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The Semantic Sensor Web (SSW) is a marriage of sensor web and semantic Web technologies. The encoding of sensor descriptions and sensor observation data with Semantic Web languages enables more expressive representation, advanced access, and formal analysis of sensor resources. The SSW annotates sensor data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata. This technique builds on current standardization efforts within the Open Geospatial Consortium's Sensor Web Enablement (SWE)^[1]^[2] and extends them with Semantic Web technologies to provide enhanced descriptions and access to sensor data.^[3]

Semantic modeling and annotation of sensor data

Ontologies and other semantic technologies can be key enabling technologies for sensor networks because they will improve semantic interoperability and integration, as well as facilitate reasoning, classification and other types of assurance and automation not included in the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. A semantic sensor network will allow the network, its sensors and the resulting data to be organised, installed and managed, queried, understood and controlled through high-level specifications. Ontologies for sensors provide a framework for describing sensors. These ontologies allow classification and reasoning on the capabilities and measurements of sensors, provenance of measurements and may allow reasoning about individual sensors as well as reasoning about the connection of a number of sensors as a macroinstrument. The sensor ontologies, to some degree, reflect the OGC standards and, given ontologies that can encode sensor descriptions, understanding how to map between the ontologies and OGC models is an important consideration. Semantic annotation of sensor descriptions and services that support sensor data exchange and sensor network management will serve a similar purpose as that espoused by semantic annotation of Web services. This research is conducted through the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG) activity.

W3C Semantic Sensor Networks

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) initiated the Semantic Sensor Networks Incubator Group (SSN-XG) to develop the Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology, intended to model sensor devices, systems, processes, and observations. The Incubator Group later transitioned into the Semantic Sensor Networks Community Group. It was then picked up in the joint OGC and W3C Spatial Data on the Web Working Group and published as a W3C Recommendation.^[4]

The Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology enables expressive representation of sensor observations, sampling, and actuation. The SSN ontology is encoded in the Web Ontology Language (OWL2). A number of projects have used it for improved management of sensor data on the Web, involving annotation, integration, publishing, and search.^[5]

Context

Sensors around the globe currently collect avalanches of data about the world. The rapid development and deployment of sensor technology is intensifying the existing problem of too much data and not enough knowledge [1]. With a view to alleviating this glut, sensor data can be annotated with semantic metadata to increase interoperability between heterogeneous sensor networks, as well as to provide contextual information essential for situation awareness. Semantic web techniques can greatly help with the problem of data integration and discovery as it helps map between different metadata schema in a structured way.

Uses

Semantic Sensor Web (SSW) technologies are utilized in fields such as agriculture, disaster management,^[6] building management and laboratory management.

Agriculture

Monitoring various environmental attributes is critical to the growth of plants. Environmental attributes that are critical for growers are mainly temperature, moisture, pH, electric conductivity (EC), and more. Real-time monitoring in addition to setting alerts for the mentioned sensors was never possible. With the creation of SSW, growers can now track their plant growing conditions in real-time.^[7]

An example of such advancement in agriculture through utilization of SSW is the research conducted in 2008 on Australian farms where temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall were monitored using SSW methodology. The architecture of this research project consists of personal integration needs, Semantic web, and more in addition to semantic data integration, i.e. where data is centralized to make sensor semantic web technologies meaningful and useful.^[8]

Building management (smart buildings)

Managing buildings can be quite sophisticated, as the cost of fixing damages is significantly higher than having proper monitoring tools in place to prevent damages from happening. SSW allows for getting notified of water leaks, controlling apartment temperature via smartphone, and more.

Laboratory management

Managing laboratory tests can be quite challenging, especially if tests take place over a long time, across multiple locations, or in infrastructures where many tests occur. Such tests include creep tests for a material, reaction tests of a certain chemical or wireless transmission tests of a circuit. Advancements in SSW allow for real-time monitoring of laboratory variables via sensors. Such sensors can take more than one factor into consideration before alerting.^[9] For example, an alert can go off when pressure and temperature both exceed a certain limit, or an alert can go off when pressure in one building drops, yet pressure in another building remains the same.

