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{{Short description|Extremely small cylinder not made with carbon atoms}}
An '''inorganic nanotube''' is a [[cylindrical]] [[molecule]] often composed of [[metal]] [[oxide]]s, or group III-Nitrides<ref>Ahmadi A, Beheshtian J, Hadipour NL (2011) Interaction of NH3 with aluminum nitride nanotube: Electrostatic vs. covalent. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 43 (9):1717-1719</ref><ref>Beheshtian J, Baei MT, Peyghan AA, Bagheri Z (2012) Electronic sensor for sulfide dioxide based on AlN nanotubes: a computational study. J Mol Model 18:4745-4750 , 10.1007/s00894-012-1476-2</ref> and morphologically similar to a [[carbon nanotube]]. Inorganic nanotubes have been observed to occur naturally in some mineral deposits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harris, P.F.J. |title=Carbon nanotubes and related structures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |pages=213–32|isbn=0-521-00533-7|edition=1st}}</ref>
A '''non-carbon nanotube''' is a [[cylindrical]] [[molecule]] often composed of [[metal]] [[oxide]]s, or group III-Nitrides<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ahmadi A, Beheshtian J, Hadipour NL |year=2011 |title=Interaction of NH3 with aluminum nitride nanotube: Electrostatic vs. covalent |journal=Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures |volume=43 | issue=9 |pages=1717–1719 |doi=10.1016/j.physe.2011.05.029 |bibcode=2011PhyE...43.1717A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Beheshtian J, Baei MT, Peyghan AA, Bagheri Z |year=2012 |title=Electronic sensor for sulfide dioxide based on AlN nanotubes: a computational study |journal=J Mol Model |volume=18 |issue=10 | pages=4745–4750 |doi=10.1007/s00894-012-1476-2 |pmid=22678082 |s2cid=36157701}}</ref> and morphologically similar to a [[carbon nanotube]]. Non-carbon nanotubes have been observed to occur naturally in some mineral deposits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harris, P.F.J. |title=Carbon nanotubes and related structures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |pages=213–32|isbn=978-0-521-00533-3|edition=1st}}</ref>


A few years after [[Linus Pauling]] mentioned the possibility of curved layers in [[mineral]]s as early as 1930,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pauling L |title=The Structure Of The Chlorites |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=578–82 |year=1930 |doi=10.1073/pnas.16.9.578 |pmid=16587609 |pmc=526695}}</ref> some minerals such as white asbestos (or chrysotile) <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bates|title=Tubular Crystals of Chrysotile Asbestos |journal=Science. |volume=111 |issue=2889 |pages=512–513 |year=1950 |doi= 10.1126/science.111.2889.512 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and imogolite<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cradwick et all |title=Imogolite, a Hydrated Aluminium Silicate of Tubular Structure |journal=Nature Physical Science. |volume=240 |pages=187–189 |year=1972 |doi= 10.1038/physci240187a0 }}</ref> were actually shown to have a tubular structure. However, the first synthetic inorganic nanotubes did not appear until [[Reshef Tenne]] ''et al.'' reported the synthesis of nanotubes composed of [[tungsten(IV) sulfide|tungsten disulfide]] (WS<sub>2</sub>) in 1992.<ref name=Tenne1992/>
A few years after [[Linus Pauling]] mentioned the possibility of curved layers in [[mineral]]s as early as 1930,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pauling L |title=The Structure Of The Chlorites |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=578–82 |year=1930 |doi=10.1073/pnas.16.9.578 |pmid=16587609 |pmc=526695|bibcode=1930PNAS...16..578P |doi-access=free}}</ref> some minerals such as white asbestos (or chrysotile) <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bates|title=Tubular Crystals of Chrysotile Asbestos |journal=Science |volume=111 |issue=2889 |pages=512–513 |year=1950 |doi=10.1126/science.111.2889.512 |pmid=15418177 |bibcode=1950Sci...111..512B |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and imogolite<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cradwick |display-authors=etal. |title=Imogolite, a Hydrated Aluminium Silicate of Tubular Structure |journal=Nature Physical Science |volume=240 |issue=104 |pages=187–189 |year=1972 |doi=10.1038/physci240187a0 |bibcode=1972NPhS..240..187C}}</ref> were actually shown to have a tubular structure. However, the first synthetic non-carbon nanotubes did not appear until [[Reshef Tenne]] ''et al.'' reported the synthesis of nanotubes composed of [[tungsten(IV) sulfide|tungsten disulfide]] (WS<sub>2</sub>) in 1992.<ref name=Tenne1992/>


In the intervening years, nanotubes have been synthesised of many inorganic materials, such as [[vanadium]] [[oxide]] and [[manganese]] [[oxide]], and are being researched for such applications as [[redox]] [[catalyst]]s and [[cathode]] materials for batteries.
In the intervening years, nanotubes have been synthesised of many non-carbon materials, such as [[vanadium]] [[oxide]] and [[manganese]] [[oxide]], and are being researched for such applications as [[redox]] [[catalyst]]s and [[cathode]] materials for batteries.


