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{{short description|Doll representing a Black person}} |
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[[File:Black dolls.jpg|thumb|200px|''Various [[antique]] to [[Modern era|modern]] Black dolls from the collection of Debbie Garrett'']] |
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A ''' |
A '''Black doll''' is a [[doll]] of a [[black person]]. Black doll manufacture dates back to the 19th century, with representations being both realistic and stereotypical. More accurate, mass-produced depictions are manufactured today as toys and adult collectibles. |
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==European manufacture== |
==European manufacture== |
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[[File:Dierbaarheden van de kinderen Van Heek Lucie van Dam van Isselt.jpg|thumb|Painting by [[Lucie van Dam van Isselt]], the Netherlands, around 1935]] |
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Several 19th-century European doll companies preceded American doll companies in manufacturing |
Several 19th-century European doll companies preceded American doll companies in manufacturing Black dolls. These predecessors include Carl Bergner of Germany, who made a three-faced doll with one face of a crying black child and the other two, happier white faces. In 1892, [[Jumeau Dolls|Jumeau]] of Paris advertised Black and mixed-race dolls with [[Bisque doll|bisque]] heads. Gebruder Heubach of Germany made character faces in bisque. Other European doll makers include Bru Jne. & Cie and [[Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets]] (S.F.B.J.) of France, and Kestner and Steiner of Germany. |
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==American manufacture== |
==American manufacture== |
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[[File:Negro Doll Company ad (Nashville Globe, 28 August 1908).jpg|thumb|Ad for the Negro Doll Company, Nashville, Tennessee, 1908]] |
[[File:Negro Doll Company ad (Nashville Globe, 28 August 1908).jpg|thumb|Ad for the Negro Doll Company, Nashville, Tennessee, 1908]] |
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[[File:Pepita - black custom doll - 07.jpg|thumb|Modern black dolls]] |
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American entrepreneur [[R. H. Boyd|Richard Henry Boyd]] founded the [[National Negro Doll Company]] in 1911 "after he tried to purchase dolls for his children but could find none that were not gross caricatures of African Americans."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackthen.com/a-father-creates-the-first-black-doll-company-for-his-daughters-because-he-could-not-find-any-dolls-that-were-not-gross-caricatures-of-african-american/|title=Former Slave Creates The First Black Doll Company For His Daughters, Here's Why {{!}} Black Then|website=blackthen.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> |
American entrepreneur [[R. H. Boyd|Richard Henry Boyd]] founded the [[National Negro Doll Company]] in 1911 "after he tried to purchase dolls for his children but could find none that were not gross caricatures of African Americans."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackthen.com/a-father-creates-the-first-black-doll-company-for-his-daughters-because-he-could-not-find-any-dolls-that-were-not-gross-caricatures-of-african-american/|title=Former Slave Creates The First Black Doll Company For His Daughters, Here's Why {{!}} Black Then|website=blackthen.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> |
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[[File:Antique to modern black dolls.jpg|thumb|Antique-to-modern black dolls from the collection of Debbie Garrett represent a variety of doll genres and mediums.]] |
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American companies began including |
American companies began including Black dolls in their doll lines in the early 1900s. Between 1910 and 1930, Horsman, Vogue, and [[Alexander Doll Company|Madame Alexander]] included Black dolls in their doll lines. Gradually, other American companies followed suit. |
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In 1947, the first African American woman cartoonist [[Jackie Ormes]] created the Patty-Jo doll, which was based on ''Patty-Jo 'n Ginger'', the cartoon panel she penned for newspapers at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zocalopoets.com/2015/02/28/jackie-ormes-torchy-candy-patty-jo-ginger/|title=Jackie Ormes: Torchy, Candy, Patty-Jo & Ginger!|date=2015-03-01|work=Zócalo Poets|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> The doll was a realistic |