Notable contributions

Standardization is a lengthy and difficult process, as players in a field that have existing solutions would see any standardization as an additional cost to their activities. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international voluntary consensus standards organization that was founded in 1994, is making efforts to enhance and accelerate the growth of the SSW community and standardize sensor information across web.^[10] Most OGC standards depend on generalized architecture that is collectively captured in set of documents. The goal of OGC is to provide enhancements in description and meaning of sensor data. Also, OGC had enabled Sensor Web communication. OGC is in charge of creating open geospatial standards. Moreover, OCG is supported by industry, government, and academic partners to allow for easy creation of geo-processing technologies known as “plug and play”.

Current challenges

Current challenges in the SSW field include a lack of standardization, which slows down the growth rate of sensors created to measure things. For the semantic sensor web to be meaningful, the languages, tags, and labels across various applications, developed by various developers, must be the same. Unfortunately, due to scattered development of various architectures, such standardization is not possible. This problem is called vastness.

There is also the problem of inconsistency, such that when changing the architecture of an existing solution, the system logic will no longer hold. In order to resolve this problem, there is a need for an extensive amount of resources (depending on the size and complexity of system). For example, many existing systems use twelve bits to transfer temperature data to a local computer. However, in a SSW 16 bits of data is acceptable. This inconsistency results in higher data traffic with no additional accuracy improvement. In order for the old system to improve, there is a need of allocating extra bits and changing the buffer requirements, which is costly. Assuming the resources required to make the tag requirement are available, there is still the existence of unnecessary data that requires additional storage space in addition to creating confusion for other SSW members. The only solution remaining is changing the hardware requirements, which requires a lot of resources.

References

^ "Sensor Web Enablement DWG". Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
^ Bröring, Arne; Echterhoff, Johannes; Jirka, Simon; Simonis, Ingo; Everding, Thomas; Stasch, Christoph; Liang, Steve; Lemmens, Rob (2011). "New Generation Sensor Web Enablement". Sensors. 11 (3): 2652–2699. Bibcode:2011Senso..11.2652B. doi:10.3390/s110302652. PMC 3231615. PMID 22163760.
^ Sheth, Amit; Henson, Cory; Sahoo, Satya S. (2008). "Semantic Sensor Web". IEEE Internet Computing. 12 (4): 78–83. doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.87. S2CID 1975770.
^ Semantic Sensor Network Ontology
^ SSN Applications
^ Coronato, A.; Pietro, G.; Esposito, M. (2006). "A Semantic Context Service for Smart Offices". 2006 International Conference on Hybrid Information Technology. pp. 391–399. doi:10.1109/ICHIT.2006.253638. ISBN 0-7695-2674-8.
^ Taylor, Kerry; Griffith, Colin; Lefort, Laurent; Gaire, Raj; Compton, Michael; Wark, Tim; Lamb, David; Falzon, Greg; Trotter, Mark (2013). "Farming the Web of Things". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 28 (6): 12–19. doi:10.1109/MIS.2013.102. hdl:1885/66582. S2CID 14545083.
^ Sheth, Amit; Henson, Cory; Sahoo, Satya S. (2008). "Semantic Sensor Web". IEEE Internet Computing. 12 (4): 78–83. doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.87. S2CID 1975770.
^ Zarri, Gian Piero; Sabri, Lyazid; Chibani, Abdelghani; Amirat, Yacine (2010). "Semantic-Based Industrial Engineering: Problems and Solutions". 2010 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems. pp. 1022–1027. doi:10.1109/CISIS.2010.94. ISBN 978-1-4244-5917-9. S2CID 17787203.
^ McCreedy, Frank P.; Marks, David B. (2009). "The Naval Research Laboratory's ongoing implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium's Catalogue Services specification". Oceans 2009. IEEE. pp. 1–7. doi:10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422315. ISBN 978-1-4244-4960-6. S2CID 28647945.

External links

W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group
Semantic Sensor Web Project @ Knoesis Center — Research project at Knoesis bringing semantics to sensor networks.
SemSensWeb2009 - 1st International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Web
The Web of Things, European Semantic Web Conference 2011.
Videk - A Mash-up for Environmental Intelligence, AI Mash-up challenge @ ESWC 2011.
5th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks (SSN 2012), in conjunction with the 11th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2012)

[OGC-SWE-1] "Sensor Web Enablement DWG". Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2009-03-09.