==History and occurrence==
==History and occurrence==
Inorganic nanotubes are morphologically similar to carbon nanotubes and are observed in some mineral deposits of natural origin.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter J. F. Harris|author2=Peter John Frederich Harris|title=Carbon nanotubes and related structures: new materials for the twenty-first century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UfBXDPdrAjUC&pg=PA213|accessdate=3 November 2011|date=12 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00533-3|pages=213–}}</ref> Synthetic structures of this type were first reported by the group of [[Reshef Tenne]] in 1992.<ref name=Tenne1992/>
Non-carbon nanotubes are morphologically similar to carbon nanotubes and are observed in some mineral deposits of natural origin.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter J. F. Harris|author2=Peter John Frederich Harris|title=Carbon nanotubes and related structures: new materials for the twenty-first century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfBXDPdrAjUC&pg=PA213|access-date=3 November 2011|date=12 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00533-3|pages=213–}}</ref> Synthetic structures of this type were first reported by the group of [[Reshef Tenne]] in 1992.<ref name=Tenne1992/>


==Materials==
==Materials==
[[File:NanoToday cover.jpg|thumb|Illustration of SnS<sub>2</sub>/SnS nanotube superstructures, made on basis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images.]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:NanoToday cover.jpg|thumb|Illustration of SnS<sub>2</sub>/SnS nanotube superstructures, made on basis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images.]] -->
[[File:core-shell nanotube.JPG|thumb|Illustration of PbI<sub>2</sub>/WS<sub>2</sub> core–shell nanostructure.]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:core-shell nanotube.JPG|thumb|Illustration of PbI<sub>2</sub>/WS<sub>2</sub> core–shell nanostructure.]] -->
Typical inorganic nanotube materials are 2D layered solids such as [[tungsten(IV) sulfide]] (WS<sub>2</sub>), [[molybdenum disulfide]] (MoS<sub>2</sub>) and [[tin(IV) sulfide]] (SnS<sub>2</sub>).<ref name=r1/> WS<sub>2</sub> and SnS<sub>2</sub>/[[tin(II) sulfide]] (SnS) nanotubes have been synthesized in macroscopic amounts.<ref name=r2/><ref name=r3/> However, traditional ceramics like [[titanium dioxide]] (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and [[zinc oxide]] (ZnO) also form inorganic nanotubes.<ref name=r4/> More recent nanotube and [[nanowire]] materials are [[transition metal]]/[[chalcogen]]/[[halogenides]] (TMCH), described by the formula TM<sub>6</sub>C<sub>y</sub>H<sub>z</sub>, where TM is transition metal ([[molybdenum]], [[tungsten]], [[tantalum]], [[niobium]]), C is [[chalcogen]] ([[sulfur]], [[selenium]], tellurium), H is [[halogen]] ([[iodine]]), and the composition is given by 8.2<(y+z)<10. TMCH tubes can have a subnanometer-diameter, lengths tunable from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers and show excellent dispersiveness owing to extremely weak mechanical coupling between the tubes.<ref name=r5/>
Typical non-carbon nanotube materials are 2D layered solids such as [[tungsten(IV) sulfide]] (WS<sub>2</sub>), [[molybdenum disulfide]] (MoS<sub>2</sub>) and [[tin(IV) sulfide]] (SnS<sub>2</sub>).<ref name=r1 /> WS<sub>2</sub> and SnS<sub>2</sub>/[[tin(II) sulfide]] (SnS) nanotubes have been synthesized in macroscopic amounts.<ref name=r2/><ref name=r3/> However, traditional ceramics like [[titanium dioxide]] (TiO<sub>2</sub>), [[zirconium dioxide]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review of the Geometric Dimensions of Cubic Zirconia Nanotubes |url=https://www.academia.edu/5792586 |website=www.academia.edu |access-date=2016-02-20 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Ibrahim D. |last2=Awang |first2=Mokhtar}}</ref> (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) and [[zinc oxide]] (ZnO) also form non-carbon nanotubes.<ref name=r4/> More recent nanotube and [[nanowire]] materials are [[transition metal]]/[[chalcogen]]/[[halogenides]] (TMCH), described by the formula TM<sub>6</sub>C<sub>y</sub>H<sub>z</sub>, where TM is transition metal ([[molybdenum]], [[tungsten]], [[tantalum]], [[niobium]]), C is [[chalcogen]] ([[sulfur]], [[selenium]], tellurium), H is [[halogen]] ([[iodine]]), and the composition is given by 8.2<(y+z)<10. TMCH tubes can have a subnanometer-diameter, lengths tunable from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers and show excellent dispersiveness owing to extremely weak mechanical coupling between the tubes.<ref name=r5/>


