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{{Short description|A coin}}
[[File:Italy Papal States 1689-I Quadrupla Scudo d'Oro.jpg|thumb|Papal States, Quadruple Scudo d'Oro (1689) depicting [[Pope Alexander VIII]] (obv) and Saints [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] (rev)]]
[[File:Italy Papal States 1689-I Quadrupla Scudo d'Oro.jpg|thumb|Papal States, Quadruple Scudo d'Oro (1689) depicting [[Pope Alexander VIII]] (obv) and Saints [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] (rev)]]
The '''''scudo''''' (pl. ''scudi'') was the name for a number of [[coin]]s used in various states in the [[Italy|Italian peninsula]] until the 19th century. The name, like that of the [[French écu]] and the [[Spanish escudo|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese escudo]], was derived from the [[Latin]] ''scutum'' ("[[shield]]"). From the 16th century,<ref name= Klutz>Klütz: ''Münznamen...''</ref> the name was used in Italy for large [[silver]] coins. Sizes varied depending on the issuing country.
The '''''scudo''''' (pl. ''scudi'') was the name for a number of [[coin]]s used in various states in the [[Italy|Italian peninsula]] until the 19th century. The name, like that of the [[French écu]] and the [[Spanish escudo|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese escudo]], was derived from the [[Latin]] ''scutum'' ("[[shield]]"). From the 16th century,<ref name= Klutz>Klütz: ''Münznamen...''</ref> the name was used in Italy for large [[silver]] coins. Sizes varied depending on the issuing country.


==History==
⚫
First ''scudo d'argento'' (silver shield) was issued in 1551 by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (1519–1556) in [[Milan]].<ref name= Klutz/>
{{see also|History of coins in Italy}}
⚫
The first ''scudo d'argento'' (silver shield) was issued in 1551 by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (1519–1556) in [[Milan]].<ref name= Klutz/>


Under [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] and [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] the ''scudo d'argento'' had a weight of 23.10 g and a fineness of 896/1000.<ref>Montenegro: ''Manuale...''</ref>
Under [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] and [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] the ''scudo d'argento'' had a weight of 23.10 g and a fineness of 896/1000.<ref>Montenegro: ''Manuale...''</ref>


In the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]] (under the control of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]), the [[Lombardy-Venetia scudo]] was equivalent to the [[Conventionsthaler]] and was subdivided into six ''[[lira|lire]]''.
In the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]] (under the control of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]), the [[Lombardy–Venetia scudo]] was equivalent to the [[Conventionsthaler]] and was subdivided into six ''[[lira|lire]]''.


Before the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the lira was subdivided into 20 ''soldi'', each of 12 ''denari''. Later, the lira was made up of 100 ''centesimi''.
Before the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the lira was subdivided into 20 ''soldi'', each of 12 ''denari''. Later, the lira was made up of 100 ''centesimi''.


When [[Austria-Hungary]] [[Decimalisation|decimalized]] in 1857, the scudo was replaced by the ''[[Lombardy-Venetia florin|florin]]'' at a rate of 2 florin = 1 scudo. Coins of ½ and 1 soldo were issued, equal to ½ and 1 [[kreuzer]], for use in Lombardy and Venetia.
When [[Austria-Hungary]] [[Decimalisation|decimalized]] in 1857, the scudo was replaced by the ''[[Lombardy–Venetia florin|florin]]'' at a rate of 2 florin = 1 scudo. Coins of {{frac|1|2}} and 1 soldo were issued, equal to {{frac|1|2}} and 1 [[kreuzer]] respectively, for use in Lombardy and Venetia.


In the [[Papal States]], the [[Papal States scudo]] was the currency until 1866. It was divided into 100 ''baiocchi'' (sing. ''baiocco''), each of 5 ''quattrini''. It was replaced by the [[Papal States lira|lira]], equal to the [[Italian lira]].
In the [[Papal States]], the [[Papal States scudo]] was the currency until 1866. It was divided into 100 ''baiocchi'' (sing. ''baiocco''), each of 5 ''quattrini''. It was replaced by the [[Papal States lira|lira]], equal to the [[Italian lira]].
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The [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]] also issued scudi, worth four lire or one third of a ''tallero''.
The [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]] also issued scudi, worth four lire or one third of a ''tallero''.