[NewGenSWE-2] Bröring, Arne; Echterhoff, Johannes; Jirka, Simon; Simonis, Ingo; Everding, Thomas; Stasch, Christoph; Liang, Steve; Lemmens, Rob (2011). "New Generation Sensor Web Enablement". Sensors. 11 (3): 2652–2699. Bibcode:2011Senso..11.2652B. doi:10.3390/s110302652. PMC 3231615. PMID 22163760.

[3] Sheth, Amit; Henson, Cory; Sahoo, Satya S. (2008). "Semantic Sensor Web". IEEE Internet Computing. 12 (4): 78–83. doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.87. S2CID 1975770.

[4] Semantic Sensor Network Ontology

[5] SSN Applications

[6] Coronato, A.; Pietro, G.; Esposito, M. (2006). "A Semantic Context Service for Smart Offices". 2006 International Conference on Hybrid Information Technology. pp. 391–399. doi:10.1109/ICHIT.2006.253638. ISBN 0-7695-2674-8.

[7] Taylor, Kerry; Griffith, Colin; Lefort, Laurent; Gaire, Raj; Compton, Michael; Wark, Tim; Lamb, David; Falzon, Greg; Trotter, Mark (2013). "Farming the Web of Things". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 28 (6): 12–19. doi:10.1109/MIS.2013.102. hdl:1885/66582. S2CID 14545083.

[8] Sheth, Amit; Henson, Cory; Sahoo, Satya S. (2008). "Semantic Sensor Web". IEEE Internet Computing. 12 (4): 78–83. doi:10.1109/MIC.2008.87. S2CID 1975770.

[9] Zarri, Gian Piero; Sabri, Lyazid; Chibani, Abdelghani; Amirat, Yacine (2010). "Semantic-Based Industrial Engineering: Problems and Solutions". 2010 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems. pp. 1022–1027. doi:10.1109/CISIS.2010.94. ISBN 978-1-4244-5917-9. S2CID 17787203.