In 1947, the first African American woman cartoonist [[Jackie Ormes]] created the Patty-Jo doll, which was based on ''Patty-Jo 'n Ginger'', the cartoon panel she penned for newspapers at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zocalopoets.com/2015/02/28/jackie-ormes-torchy-candy-patty-jo-ginger/|title=Jackie Ormes: Torchy, Candy, Patty-Jo & Ginger!|date=2015-03-01|work=Zócalo Poets|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> The doll was a realistic Black doll, breaking the mammy doll stereotype.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2018/01/19/the-rediscovered-legacy-of-jackie-ormes-the-first-black-woman-with-a-syndicated-comic-strip/|title=Perspective {{!}} The rediscovered legacy of Jackie Ormes, the first black woman with a syndicated comic strip|last=Cavna|first=Michael|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> |
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[[Beatrice Wright Brewington]], an African American entrepreneur, founded [[B. Wright's Toy Company|B. Wright's Toy Company, Inc]]. and mass-produced |
[[Beatrice Wright Brewington]], an African American entrepreneur, founded [[B. Wright's Toy Company|B. Wright's Toy Company, Inc]]. and mass-produced Black dolls with ethnically-correct features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/25/black-dolls-collection-african-american-history|title=From controversy to empowerment: the history of black dolls|last=Sayej|first=Nadja|date=2017-04-25|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> Also an educator, Wright began instructing girls in the art of making dolls in 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackdollcollecting.blogspot.com/2010/02/moments-in-black-doll-history-beatrice.html|title=Black Doll Collecting: Moments in Black Doll History - Beatrice Wright Dolls|last=Enthusiast|first=Black Doll|date=2010-02-23|website=Black Doll Collecting|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> |
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During the 1960s and in the aftermath of the [[Watts Riots]] in Los Angeles, California, [[Shindana Toys]], a Division of Operation Bootstrap, Inc., is credited as the first major doll company to mass-produce ethnically |
During the 1960s and in the aftermath of the [[Watts Riots]] in Los Angeles, California, [[Shindana Toys]], a Division of Operation Bootstrap, Inc., is credited as the first major doll company to mass-produce ethnically correct<ref>[http://blackdollcollecting.blogspot.com/2010/02/mibdh-shindana-story-and-one-of-its.html MIBDH: The Shindana Story and One of Its Main Characters] (retrieved May 5, 2017), The Shindana Story, Originally printed in the March/April 1990 issue of Doll-E-Gram, published by Lavern E. Hall</ref> Black dolls in the United States. |
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Other popular collectible |
Other popular collectible Black dolls include manufactured play dolls past and current, manufactured dolls designed for collectors by companies such as [[Alexander Doll Company|Madame Alexander]] and [[Tonner Doll Company, Inc.|Tonner Doll]], artist dolls, one-of-a-kind dolls, portrait dolls and those representing historical figures, [[reborn doll]]s, and [[paper dolls]]. In addition, [[American Girl]] has also released Black dolls portraying girls of color from various points in American history such as Addy Walker and civil rights-era Melody Ellison, as well as those from the present day. |
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[[Mattel Toys]] created the first Black dolls in the popular [[Barbie]] line, Francie and Christie, in 1967 and 1969 respectively. This caused controversy at the time they were released. |
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| ⚫ | To honor the history of |
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==Black Doll Museums== |
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[[Barbie]] created their first black dolls, Francine and Christie in 1967 and 1969 respectively,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chocolatedoll.com/african_american_barbie_creation.html|title=Chocolatedoll.com! Finally the History of Black Barbie|website=www.chocolatedoll.com|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> which caused controversy at the time they were released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chocolatedoll.com/barbie_controversy.html|title=Chocolatedoll.com! The Controversy of Barbie|last=Design.|first=PGC|website=www.chocolatedoll.com|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> |
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The [[Philadelphia Doll Museum]] was founded in 1988 by Barbara Whiteman. While the museum was open, roughly 1,000 Black dolls were on view.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://whyy.org/articles/doll-museum-embodies-passion-for-history-hope-for-future/|title=Doll museum embodies passion for history, hope for future : WHYY|work=WHYY|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> The Philadelphia Doll Museum is now closed. |