In 2007, Chinese scientists announced the creation in the laboratory of [[copper]] and [[bismuth]] nanotubes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrochemical synthesis of metal and semimetal nanotube–nanowire heterojunctions and their electronic transport properties|url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b614147a}}</ref>
In 2007, Chinese scientists announced the creation in the laboratory of [[copper]] and [[bismuth]] nanotubes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Electrochemical synthesis of metal and semimetal nanotube–nanowire heterojunctions and their electronic transport properties |journal=Chem. Commun. |issue=17 |pages=1733–1735 |doi=10.1039/B614147A |year=2007 |last1=Yang |first1=Dachi |last2=Meng |first2=Guowen |last3=Zhang |first3=Shuyuan |last4=Hao |first4=Yufeng |last5=An |first5=Xiaohong |last6=Wei |first6=Qing |last7=Ye |first7=Min |last8=Zhang |first8=Lide |pmid=17457424 |s2cid=2534957}}</ref>


==Properties and potential applications==
==Properties and potential applications==
Inorganic nanotubes are an alternative material to better-explored carbon nanotubes, showing advantages such as easy synthetic access and high [[crystallinity]],<ref name=a1/> good uniformity and [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]], predefined [[electrical conductivity]] depending on the composition of the starting material and needle-like morphology, good [[adhesion]] to a number of polymers and high impact-resistance.<ref name=a2/> They are therefore promising candidates as fillers for [[polymer]] [[composite material|composites]] with enhanced thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. Target applications for this kind of composites are materials for heat management, electrostatic dissipators, [[wear]] protection materials, [[photovoltaic]] elements, etc. Inorganic nanotubes are heavier than [[carbon nanotubes]] and not as strong under [[tensile stress]], but they are particularly strong under compression, leading to potential applications in impact-resistant applications such as [[bulletproof vest]]s.<ref name=vest1/><ref name=vest2/>
Non-carbon nanotubes are an alternative material to better-explored carbon nanotubes, showing advantages such as easy synthetic access and high [[crystallinity]],<ref name=a1/> good uniformity and [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]], predefined [[electrical conductivity]] depending on the composition of the starting material and needle-like morphology, good [[adhesion]] to a number of polymers and high impact-resistance.<ref name=a2/> They are therefore promising candidates as fillers for [[polymer]] [[composite material|composites]] with enhanced thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. Target applications for this kind of composites are materials for heat management, electrostatic dissipators, [[wear]] protection materials, [[photovoltaic]] elements, etc. Non-carbon nanotubes are heavier than [[carbon nanotube]]s and not as strong under [[tensile stress]], but they are particularly strong under compression, leading to potential applications in impact-resistant applications such as [[bulletproof vest]]s.<ref name=vest1/><ref name=vest2/>


The mechanical strength of [[cellulose]] fibers can be increased by an order of magnitude by adding only 0.1 wt% of TMCH nanotubes, and measurements of [[electrical conductivity]] of [[polycaprolactone]] doped with TMCH nanotubes revealed a [[percolative]] behavior with an extremely low [[percolation threshold]].<ref name=comp1/> The addition of WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes to [[epoxy]] resin improved [[adhesion]], [[fracture toughness]] and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy was eight times lower than that of pure epoxy.<ref name=comp2/> WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes were also embedded into a [[poly(methyl methacrylate)]] (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning. The nanotubes were well dispersed and aligned along fiber axis. The enhanced stiffness and toughness of PMMA fiber meshes by means of inorganic nanotubes addition may have potential applications as impact-absorbing materials.<ref name=comp3/>
The mechanical strength of [[cellulose]] fibers can be increased by an order of magnitude by adding only 0.1 wt% of TMCH nanotubes, and measurements of [[electrical conductivity]] of [[polycaprolactone]] doped with TMCH nanotubes revealed a [[percolative]] behavior with an extremely low [[percolation threshold]].<ref name=comp1/> The addition of WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes to [[epoxy]] resin improved [[adhesion]], [[fracture toughness]] and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy was eight times lower than that of pure epoxy.<ref name=comp2/> WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes were also embedded into a [[poly(methyl methacrylate)]] (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning. The nanotubes were well dispersed and aligned along fiber axis. The enhanced stiffness and toughness of PMMA fiber meshes by means of non-carbon nanotubes addition may have potential applications as impact-absorbing materials.<ref name=comp3/>


Optical properties of semiconductor quantum dot-inorganic nanotube hybrids reveal efficient resonant energy transfer from the quantum dot to the inorganic nanotubes upon photoexcitation. Nanodevices based on one-dimensional nanomaterials are thought for next-generation electronic and photoelectronic systems having small size, faster transport speed, higher efficiency and less energy consumption. A high-speed photodetector for visible and near-infrared light based on individual WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes has been prepared in laboratory. Inorganic nanotubes are hollow and can be filled with another material, to preserve or guide it to a desired location or generate new properties in the filler material which is confined within a nanometer-scale diameter. To this goal, inorganic nanotube hybrids were made by filling WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes with molten lead, antimony or bismuth iodide salt by a capillary wetting process, resulting in PbI<sub>2</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub>, SbI<sub>3</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub> or BiI<sub>3</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub> core–shell nanotubes.<ref name=shell/>
Optical properties of semiconductor quantum dot–non-carbon nanotube hybrids reveal efficient resonant energy transfer from the quantum dot to the non-carbon nanotubes upon photoexcitation. Nanodevices based on one-dimensional nanomaterials are thought for next-generation electronic and photoelectronic systems having small size, faster transport speed, higher efficiency and less energy consumption. A high-speed photodetector for visible and near-infrared light based on individual WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes has been prepared in laboratory. Non-carbon nanotubes are hollow and can be filled with another material, to preserve or guide it to a desired location or generate new properties in the filler material which is confined within a nanometer-scale diameter. To this goal, non-carbon nanotube hybrids were made by filling WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes with molten lead, antimony or bismuth iodide salt by a capillary wetting process, resulting in PbI<sub>2</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub>, SbI<sub>3</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub> or BiI<sub>3</sub>@WS<sub>2</sub> core–shell nanotubes.<ref name=shell/>