[10] McCreedy, Frank P.; Marks, David B. (2009). "The Naval Research Laboratory's ongoing implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium's Catalogue Services specification". Oceans 2009. IEEE. pp. 1–7. doi:10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422315. ISBN 978-1-4244-4960-6. S2CID 28647945.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Semantic Sensor Web''' (SSW) is an approach to annotating [[sensor]] data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata. This technique builds on current standardization efforts within the [[Open Geospatial Consortium]] (OGC) [http://www.opengeospatial.org/] Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) [http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorweb] <ref name="NewGenSWE">
+The '''Semantic Sensor Web''' ('''SSW''') is a marriage of [[sensor web]] and [[semantic Web]] technologies. The encoding of sensor descriptions and sensor observation data with Semantic Web languages enables more expressive representation, advanced access, and formal analysis of sensor resources.  The SSW annotates sensor data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata.  This technique builds on current standardization efforts within the [[Open Geospatial Consortium]]'s Sensor Web Enablement (SWE)<ref name=OGC-SWE>{{Cite web |title= Sensor Web Enablement DWG |url= http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorweb |access-date= 2009-03-09 |archive-date= 2008-07-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144747/http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorweb |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="NewGenSWE">
-{{cite web
+{{cite journal
  |title=New Generation Sensor Web Enablement
+ |volume=11
- |work=Sensors, Volume 11, Number 3
+ |issue=3
+ |journal=Sensors
  |year=2011
- |url=http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2652
  |pages=2652–2699
+ |doi=10.3390/s110302652
- }}</ref> and extends them with [[Semantic Web]] technologies to provide enhanced descriptions and access to sensor data.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Semantic Sensor Web'', '''IEEE Internet Computing''', July/August. 2008|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04557983}}</ref>
+ |pmid=22163760
+ |pmc=3231615
+ |last1=Bröring
+ |first1=Arne
+ |last2=Echterhoff
+ |first2=Johannes
+ |last3=Jirka
+ |first3=Simon
+ |last4=Simonis
+ |first4=Ingo
+ |last5=Everding
+ |first5=Thomas
+ |last6=Stasch
+ |first6=Christoph
+ |last7=Liang
+ |first7=Steve
+ |last8=Lemmens
+ |first8=Rob
+ |bibcode=2011Senso..11.2652B
+ |doi-access=free
+ }}</ref> and extends them with [[Semantic Web]] technologies to provide enhanced descriptions and access to sensor data.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/MIC.2008.87|title=Semantic Sensor Web|year=2008|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit|last2=Henson|first2=Cory|last3=Sahoo|first3=Satya S.|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=12|issue=4|pages=78–83|s2cid=1975770}}</ref>
+==Semantic modeling and annotation of sensor data==
+Ontologies and other semantic technologies can be key enabling technologies for sensor networks because they will improve semantic interoperability and integration, as well as facilitate reasoning, classification and other types of assurance and automation not included in the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. A semantic sensor network will allow the network, its sensors and the resulting data to be organised, installed and managed, queried, understood and controlled through high-level specifications. Ontologies for sensors provide a framework for describing sensors. These ontologies allow classification and reasoning on the capabilities and measurements of sensors, provenance of measurements and may allow reasoning about individual sensors as well as reasoning about the connection of a number of sensors as a macroinstrument. The sensor ontologies, to some degree, reflect the OGC standards and, given ontologies that can encode sensor descriptions, understanding how to map between the ontologies and OGC models is an important consideration. Semantic annotation of sensor descriptions and services that support sensor data exchange and sensor network management will serve a similar purpose as that espoused by semantic annotation of Web services. This research is conducted through the [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG)] activity.
+==W3C Semantic Sensor Networks ==
+The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C) initiated the [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ Semantic Sensor Networks Incubator Group (SSN-XG)] to develop the Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology, intended to model sensor devices, systems, processes, and observations. The Incubator Group later transitioned into the [http://www.w3.org/community/ssn-cg/ Semantic Sensor Networks Community Group]. It was then picked up in the joint [http://www.opengeospatial.org OGC] and [http://w3.org W3C] [https://www.w3.org/2015/spatial/wiki/Main_Page Spatial Data on the Web Working Group] and published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>[https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-ssn/ Semantic Sensor Network Ontology]</ref>