In [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Malta under the Order of St John]], the [[Maltese scudo]] circulated from the 16th century until the Order was expelled in 1798. The currency remained the official currency of Malta until 1825 and the last coins were removed from circulation in 1886. The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] has issued coins denominated in scudi since 1961.
In [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Malta under the Order of St John]], the [[Maltese scudo]] circulated from the 16th century until the Order was [[French occupation of Malta |expelled in 1798]]. The currency remained the official currency of Malta until 1825 and the last coins were removed from circulation in 1886. The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] has issued coins denominated in scudi since 1961.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World|author=P. Christiaan Klieger|page=59|date=21 July 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|ISBN=978-0739197967}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-10-04/business-news/The-700-year-minting-history-of-the-Order-of-Malta-6736197261|title=The 700-year minting history of the Order of Malta|website=The Malta Independent|date=4 October 2018|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>


==Notes==
==See also==
*[[History of coins in Italy]]
{{reflist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Portal|Money}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}
* Konrad Klütz. ''Münznamen und ihre Herkunft''. Vienna, moneytrend Verlag, 2004. {{ISBN|3-9501620-3-8}}
* Konrad Klütz. ''Münznamen und ihre Herkunft''. Vienna, moneytrend Verlag, 2004. {{ISBN|3-9501620-3-8}}
* Eupremio Montenegro. ''Manuale del collezionista di monete italiane''. XI ed. 1996, Torino.
* Eupremio Montenegro. ''Manuale del collezionista di monete italiane''. XI ed. 1996, Torino.


{{Escudo}}
{{Escudo}}
{{Historic Italian currency and coinage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Italian Scudo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Italian Scudo}}
[[Category:Coins of Italy]]
[[Category:Coins of Italy]]
[[Category:Obsolete Italian currencies]]
[[Category:Escudo]]
[[Category:Escudo]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 1 November 2023

Papal States, Quadruple Scudo d'Oro (1689) depicting Pope Alexander VIII (obv) and Saints Peter and Paul (rev)

The scudo (pl. scudi) was the name for a number of coins used in various states in the Italian peninsula until the 19th century. The name, like that of the French écu and the Spanish and Portuguese escudo, was derived from the Latin scutum ("shield"). From the 16th century,[1] the name was used in Italy for large silver coins. Sizes varied depending on the issuing country.

History

[edit]
See also: History of coins in Italy

The first scudo d'argento (silver shield) was issued in 1551 by Charles V (1519–1556) in Milan.[1]

Under Maria Theresa and Joseph II the scudo d'argento had a weight of 23.10 g and a fineness of 896/1000.[2]

In the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (under the control of the Habsburg Austrian Empire), the Lombardy–Venetia scudo was equivalent to the Conventionsthaler and was subdivided into six lire.

Before the Napoleonic Wars, the lira was subdivided into 20 soldi, each of 12 denari. Later, the lira was made up of 100 centesimi.

When Austria-Hungary decimalized in 1857, the scudo was replaced by the florin at a rate of 2 florin = 1 scudo. Coins of 1⁄2 and 1 soldo were issued, equal to 1⁄2 and 1 kreuzer respectively, for use in Lombardy and Venetia.

In the Papal States, the Papal States scudo was the currency until 1866. It was divided into 100 baiocchi (sing. baiocco), each of 5 quattrini. It was replaced by the lira, equal to the Italian lira.

100 Scudi bond issued in the 19th century

The Duchy of Modena and Reggio also issued scudi, worth four lire or one third of a tallero.

In Malta under the Order of St John, the Maltese scudo circulated from the 16th century until the Order was expelled in 1798. The currency remained the official currency of Malta until 1825 and the last coins were removed from circulation in 1886. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has issued coins denominated in scudi since 1961.[3][4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Klütz: Münznamen...
  2. ^ Montenegro: Manuale...
  3. ^ P. Christiaan Klieger (21 July 2014). The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World. Lexington Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0739197967.
  4. ^ "The 700-year minting history of the Order of Malta". The Malta Independent. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2020.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Konrad Klütz. Münznamen und ihre Herkunft. Vienna, moneytrend Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-9501620-3-8
  • Eupremio Montenegro. Manuale del collezionista di monete italiane. XI ed. 1996, Torino.
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