==Biomedical applications==
==Biomedical applications==


Tungsten disulfide nanotubes have been investigated as reinforcing agents to improve the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering applications.<ref>Lalwani, Gaurav, Allan M. Henslee, Behzad Farshid, Priyanka Parmar, Liangjun Lin, Yi-Xian Qin, F. Kurtis Kasper, Antonios G. Mikos, and Balaji Sitharaman. "Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering." Acta biomaterialia 9, no. 9 (2013): 8365-8373. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23727293/ PMID 23727293]. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237003479_Tungsten_Disulfide_Nanotubes_Reinforced_Biodegradable_Polymers_for_Bone_Tissue_Engineering/ Full Text PDF]</ref> Addition of ~0.02 weight % of tungsten disulfide nanotubes significantly improved the compression and flexural mechanical properties of poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposites, greater than carbon nanotubes. This was attributed to increased dispersion of tungsten disulfide nanotubes in the polymer matrix enabling efficient load transfer from the matrix to the underlying nanostructure.
Tungsten disulfide nanotubes have been investigated as reinforcing agents to improve the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering applications.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=23727293 |doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.018 |volume=9 |issue=9 |title=Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering |pmc=3732565 |year=2013 |journal=Acta Biomater |pages=8365–73 |vauthors=Lalwani G, Henslee AM, Farshid B, Parmar P, Lin L, Qin YX, Kasper FK, Mikos AG, Sitharaman B}}</ref> Addition of ~0.02 weight % of tungsten disulfide nanotubes significantly improved the compression and flexural mechanical properties of poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposites, greater than carbon nanotubes. This was attributed to increased dispersion of tungsten disulfide nanotubes in the polymer matrix enabling efficient load transfer from the matrix to the underlying nanostructure.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Nanowire]]
*[[Nanowire]]
*[[Tungsten(IV)_sulfide#Nanotubes]]
*{{slink|Tungsten(IV) sulfide#Nanotubes}}
*{{slink|Titanium dioxide#Nanotubes}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|35em|refs=
{{reflist|35em|refs=


<ref name=Tenne1992>{{cite journal |author = Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G |year = 1992 |title = Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide |journal = Nature |volume = 360 |issue = 6403 |pages = 444–446 |doi = 10.1038/360444a0}}</ref>
<ref name=Tenne1992>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G |year=1992 |title=Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide |journal= Nature |volume=360 |issue=6403 |pages=444–446 |doi=10.1038/360444a0 |bibcode=1992Natur.360..444T |s2cid=4309310}}</ref>


<ref name=r1>{{cite journal|author=R. Tenne|title= Fullerene-like materials and nanotubes from inorganic compounds with a layered (2-D) structure|journal= Colloids and Surfaces A|volume= 208|issue= 1–3|year= 2002|page=83|doi=10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00104-8}}</ref>
<ref name=r1>{{cite journal |author=R. Tenne |title=Fullerene-like materials and nanotubes from inorganic compounds with a layered (2-D) structure |journal=Colloids and Surfaces A |volume=208 |issue=1–3 |year=2002 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00104-8}}</ref>


<ref name=r2>{{cite journal|author=A. Zak, L. Sallacan Ecker, N. Fleischer and R. Tenne|title= Large-Scale Synthesis of WS2 Multiwall Nanotubes: Update|journal =J. Sensors& Transducers|year= 2011|volume=12|issue=10|pages=1–10|url=http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/P_SI_153.htm }}</ref>
<ref name=r2>{{cite journal |author1=A. Zak |author2=L. Sallacan Ecker |author3=N. Fleischer |author4=R. Tenne |title=Large-Scale Synthesis of WS2 Multiwall Nanotubes: Update |journal=J. Sensors& Transducers |year=2011 |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1–10 |url=http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/P_SI_153.htm}}</ref>