+The [https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-ssn/ Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology] enables expressive representation of sensor observations, sampling, and actuation. The SSN ontology is encoded in the [[Web Ontology Language]] (OWL2). A number of projects have used it for improved management of sensor data on the Web, involving annotation, integration, publishing, and search.<ref>[http://www.w3.org/community/ssn-cg/wiki/SSN_Applications SSN Applications]</ref>
 == Context ==
 [[Sensors]] around the globe currently collect avalanches of data about the world. The rapid development and deployment of sensor technology is intensifying the existing problem of too much data and not enough knowledge [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1635]. With a view to alleviating this glut, sensor data can be annotated with semantic [[metadata]] to increase interoperability between heterogeneous sensor networks, as well as to provide contextual information essential for [[situation awareness]]. Semantic web techniques can greatly help with the problem of data integration and discovery as it helps map between different metadata schema in a structured way.
-== Ontologies ==
+==Uses==
+Semantic Sensor Web (SSW) technologies are utilized in fields such as [[agriculture]], [[disaster management]],<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/ICHIT.2006.253638|isbn=0-7695-2674-8|chapter=A Semantic Context Service for Smart Offices|title=2006 International Conference on Hybrid Information Technology|year=2006|last1=Coronato|first1=A.|last2=Pietro|first2=G.|last3=Esposito|first3=M.|pages=391–399}}</ref> [[building management]] and [[laboratory management system|laboratory management]].
-There is a need for a set of [[Ontology|ontologies]] to marry sensor data and sensing information with meaning. The W3C's working group on semantic sensor networks is currently developing some definitive examples. Through the use of ontologies, systems can find sensor networks and their data. Practically, this can be provided through SPARQL end-points, RDF and linked-data.
+===Agriculture===
-== Real-Time Extension, Sensor Wiki Enablement via "Sensing Cloud" ==
+Monitoring various [[environment (biophysical)|environmental]] attributes is critical to the growth of [[plant]]s. Environmental attributes that are critical for growers are mainly [[temperature]], moisture, [[pH]], [[electric conductivity]] (EC), and more. Real-time monitoring in addition to setting alerts for the mentioned sensors was never possible. With the creation of SSW, [[farmer|growers]] can now track their plant growing conditions in real-time.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/MIS.2013.102|title=Farming the Web of Things|year=2013|last1=Taylor|first1=Kerry|last2=Griffith|first2=Colin|last3=Lefort|first3=Laurent|last4=Gaire|first4=Raj|last5=Compton|first5=Michael|last6=Wark|first6=Tim|last7=Lamb|first7=David|last8=Falzon|first8=Greg|last9=Trotter|first9=Mark|journal=IEEE Intelligent Systems|volume=28|issue=6|pages=12–19|s2cid=14545083|hdl=1885/66582|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
-Additionally, real-time extension of the Semantic Sensor Web concept is being developed, called Sensor Wiki. The motivation behind this concept is to allow real-time browsing of the physical world consistent with the STT situational awareness goal. Understanding the physical world via a myriad of sensors is now possible. Browsing of the current physical reality with the help of each sensor as a real-time Web page can help common users, their neighborhoods become more aware of their situations and can probe further into objects and related analytics of interest by tapping into relevant information stored somewhere online, in effect,  enabling potential for collective self-aware "intelligent neighborhoods". This can become basis for collaborative, actionable situational awareness.
+An example of such advancement in agriculture through utilization of SSW is the research conducted in 2008 on [[Australia]]n [[farm]]s where temperature, humidity, [[barometric pressure]], wind speed, wind direction and [[rainfall]] were monitored using SSW methodology. The architecture of this research project consists of personal integration needs, [[Semantic web]], and more in addition to [[semantic data model|semantic data integration]], i.e. where data is centralized to make sensor semantic web technologies meaningful and useful.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/MIC.2008.87|title=Semantic Sensor Web|year=2008|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit|last2=Henson|first2=Cory|last3=Sahoo|first3=Satya S.|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=12|issue=4|pages=78–83|s2cid=1975770}}</ref>
-As IP-enabled, affordable sensor devices of different types become available and are placed around the Earth, referred to as a "Sensing Cloud" in our environment. Integrating the diverse sensory streams into the Web can serve different user or machine queries via the concept of Sensor Wiki. Encouraging people to contribute real-time "sensory" information is the goal subject to privacy and security constraints. Intelligent mobile devices can act as hubs and/or sources and sinks of such real-time streams.
+===Building management (smart buildings)===
-In a sensor Wiki one or more sensors contribute real-time information as Wiki Pages with suitable themes and formats useful to prospective Sensor Wiki users. Sensor Wiki users can look up information about objects, events, or places of interest interactively; they can also add intelligent STT interpretations of what they observe or use sensor tasking to add to the content to improve accuracy, or even develop the overall scene to offer situation assessment on a proactive basis. Others might want to record such sensor streams and related information as part of a larger objective such as future planning, training, or simply record keeping for historical purposes, and make it available to a specific community or an individual.