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| ⚫ | To honor the history of Black dolls, in 2012, three sisters named Debra Britt, Felicia Walker, and Tamara Mattison opened the [https://nbdmhc.org/ National Black Doll Museum of History and Culture] in [[Mansfield, Massachusetts]]. While open to the public, it featured over 6,000 Black dolls<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/black-is-beautiful-why-black-dolls-matter/|title=Black Is Beautiful: Why Black Dolls Matter|work=Collectors Weekly|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> and its mission is to continue to nurture the self-esteem of children and preserve the legacy of Black dolls.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2018/05/national-black-doll-museum|title=Learning from Toys|date=2018-04-06|work=Harvard Magazine|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> |
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In January 2021, Black-doll collector, historian, and author on the subject of black dolls, Debbie Behan Garrett founded [https://virtualblackdollmuseum.com/about-2/ DeeBeeGee's Virtual Black Doll Museum], "the first and only virtual Black doll museum where antique, vintage, modern, and one-of-a-kind Black dolls are celebrated 24/7." |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Philadelphia Doll Museum]] |
* [[Philadelphia Doll Museum]] |
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==Black Doll Reference Books== |
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==Further reading== |
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*''Collectible Black Dolls'' by John Axe, Hobby House Press, 1978 |
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*''Black Dolls an Identification and Value Guide 1820-1991'' by Myla Perkins, Collector Books, 1991 |
*''Black Dolls an Identification and Value Guide 1820-1991'' by Myla Perkins, Collector Books, 1991 |
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*''Black Dolls an Identification and Value Guide Book II'' by Myla Perkins, Collector Books, 1995 |
*''Black Dolls an Identification and Value Guide Book II'' by Myla Perkins, Collector Books, 1995 |
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*''Collectible African American Dolls Identification and Values'' by Yvonne Ellis, Collector Books, 2008 |
*''Collectible African American Dolls Identification and Values'' by Yvonne Ellis, Collector Books, 2008 |
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*''Black Dolls: A Comprehensive Guide to Celebrating Collecting and Experiencing the Passion'' by Debbie Behan Garrett, 2008 |
*''Black Dolls: A Comprehensive Guide to Celebrating Collecting and Experiencing the Passion'' by Debbie Behan Garrett, 2008 |
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* "The Scripts of Black Dolls" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC& |
* "The Scripts of Black Dolls" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC&q=racial+innocence ''Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights,''] by Robin Bernstein, 2011 |
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* See also Robin Bernstein, [https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4795341/Bernstein%20PMLA%20126.1.pdf?sequence=1=false ''Children's Books, Dolls, and the Performance of Race; or, The Possibility of Children's Literature,''] ''PMLA'' 126.1 (2011): 160-169. |
* See also Robin Bernstein, [https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4795341/Bernstein%20PMLA%20126.1.pdf?sequence=1=false ''Children's Books, Dolls, and the Performance of Race; or, The Possibility of Children's Literature,''] ''PMLA'' 126.1 (2011): 160-169. |
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{{African American caricatures and stereotypes}} |
{{African American caricatures and stereotypes}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Dolls]] |
[[Category:Dolls]] |
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[[Category:African-American culture]] |
[[Category:African-American culture]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:51, 7 November 2023
A Black doll is a doll of a black person. Black doll manufacture dates back to the 19th century, with representations being both realistic and stereotypical. More accurate, mass-produced depictions are manufactured today as toys and adult collectibles.
European manufacture
[edit]
Several 19th-century European doll companies preceded American doll companies in manufacturing Black dolls. These predecessors include Carl Bergner of Germany, who made a three-faced doll with one face of a crying black child and the other two, happier white faces. In 1892, Jumeau of Paris advertised Black and mixed-race dolls with bisque heads. Gebruder Heubach of Germany made character faces in bisque. Other European doll makers include Bru Jne. & Cie and Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets (S.F.B.J.) of France, and Kestner and Steiner of Germany.
American manufacture
[edit].jpg)
American entrepreneur Richard Henry Boyd founded the National Negro Doll Company in 1911 "after he tried to purchase dolls for his children but could find none that were not gross caricatures of African Americans."[1]
American companies began including Black dolls in their doll lines in the early 1900s. Between 1910 and 1930, Horsman, Vogue, and Madame Alexander included Black dolls in their doll lines. Gradually, other American companies followed suit.