<ref name=r3>{{cite journal|author=G. Radovsky, R. Popovitz-Biro,M. Staiger, K. Gartsman, C. Thomsen, T. Lorenz, G. Seifert, and R. Tenne|title=Synthesis of Copious Amounts of SnS<sub>2</sub> and SnS<sub>2</sub>/SnS Nanotubes with Ordered Superstructures|journal= Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year= 2011| doi=10.1002/anie.201104520|pages=n/a}}</ref>
<ref name=r3>{{cite journal |author1=G. Radovsky |author2=R. Popovitz-Biro |author3=M. Staiger |author4=K. Gartsman |author5=C. Thomsen |author6=T. Lorenz |author7=G. Seifert |author8=R. Tenne |title=Synthesis of Copious Amounts of SnS<sub>2</sub> and SnS<sub>2</sub>/SnS Nanotubes with Ordered Superstructures |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2011 |doi=10.1002/anie.201104520 |pmid=22038979 |pages=12316–12320 |volume=50 |issue=51}}</ref>


<ref name=r4>{{cite journal|author=S.I. Na, S.S. Kim, W. K. Hong, J.W. Park, J. Jo, Y.C. Nah, T. Lee, D.Y. Kim|title= Fabrication of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes by using electrodeposited ZnO nanorod template and their application to hybrid solar cells|journal= Electrochimica Acta|volume= 53|issue=5|year= 2008|page=2560 |doi=10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.041}}</ref>
<ref name=r4>{{cite journal |author1=S.I. Na |author2=S.S. Kim |author3=W. K. Hong |author4=J.W. Park |author5=J. Jo |author6=Y.C. Nah |author7=T. Lee |author8=D.Y. Kim |title=Fabrication of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes by using electrodeposited ZnO nanorod template and their application to hybrid solar cells |journal=Electrochimica Acta |volume=53 |issue=5 |year=2008 |pages=2560–2566 |doi=10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.041}}</ref>


<ref name=r5>{{cite journal|author=A. Kis, D. Mihailovic, M. Remskar, A. Mrzel, A. Jesih, I. Piwonski, A. J. Kulik, W. Benoit, L. Forro|title= Shear and Young's Moduli of MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Ropes|journal= Advanced Materials|volume=15|year= 2003|page= 733|doi=10.1002/adma.200304549|issue=9}}</ref>
<ref name=r5>{{cite journal |author1=A. Kis |author2=D. Mihailovic |author3=M. Remskar |author4=A. Mrzel |author5=A. Jesih |author6=I. Piwonski |author7=A. J. Kulik |author8=W. Benoit |author9=L. Forro |title=Shear and Young's Moduli of MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Ropes |journal= Advanced Materials |volume=15 |year=2003 |pages=733–736 |doi=10.1002/adma.200304549 |issue=9 |bibcode=2003AdM....15..733K |s2cid=136420653 |url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/150098}}</ref>


<ref name=a1>{{cite journal|author=M. Krause, A. Mucklich, A. Zak, G. Seifert and S. Gemming|title= High resolution TEM study of WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes|journal= Physica Status Solidi (b) |volume=248|year= 2011|issue=11|pages= 2716–2719|doi=10.1002/pssb.201100076}}</ref>
<ref name=a1>{{cite journal |author1=M. Krause |author2=A. Mucklich |author3=A. Zak |author4=G. Seifert |author5=S. Gemming |title=High resolution TEM study of WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes |journal=Physica Status Solidi B |volume=248 |year=2011 |issue=11 |pages=2716–2719 |doi=10.1002/pssb.201100076 |bibcode=2011PSSBR.248.2716K|s2cid=121701880 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name=a2>{{cite journal|author=Y. Q. Zhu, H. W. Kroto|title= Shock-Wave Resistance of WS<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes|journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc.|year= 2003|volume= 125 |issue=5|pages=1329–1333|pmid=12553835|doi=10.1021/ja021208i}}</ref>
<ref name=a2>{{cite journal |author1=Y. Q. Zhu |author2=H. W. Kroto |title=Shock-Wave Resistance of WS<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |year=2003 |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=1329–1333 |pmid=12553835 |doi=10.1021/ja021208i}}</ref>


<ref name=vest1>[http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=29842 ApNano Materials Announces Major Breakthrough in Industrial Nanotube Production for Bullet Proof Vests]. Nanotech now</ref><ref name=vest2>{{cite journal|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8335inorganic.html|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|volume=83|issue=35|pages=30–33|date=August 2005|title=Inorganic Menagerie. Unusual properties of nanotubes made from inorganic materials offer intriguing possibilities for applications|doi=10.1021/cen-v083n040.p030}}</ref>
<ref name=vest1>[http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=29842 ApNano Materials Announces Major Breakthrough in Industrial Nanotube Production for Bullet Proof Vests]. Nanotech now</ref><ref name=vest2>{{cite journal |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8335inorganic.html |journal=Chemical and Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=35 |pages=30–33 |date=August 2005 |title=Inorganic Menagerie. Unusual properties of nanotubes made from inorganic materials offer intriguing possibilities for applications |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n040.p030}}</ref>