+Managing [[building]]s can be quite sophisticated, as the cost of fixing damages is significantly higher than having proper monitoring tools in place to prevent damages from happening. SSW allows for getting notified of water leaks, controlling apartment temperature via [[smartphone]], and more.
+===Laboratory management===
-Sports events and related sports medicine would be good as examples to demonstrate this concept. Players, fans, and all the supporting communities could participate and benefit.{{Prem Pungaliya..citationneeded |date=November 2010}}
+Managing [[laboratory]] tests can be quite challenging, especially if tests take place over a long time, across multiple locations, or in infrastructures where many tests occur. Such tests include creep tests for a material, reaction tests of a certain [[chemical]] or [[wireless|wireless transmission]] tests of a circuit. Advancements in SSW allow for real-time monitoring of laboratory variables via sensors. Such sensors can take more than one factor into consideration before alerting.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/CISIS.2010.94|isbn=978-1-4244-5917-9|chapter=Semantic-Based Industrial Engineering: Problems and Solutions|title=2010 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems|year=2010|last1=Zarri|first1=Gian Piero|last2=Sabri|first2=Lyazid|last3=Chibani|first3=Abdelghani|last4=Amirat|first4=Yacine|pages=1022–1027|s2cid=17787203}}</ref> For example, an alert can go off when pressure and temperature both exceed a certain limit, or an alert can go off when pressure in one building drops, yet pressure in another building remains the same.
+==Notable contributions==
+Standardization is a lengthy and difficult process, as players in a field that have existing solutions would see any standardization as an additional cost to their activities. [[Open Geospatial Consortium]] (OGC), an international voluntary consensus standards organization that was founded in 1994, is making efforts to enhance and accelerate the growth of the SSW community and standardize sensor information across web.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCreedy |first1=Frank P. |last2=Marks |first2=David B. |title=Oceans 2009 |pages=1–7 |year=2009 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5422315 |chapter=The Naval Research Laboratory's ongoing implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium's Catalogue Services specification |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.23919/OCEANS.2009.5422315|isbn=978-1-4244-4960-6|s2cid=28647945 }}</ref> Most OGC standards depend on generalized architecture that is collectively captured in set of [[document]]s. The goal of OGC is to provide enhancements in description and meaning of sensor data. Also, OGC had enabled Sensor Web communication. OGC is in charge of creating open [[geospatial]] standards. Moreover, OCG is supported by [[Private industry|industry]], [[government]], and [[academia|academic]] partners to allow for easy creation of geo-processing technologies known as “plug and play”.
+==Current challenges==
+Current challenges in the SSW field include a lack of standardization, which slows down the growth rate of sensors created to measure things. For the semantic sensor web to be meaningful, the languages, tags, and labels across various applications, developed by various developers, must be the same. Unfortunately, due to scattered development of various architectures, such standardization is not possible. This problem is called [[vastness]].
+There is also the problem of inconsistency, such that when changing the architecture of an existing solution, the system logic will no longer hold. In order to resolve this problem, there is a need for an extensive amount of resources (depending on the size and complexity of system). For example, many existing systems use twelve bits to transfer temperature data to a local [[computer]]. However, in a SSW 16 bits of data is acceptable. This inconsistency results in higher [[data traffic]] with no additional accuracy improvement. In order for the old system to improve, there is a need of allocating extra bits and changing the buffer requirements, which is costly. Assuming the resources required to make the tag requirement are available, there is still the existence of unnecessary data that requires additional storage space in addition to creating confusion for other SSW members. The only solution remaining is changing the [[hardware (computer)|hardware]] requirements, which requires a lot of resources.
 ==See also==
-* [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group]
-* [[Knoesis]] Center — A research center focusing on realizing a knowledge society that utilizes semantics and services as key enablers.
-* [http://wiki.knoesis.org/index.php/SSW Semantic Sensor Web Project @ Knoesis Center] — Research project at Kno.e.sis Center bringing semantics to sensor networks.
-* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/workshops/swe/ SWE2009] - Workshop on Sensor Web Enablement
-* [http://semsensweb.di.uoa.gr/ SemSensWeb2009] - 1st International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Web
 * [[Sensor Web]]
-* [http://carolinafortuna.com/web-of-things-tutorial/ The Web of Things], European Semantic Web Conference 2011.
