thiel Werner Krauss Anna Krauss Adolf Grimme Karl Behrens Helmut Himpel Hanna Berger Karl Böhme Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff Cay von Brockdorff Eva-Maria Buch Fritz Cremer Werner Dissel Lotte Bergtel-Schleif Ina Ender Erwin Gehrts Max Grabowski Otto Grabowski Bruno Hempel Walter Hoffmann Max Hübner Marie Hübner Walter Husemann Marta Husemann Else Imme Krystana Janewa Marcel Melliand Helmut Roloff Philipp Schaeffer Ilse Schaeffer Kurt Schulze Hans Sussmann Edwin Tietjens Albert Voigts Frida Wesolek Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster Arnold Bauer Erna Eifler Wilhelm Fellendorf Robert Barth Albert Hoessler Heinz Strelow Ingeborg Kummerow Hansheinrich Kummerow
Arvid Harnack group	Arvid Harnack Mildred Harnack Wilhelm Guddorf Hilde Guddorf Bernhard Bästlein Lotte Bergtel-Schleif Adam Kuckhoff Greta Kuckhoff Hans Coppi Hilde Coppi Herbert Gollnow Wolfgang Havemann Leo Skrzypczynski Adolf Grimme John Sieg Anton Saefkow Wolfgang Thiess Karl Behrens Friedrich Lenz Rose Schlösinger Beppo Römer Erna Eifler Wilhelm Fellendorf Eugen Neutert Ingeborg Kummerow Hansheinrich Kummerow Fritz Lange Martin Weise
Rudolf von Scheliha group	Rudolf von Scheliha Ilse Stöbe Rudolf Herrnstadt Kurt Schulze Heinrich Koenen