<ref name=comp1>{{cite journal|author=S.J. Chin, P. Hornsby, D. Vengust, D. Mihailović, J. Mitra, P. Dawson and T. McNally|title=Composites of poly(ε-caprolactone) and Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>3</sub>I<sub>6</sub> Nanowires|journal= Polymers for Advanced Technologies|year= 2011|doi= 10.1002/pat.1838|pages=n/a}}</ref>
<ref name=comp1>{{cite journal |author1=S.J. Chin |author2=P. Hornsby |author3=D. Vengust |author4=D. Mihailović |author5=J. Mitra |author6=P. Dawson |author7=T. McNally |title=Composites of poly(ε-caprolactone) and Mo<sub>6</sub>S<sub>3</sub>I<sub>6</sub> Nanowires |journal=Polymers for Advanced Technologies |year=2011 |doi=10.1002/pat.1838 |pages=149–160 |volume=23 |issue=2}}</ref>


<ref name=comp2>{{cite journal|author=E. Zohar, S. Baruch, M. Shneider, H. Dodiu, S. Kenig, D.H. Wagner, A. Zak, A. Moshkovith, L. Rapoport and R. Tenne|title= The Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with WS<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes|journal= Sensors & Transducers Journal|volume= 12|issue= Special Issue|year=2011|pages= 53–65 |url=http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/P_SI_159.htm}}</ref>
<ref name=comp2>{{cite journal |author1=E. Zohar |author2=S. Baruch |author3=M. Shneider |author4=H. Dodiu |author5=S. Kenig |author6=D.H. Wagner |author7=A. Zak |author8=A. Moshkovith |author9=L. Rapoport |author10=R. Tenne |title=The Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with WS<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes |journal= Sensors & Transducers Journal |volume= 12 |issue=Special Issue |year=2011 |pages=53–65 |url=http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/P_SI_159.htm}}</ref>


<ref name=comp3>{{cite journal|author=C. S. Reddy, A. Zak and E. Zussman|title= WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes embedded in PMMA nanofibers as energy absorptive material|journal= J. Mater. Chem.|year= 2011|volume= 21|pages= 16086–16093|doi=10.1039/C1JM12700D|issue=40 }}</ref>
<ref name=comp3>{{cite journal |author1=C. S. Reddy |author2=A. Zak |author3=E. Zussman |title=WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes embedded in PMMA nanofibers as energy absorptive material |journal= J. Mater. Chem. |year=2011 |volume=21 |pages=16086–16093 |doi=10.1039/C1JM12700D |issue=40}}</ref>


<ref name=shell>{{cite journal|author=R. Kreizman, A. N. Enyashin, F. L. Deepak, A. Albu-Yaron, R. Popovitz-Biro, G. Seifert and R. Tenne|title= Synthesis of Core-Shell Inorganic Nanotubes|journal= Adv. Funct. Mater. |year=2010|volume= 20|pages= 2459–2468|doi=10.1002/adfm.201000490|issue=15}}</ref>
<ref name=shell>{{cite journal |author1=R. Kreizman |author2=A. N. Enyashin |author3=F. L. Deepak |author4=A. Albu-Yaron |author5=R. Popovitz-Biro |author6=G. Seifert |author7=R. Tenne |title=Synthesis of Core-Shell Inorganic Nanotubes |journal=Adv. Funct. Mater. |year=2010 |volume=20 |pages=2459–2468 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201000490|issue=15|s2cid=136725896 }}</ref>


}}
}}
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/cen/83/i35/toc/toc_i35.html Chemical and Engineering News: Inorganic Nanotubes]
*[http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/cen/83/i35/toc/toc_i35.html Chemical and Engineering News: Inorganic Nanotubes]
*[http://www.coinapo.eu Coinapo – Composites Materials of Inorganic Nanotubes and Polymers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090254/http://www.coinapo.eu/ Coinapo – Composites Materials of Inorganic Nanotubes and Polymers]

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[[Category:Nanomaterials]]
[[Category:Nanotubes by composition]]

Latest revision as of 11:35, 7 November 2023

A non-carbon nanotube is a cylindrical molecule often composed of metal oxides, or group III-Nitrides[1][2] and morphologically similar to a carbon nanotube. Non-carbon nanotubes have been observed to occur naturally in some mineral deposits.[3]

A few years after Linus Pauling mentioned the possibility of curved layers in minerals as early as 1930,[4] some minerals such as white asbestos (or chrysotile) [5] and imogolite[6] were actually shown to have a tubular structure. However, the first synthetic non-carbon nanotubes did not appear until Reshef Tenne et al. reported the synthesis of nanotubes composed of tungsten disulfide (WS2) in 1992.[7]

In the intervening years, nanotubes have been synthesised of many non-carbon materials, such as vanadium oxide and manganese oxide, and are being researched for such applications as redox catalysts and cathode materials for batteries.