-* [http://sensors.ijs.si/ Videk] - A Mash-up for Environmental Intelligence, AI Mash-up challenge @ ESWC 2011.
 * [[Sensor Grid]]
-* 5th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks ([http://knoesis.org/ssn2012/ SSN 2012]), in conjunction with the 11th International Semantic Web Conference ([http://iswc2012.semanticweb.org/ ISWC 2012])
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
+* {{cite journal |doi=10.3233/SW-180320|title=The modular SSN ontology: A joint W3C and OGC standard specifying the semantics of sensors, observations, sampling, and actuation|year=2018|last1=Haller|first1=Armin|last2=Janowicz|first2=Krzysztof|last3=Cox|first3=Simon J.D.|last4=Lefrançois|first4=Maxime|last5=Taylor|first5=Kerry|last6=Le Phuoc|first6=Danh|last7=Lieberman|first7=Joshua|last8=García-Castro|first8=Raúl|last9=Atkinson|first9=Rob|last10=Stadler|first10=Claus|journal=Semantic Web|volume=10|pages=9–32|s2cid=21688777|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01885335/file/swj1878.pdf}}
-* Michael Compton, Payam Barnaghi, Luis Bermudez, Raul Garcia-Castro, Oscar Corcho, Simon Cox, John Graybeal, Manfred Hauswirth, Cory Henson, Arthur Herzog, Vincent Huang, Krzysztof Janowicz, W. David Kelsey, Danh Le Phuoc, Laurent Lefort, Myriam Leggieri, Holger Neuhaus, Andriy Nikolov, Kevin Page, Alexandre Passant, Amit Sheth, Kerry Taylor. 'The SSN Ontology of the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group.' Journal of Web Semantics, 2012.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570826812000571]
+* {{cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.websem.2018.06.003|arxiv = 1805.09979|title = SOSA: A lightweight ontology for sensors, observations, samples, and actuators|year = 2019|last1 = Janowicz|first1 = Krzysztof|last2 = Haller|first2 = Armin|last3 = Cox|first3 = Simon J.D.|last4 = Le Phuoc|first4 = Danh|last5 = Lefrançois|first5 = Maxime|journal = Journal of Web Semantics|volume = 56|pages = 1–10|s2cid = 44112250}}
+* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2012.05.003|title=The SSN ontology of the W3C semantic sensor network incubator group|year=2012|last1=Compton|first1=Michael|last2=Barnaghi|first2=Payam|last3=Bermudez|first3=Luis|last4=García-Castro|first4=Raúl|last5=Corcho|first5=Oscar|last6=Cox|first6=Simon|last7=Graybeal|first7=John|last8=Hauswirth|first8=Manfred|last9=Henson|first9=Cory|last10=Herzog|first10=Arthur|last11=Huang|first11=Vincent|last12=Janowicz|first12=Krzysztof|last13=Kelsey|first13=W. David|last14=Le Phuoc|first14=Danh|last15=Lefort|first15=Laurent|last16=Leggieri|first16=Myriam|last17=Neuhaus|first17=Holger|last18=Nikolov|first18=Andriy|last19=Page|first19=Kevin|last20=Passant|first20=Alexandre|last21=Sheth|first21=Amit|last22=Taylor|first22=Kerry|journal=Journal of Web Semantics|volume=17|pages=25–32|doi-access=free}}
 * Lefort, L., Henson, C., Taylor, K., Barnaghi, P., Compton, M., Corcho, O., Garcia-Castro, R., Graybeal, J., Herzog, A., Janowicz, K., Neuhaus, H., Nikolov, A., and Page, K.: Semantic Sensor Network XG Final Report, W3C Incubator Group Report (2011). [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/XGR-ssn/]
+* {{cite journal |url=http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00311 |doi=10.1109/MIC.2008.87|title=Semantic Sensor Web|year=2008|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit|last2=Henson|first2=Cory|last3=Sahoo|first3=Satya S.|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=12|issue=4|pages=78–83|s2cid=1975770}}
-* Amit Sheth, Cory Henson, and Satya Sahoo, "Semantic Sensor Web," IEEE Internet Computing, July/August 2008, p.&nbsp;78-83. [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00311]
-* Manfred Hauswirth and Stefan Decker, "Semantic Reality - Connecting the Real and the Virtual World," Microsoft SemGrail Workshop, Redmond, Washington, June 21–22, 2007. [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/events/semgrail2007/manfredh_position.pdf]
+* Manfred Hauswirth and Stefan Decker, "Semantic Reality - Connecting the Real and the Virtual World," Microsoft SemGrail Workshop, Redmond, Washington, June 21–22, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320032140/http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/events/semgrail2007/manfredh_position.pdf]
 * Cory Henson, Josh Pschorr, Amit Sheth, and Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, “SemSOS: Semantic Sensor Observation Service,” International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS2009), Workshop on Sensor Web Enablement (SWE2009), Baltimore, Maryland, 2009. [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00596]
-==References==
+==External links==
+* [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group]
-{{reflist}}
+* [http://knoesis.org/projects/ssw Semantic Sensor Web Project @ Knoesis Center] — Research project at Knoesis bringing semantics to sensor networks.
+* [http://semsensweb.di.uoa.gr/ SemSensWeb2009] - 1st International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Web
+* [http://carolinafortuna.com/web-of-things-tutorial/ The Web of Things], European Semantic Web Conference 2011.
+* [http://sensors.ijs.si/ Videk] - A Mash-up for Environmental Intelligence, AI Mash-up challenge @ ESWC 2011.
+* 5th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks ([http://knoesis.org/ssn2012/ SSN 2012]), in conjunction with the 11th International Semantic Web Conference ([http://iswc2012.semanticweb.org/ ISWC 2012])
 [[Category:Information science]]