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A '''C2 error''', also known as '''E32 error''',<ref name=qpx-g /> is a read error of a [[compact disc|Compact Disc]]. C2 errors can to a degree be recovered<ref>{{cite web
⚫
A '''C2 error''' is a read error of a [[compact disc]]. C2 errors can to a degree be recovered by the hardware [[error detection and correction]] scheme. A CD drive can have extraction errors when the data on the disc is not readable due to scratches or smudges. The drive can compensate by supplying a "best guess" of what the missing data was, then supplying the missing data. C2 error correction is an analysis over many interleaved [[Compact disc#"Frame"|frames]], an improvement over [[C1_error|C1 error correction]], which analyzed just one frame, resulting in more accurate data correction.<ref>Decker, Logan (Winter 2002). "How To... Make MP3s". ''[[Maximum PC]]''.</ref> C2 error correction codes are also used by the [[Digital Audio Tape]] (DAT) format.
⚫
| url=http://www.cdmasteringservices.com/digitalerrors.htm
| title=Explaining Common CD Errors
| author=Bob Speer
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208011330/http://www.cdmasteringservices.com/digitalerrors.htm
| archive-date=2018-02-08
⚫
| url-status=dead}}</ref> by the hardware [[error detection and correction]] scheme. A CD drive can have extraction errors when the data on the disc is not readable due to scratches or smudges. The drive can compensate by supplying a "best guess" of what the missing data was, then supplying the missing data. C2 error correction is an analysis over many interleaved [[Compact disc#"Frame"|frames]], an improvement over [[C1_error|C1 error correction]], which analyzed just one frame, resulting in more accurate data correction.<ref>{{cite magazine
| title=How To Make MP3s Like A Master Audio Technician
| first=Logan
| last=Decker
| edition=Winter
| magazine=[[Maximum PC]]
| year=2002}}</ref> C2 error correction codes are also used by the [[Digital Audio Tape]] (DAT) format.


Some [[copy protection]] schemes add false C2 errors to discs to discourage copying.
Some [[Compact Disc and DVD copy protection|copy protection]] schemes add false C2 errors to discs to discourage copying.

While causing data loss on [[Video CD]]s (''Mode 2 Form 2'') and [[Audio CD]]s, individual C2 errors are correctable on data [[CDs]] (using ''Mode 1'' and ''Mode 2 Form 1'').

== Measurement ==
{{main|Compact disc#Measurement}}
C2 errors can be measured using [[Optical disc#Surface error scanning|surface error scanning]], and are usually caused by scratches and dirt on the data surface, as well as [[disc rot|media degradation]].

Error scanning functionality and support varies among vendors and models of [[optical disc drive]]s.

<ref name=qpx-g>{{cite web |title=QPxTool glossary |url=https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/glossar.html |website=qpxtool.sourceforge.io |publisher=QPxTool |accessdate=22 July 2020 |date=2008-08-01 |ref=QPx-Glossary}}</ref><!--Reference for entire section, not just last phrase.-->

== See also ==
* {{section link|Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Compact disc}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.feurio.com/English/faq/faq_vocable_c2error.shtml Feurio FAQ: C2 errors]
⚫
* [http://www.cdmasteringservices.com/digitalerrors.htm Explaining Common CD Errors]


[[Category:Compact disc]]
[[Category:Compact disc]]
[[Category:DVD]]
[[Category:DVD]]
[[Category:Optical computer storage media]]


{{compu-hardware-stub}}
{{compu-hardware-stub}}

Latest revision as of 04:04, 15 November 2023

A C2 error, also known as E32 error,[1] is a read error of a Compact Disc. C2 errors can to a degree be recovered[2] by the hardware error detection and correction scheme. A CD drive can have extraction errors when the data on the disc is not readable due to scratches or smudges. The drive can compensate by supplying a "best guess" of what the missing data was, then supplying the missing data. C2 error correction is an analysis over many interleaved frames, an improvement over C1 error correction, which analyzed just one frame, resulting in more accurate data correction.[3] C2 error correction codes are also used by the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format.

Some copy protection schemes add false C2 errors to discs to discourage copying.

While causing data loss on Video CDs (Mode 2 Form 2) and Audio CDs, individual C2 errors are correctable on data CDs (using Mode 1 and Mode 2 Form 1).

Measurement

[edit]
Main article: Compact disc § Measurement

C2 errors can be measured using surface error scanning, and are usually caused by scratches and dirt on the data surface, as well as media degradation.

Error scanning functionality and support varies among vendors and models of optical disc drives.

[1]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "QPxTool glossary". qpxtool.sourceforge.io. QPxTool. 2008-08-01. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  2. ^ Bob Speer. "Explaining Common CD Errors". Archived from the original on 2018-02-08.
  3. ^ Decker, Logan (2002). "How To Make MP3s Like A Master Audio Technician". Maximum PC (Winter ed.).
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