History and occurrence

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Non-carbon nanotubes are morphologically similar to carbon nanotubes and are observed in some mineral deposits of natural origin.[8] Synthetic structures of this type were first reported by the group of Reshef Tenne in 1992.[7]

Materials

[edit]

Typical non-carbon nanotube materials are 2D layered solids such as tungsten(IV) sulfide (WS2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tin(IV) sulfide (SnS2).[9] WS2 and SnS2/tin(II) sulfide (SnS) nanotubes have been synthesized in macroscopic amounts.[10][11] However, traditional ceramics like titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium dioxide[12] (ZrO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) also form non-carbon nanotubes.[13] More recent nanotube and nanowire materials are transition metal/chalcogen/halogenides (TMCH), described by the formula TM6CyHz, where TM is transition metal (molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium), C is chalcogen (sulfur, selenium, tellurium), H is halogen (iodine), and the composition is given by 8.2<(y+z)<10. TMCH tubes can have a subnanometer-diameter, lengths tunable from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers and show excellent dispersiveness owing to extremely weak mechanical coupling between the tubes.[14]

In 2007, Chinese scientists announced the creation in the laboratory of copper and bismuth nanotubes.[15]

Properties and potential applications

[edit]

Non-carbon nanotubes are an alternative material to better-explored carbon nanotubes, showing advantages such as easy synthetic access and high crystallinity,[16] good uniformity and dispersion, predefined electrical conductivity depending on the composition of the starting material and needle-like morphology, good adhesion to a number of polymers and high impact-resistance.[17] They are therefore promising candidates as fillers for polymer composites with enhanced thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. Target applications for this kind of composites are materials for heat management, electrostatic dissipators, wear protection materials, photovoltaic elements, etc. Non-carbon nanotubes are heavier than carbon nanotubes and not as strong under tensile stress, but they are particularly strong under compression, leading to potential applications in impact-resistant applications such as bulletproof vests.[18][19]

The mechanical strength of cellulose fibers can be increased by an order of magnitude by adding only 0.1 wt% of TMCH nanotubes, and measurements of electrical conductivity of polycaprolactone doped with TMCH nanotubes revealed a percolative behavior with an extremely low percolation threshold.[20] The addition of WS2 nanotubes to epoxy resin improved adhesion, fracture toughness and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy was eight times lower than that of pure epoxy.[21] WS2 nanotubes were also embedded into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning. The nanotubes were well dispersed and aligned along fiber axis. The enhanced stiffness and toughness of PMMA fiber meshes by means of non-carbon nanotubes addition may have potential applications as impact-absorbing materials.[22]

Optical properties of semiconductor quantum dot–non-carbon nanotube hybrids reveal efficient resonant energy transfer from the quantum dot to the non-carbon nanotubes upon photoexcitation. Nanodevices based on one-dimensional nanomaterials are thought for next-generation electronic and photoelectronic systems having small size, faster transport speed, higher efficiency and less energy consumption. A high-speed photodetector for visible and near-infrared light based on individual WS2 nanotubes has been prepared in laboratory. Non-carbon nanotubes are hollow and can be filled with another material, to preserve or guide it to a desired location or generate new properties in the filler material which is confined within a nanometer-scale diameter. To this goal, non-carbon nanotube hybrids were made by filling WS2 nanotubes with molten lead, antimony or bismuth iodide salt by a capillary wetting process, resulting in PbI2@WS2, SbI3@WS2 or BiI3@WS2 core–shell nanotubes.[23]

Biomedical applications

[edit]