In 1947, the first African American woman cartoonist Jackie Ormes created the Patty-Jo doll, which was based on Patty-Jo 'n Ginger, the cartoon panel she penned for newspapers at the time.[2] The doll was a realistic Black doll, breaking the mammy doll stereotype.[3]
Beatrice Wright Brewington, an African American entrepreneur, founded B. Wright's Toy Company, Inc. and mass-produced Black dolls with ethnically-correct features.[4] Also an educator, Wright began instructing girls in the art of making dolls in 1955.[5]
During the 1960s and in the aftermath of the Watts Riots in Los Angeles, California, Shindana Toys, a Division of Operation Bootstrap, Inc., is credited as the first major doll company to mass-produce ethnically correct[6] Black dolls in the United States.
Other popular collectible Black dolls include manufactured play dolls past and current, manufactured dolls designed for collectors by companies such as Madame Alexander and Tonner Doll, artist dolls, one-of-a-kind dolls, portrait dolls and those representing historical figures, reborn dolls, and paper dolls. In addition, American Girl has also released Black dolls portraying girls of color from various points in American history such as Addy Walker and civil rights-era Melody Ellison, as well as those from the present day.
Mattel Toys created the first Black dolls in the popular Barbie line, Francie and Christie, in 1967 and 1969 respectively. This caused controversy at the time they were released.
Black Doll Museums
[edit]The Philadelphia Doll Museum was founded in 1988 by Barbara Whiteman. While the museum was open, roughly 1,000 Black dolls were on view.[7] The Philadelphia Doll Museum is now closed.
To honor the history of Black dolls, in 2012, three sisters named Debra Britt, Felicia Walker, and Tamara Mattison opened the National Black Doll Museum of History and Culture in Mansfield, Massachusetts. While open to the public, it featured over 6,000 Black dolls[8] and its mission is to continue to nurture the self-esteem of children and preserve the legacy of Black dolls.[9]
In January 2021, Black-doll collector, historian, and author on the subject of black dolls, Debbie Behan Garrett founded DeeBeeGee's Virtual Black Doll Museum, "the first and only virtual Black doll museum where antique, vintage, modern, and one-of-a-kind Black dolls are celebrated 24/7."
See also
[edit]Black Doll Reference Books
[edit]- Collector's Encyclopedia of Black Dolls by Patiki Gibbs, Collector Books, 1986
- Black Dolls an Identification and Value Guide 1820-1991 by Myla Perkins, Collector Books, 1991
- Black Dolls an Identification and Value Guide Book II by Myla Perkins, Collector Books, 1995
- The Definitive Guide to Collecting Black Dolls by Debbie Behan Garrett, Hobby House Press, 2003
- Black Dolls Proud, Bold & Beautiful by Nayda Rondon, Reverie Press, 2004
- Collectible African American Dolls Identification and Values by Yvonne Ellis, Collector Books, 2008
- Black Dolls: A Comprehensive Guide to Celebrating Collecting and Experiencing the Passion by Debbie Behan Garrett, 2008
- "The Scripts of Black Dolls" in Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights, by Robin Bernstein, 2011
- See also Robin Bernstein, Children's Books, Dolls, and the Performance of Race; or, The Possibility of Children's Literature, PMLA 126.1 (2011): 160-169.
References
[edit]- ^ "Former Slave Creates The First Black Doll Company For His Daughters, Here's Why | Black Then". blackthen.com. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ "Jackie Ormes: Torchy, Candy, Patty-Jo & Ginger!". Zócalo Poets. 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ Cavna, Michael. "Perspective | The rediscovered legacy of Jackie Ormes, the first black woman with a syndicated comic strip". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ Sayej, Nadja (2017-04-25). "From controversy to empowerment: the history of black dolls". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ Enthusiast, Black Doll (2010-02-23). "Black Doll Collecting: Moments in Black Doll History - Beatrice Wright Dolls". Black Doll Collecting. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ MIBDH: The Shindana Story and One of Its Main Characters (retrieved May 5, 2017), The Shindana Story, Originally printed in the March/April 1990 issue of Doll-E-Gram, published by Lavern E. Hall
- ^ "Doll museum embodies passion for history, hope for future : WHYY". WHYY. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ "Black Is Beautiful: Why Black Dolls Matter". Collectors Weekly. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ "Learning from Toys". Harvard Magazine. 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
External links
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