Tungsten disulfide nanotubes have been investigated as reinforcing agents to improve the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering applications.[24] Addition of ~0.02 weight % of tungsten disulfide nanotubes significantly improved the compression and flexural mechanical properties of poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposites, greater than carbon nanotubes. This was attributed to increased dispersion of tungsten disulfide nanotubes in the polymer matrix enabling efficient load transfer from the matrix to the underlying nanostructure.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ahmadi A, Beheshtian J, Hadipour NL (2011). "Interaction of NH3 with aluminum nitride nanotube: Electrostatic vs. covalent". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 43 (9): 1717–1719. Bibcode:2011PhyE...43.1717A. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2011.05.029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Beheshtian J, Baei MT, Peyghan AA, Bagheri Z (2012). "Electronic sensor for sulfide dioxide based on AlN nanotubes: a computational study". J Mol Model. 18 (10): 4745–4750. doi:10.1007/s00894-012-1476-2. PMID 22678082. S2CID 36157701.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Harris, P.F.J. (2002). Carbon nanotubes and related structures (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 213–32. ISBN 978-0-521-00533-3.
  4. ^ Pauling L (1930). "The Structure Of The Chlorites". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 16 (9): 578–82. Bibcode:1930PNAS...16..578P. doi:10.1073/pnas.16.9.578. PMC 526695. PMID 16587609.
  5. ^ Bates; et al. (1950). "Tubular Crystals of Chrysotile Asbestos". Science. 111 (2889): 512–513. Bibcode:1950Sci...111..512B. doi:10.1126/science.111.2889.512. PMID 15418177.
  6. ^ Cradwick; et al. (1972). "Imogolite, a Hydrated Aluminium Silicate of Tubular Structure". Nature Physical Science. 240 (104): 187–189. Bibcode:1972NPhS..240..187C. doi:10.1038/physci240187a0.
  7. ^ a b Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G (1992). "Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide". Nature. 360 (6403): 444–446. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..444T. doi:10.1038/360444a0. S2CID 4309310.
  8. ^ Peter J. F. Harris; Peter John Frederich Harris (12 November 2001). Carbon nanotubes and related structures: new materials for the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-0-521-00533-3. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  9. ^ R. Tenne (2002). "Fullerene-like materials and nanotubes from inorganic compounds with a layered (2-D) structure". Colloids and Surfaces A. 208 (1–3): 83–92. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00104-8.
  10. ^ A. Zak; L. Sallacan Ecker; N. Fleischer; R. Tenne (2011). "Large-Scale Synthesis of WS2 Multiwall Nanotubes: Update". J. Sensors& Transducers. 12 (10): 1–10.
  11. ^ G. Radovsky; R. Popovitz-Biro; M. Staiger; K. Gartsman; C. Thomsen; T. Lorenz; G. Seifert; R. Tenne (2011). "Synthesis of Copious Amounts of SnS2 and SnS2/SnS Nanotubes with Ordered Superstructures". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (51): 12316–12320. doi:10.1002/anie.201104520. PMID 22038979.
  12. ^ Muhammad, Ibrahim D.; Awang, Mokhtar. "Review of the Geometric Dimensions of Cubic Zirconia Nanotubes". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  13. ^ S.I. Na; S.S. Kim; W. K. Hong; J.W. Park; J. Jo; Y.C. Nah; T. Lee; D.Y. Kim (2008). "Fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes by using electrodeposited ZnO nanorod template and their application to hybrid solar cells". Electrochimica Acta. 53 (5): 2560–2566. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.041.
  14. ^ A. Kis; D. Mihailovic; M. Remskar; A. Mrzel; A. Jesih; I. Piwonski; A. J. Kulik; W. Benoit; L. Forro (2003). "Shear and Young's Moduli of MoS2 Nanotube Ropes". Advanced Materials. 15 (9): 733–736. Bibcode:2003AdM....15..733K. doi:10.1002/adma.200304549. S2CID 136420653.
  15. ^ Yang, Dachi; Meng, Guowen; Zhang, Shuyuan; Hao, Yufeng; An, Xiaohong; Wei, Qing; Ye, Min; Zhang, Lide (2007). "Electrochemical synthesis of metal and semimetal nanotube–nanowire heterojunctions and their electronic transport properties". Chem. Commun. (17): 1733–1735. doi:10.1039/B614147A. PMID 17457424. S2CID 2534957.
  16. ^ M. Krause; A. Mucklich; A. Zak; G. Seifert; S. Gemming (2011). "High resolution TEM study of WS2 nanotubes". Physica Status Solidi B. 248 (11): 2716–2719. Bibcode:2011PSSBR.248.2716K. doi:10.1002/pssb.201100076. S2CID 121701880.
  17. ^ Y. Q. Zhu; H. W. Kroto (2003). "Shock-Wave Resistance of WS2 Nanotubes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (5): 1329–1333. doi:10.1021/ja021208i. PMID 12553835.
  18. ^ ApNano Materials Announces Major Breakthrough in Industrial Nanotube Production for Bullet Proof Vests. Nanotech now
  19. ^ "Inorganic Menagerie. Unusual properties of nanotubes made from inorganic materials offer intriguing possibilities for applications". Chemical and Engineering News. 83 (35): 30–33. August 2005. doi:10.1021/cen-v083n040.p030.
  20. ^ S.J. Chin; P. Hornsby; D. Vengust; D. Mihailović; J. Mitra; P. Dawson; T. McNally (2011). "Composites of poly(ε-caprolactone) and Mo6S3I6 Nanowires". Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 23 (2): 149–160. doi:10.1002/pat.1838.
  21. ^ E. Zohar; S. Baruch; M. Shneider; H. Dodiu; S. Kenig; D.H. Wagner; A. Zak; A. Moshkovith; L. Rapoport; R. Tenne (2011). "The Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with WS2 Nanotubes". Sensors & Transducers Journal. 12 (Special Issue): 53–65.
  22. ^ C. S. Reddy; A. Zak; E. Zussman (2011). "WS2 nanotubes embedded in PMMA nanofibers as energy absorptive material". J. Mater. Chem. 21 (40): 16086–16093. doi:10.1039/C1JM12700D.
  23. ^ R. Kreizman; A. N. Enyashin; F. L. Deepak; A. Albu-Yaron; R. Popovitz-Biro; G. Seifert; R. Tenne (2010). "Synthesis of Core-Shell Inorganic Nanotubes". Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (15): 2459–2468. doi:10.1002/adfm.201000490. S2CID 136725896.
  24. ^ Lalwani G, Henslee AM, Farshid B, Parmar P, Lin L, Qin YX, Kasper FK, Mikos AG, Sitharaman B (2013). "Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering". Acta Biomater. 9 (9): 8365–73. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.018. PMC 3732565. PMID 23727293.
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