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{{Short description|Sculpture by Josep Llimona}}
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{{Infobox artwork
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| image_file = (Barcelona) Desolation by Josep Llimona - Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.jpg
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'''''Desolation''''' is a 1907 [[sculpture]] by [[Josep Llimona]] in the collection of the [[National Art Museum of Catalonia]] in [[Barcelona]].<ref>[http://art.mnac.cat/index.html;jsessionid=fb95086d684f3421868ce4f71e215ec54d3d4d2ad7136d90745cb6f97b02a5ba MNAC's website]</ref>
'''''Desolation''''' is a [[sculpture]] that was crafted by [[Josep Llimona]] in 1907, which now resides in the [[National Art Museum of Catalonia]] in [[Barcelona]].<ref>[http://art.mnac.cat/index.html;jsessionid=fb95086d684f3421868ce4f71e215ec54d3d4d2ad7136d90745cb6f97b02a5ba MNAC's website]</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Considered one of the finest sculptors of [[Modernisme|Catalan Modernism]] sculpture, Llimona joined the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] movement during the first few years of the twentieth century after a phase in which he had adopted an idealism deeply rooted in his solid religious convictions. Llimona contributed to the founding of the [[Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc|Artistic Circle of Sant Lluc]], the intention of which was to preserve art from the excesses of contemporary artists. Female nudes were prohibited in the Circle's initial statutes, but later the prohibition was lifted; Llimona did not depict the female nude until then. It was then that he sculpted ''Desolation'', a work he exhibited for the first time in 1907 and which demonstrates the artist's ability to communicate feelings that reflect a deep humanity through a naked female figure.
Llimona, of the [[Modernisme|Catalan Modernism]] school of sculpture, joined the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] movement during the first few years of the 20th century after adopting an idealism deeply rooted in his religious convictions. Llimona contributed to the founding of the [[Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc|Artistic Circle of Sant Lluc]], which intended to preserve art from the perceived excesses of contemporary artists. Female nudes were prohibited by the Circle's initial statutes, and Llimona created ''Desolation'' after the prohibition was lifted. The work was exhibited for the first time in 1907 and aims to communicate feelings that reflect a deep humanity through a naked female figure.


''Desolation'', a paradigm of ''[[Modernisme]]'' sculpture, magisterially represents the formal traits of Symbolism as adopted by the more outstanding [[Catalan people|Catalan]] sculptors of the day. These traits include undulating lines and softened contours, features that derive from ''[[The Danaide]]'' by [[Auguste Rodin]]. Even so, a notable difference exists between the resigned, melancholic and chaste attitude of ''Desolation'' and the vitality, strength and sensuality of the French sculptor's work. With ''Desolation'', Llimona brought his process of sculptural renewal to a peak while also summing up the Symbolist aesthetic of one of Catalan art's most brilliant periods.<ref>[http://www.mnac.es/colleccio/col_modern.jsp?ambit=70&lan=003 MNAC's artwork at their Online Collection]</ref>
''Desolation'', an example of ''[[Modernisme]]'' sculpture, represents the formal traits of Symbolism as adopted by prominent [[Catalan people|Catalan]] sculptors of the day. These traits include undulating lines and softened contours, features that derive from ''[[Danaid (Rodin)|The Danaide]]'' by [[Auguste Rodin]]. Critics have said that a notable difference exists between the resigned, melancholic and chaste attitude of ''Desolation'' and the vitality, strength and sensuality of Rodin's work. With ''Desolation'', Llimona utilised his process of sculptural renewal, while also aiming to exemplify the Symbolist aesthetic of Catalan Modernism.<ref>[http://www.mnac.es/colleccio/col_modern.jsp?ambit=70&lan=003 MNAC's artwork at their Online Collection]</ref><ref>[http://www.spanisharts.com/history/del_impres_s.XX/modernismo/i_modernismo.html Modernismo]</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/danaid Danaid at the Rodin Museum]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.spanisharts.com/history/del_impres_s.XX/modernismo/i_modernismo.html Modernismo]</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/danaid Danaid at the Rodin Museum]</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
[[File:La Virtut Josep Llimona.JPG|thumb|A ''Virtue'' by Llimona hold at the [[Art Museum of Cerdanyola]], in [[Catalonia]].]]
[[File:La Virtut Josep Llimona.JPG|thumb|A ''Virtue'' by Llimona hold at the [[Art Museum of Cerdanyola]], in [[Catalonia]].]]
''Desolation'' is a nude version of a figure produced for a burial vault in the [[Montjuic Cemetery]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oZR1FazL94&feature=relmfu MNAC Audio Guide for '''Desolation''' by Josep Llimona]</ref> The sculpture´s measurements are 67&nbsp;cm x 76&nbsp;cm x 67&nbsp;cm (26.4 in x 29.9 in x 31.5 in).<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/mcarmearanda/1josep-llimona-desconsol Desconsol by M.Carme Aranda]</ref>
''Desolation'' is a nude version of a figure produced for a burial vault in the [[Montjuic Cemetery]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oZR1FazL94 MNAC Audio Guide for '''Desolation''' by Josep Llimona]</ref> The sculpture´s measurements are 67&nbsp;cm x 76&nbsp;cm x 67&nbsp;cm (26.4 in x 29.9 in x 31.5 in).<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/mcarmearanda/1josep-llimona-desconsol Desconsol by M.Carme Aranda]</ref>


The sculpture belongs to a group of works created specifically for new pantheons built during the early 1900s. Artists created sculptures of angels or ''Virtues'' that included consoling women overcome by the weight of their grief and allegorical figures reflecting sublime thoughts and feelings relating to death such as despair, grief, or resignation. In short, they modeled desolate, meditative, and mysterious women with no regard to their beauty. The characteristics these works had to have in order to illustrate the general spiritual state led artists to adopt languid, bowed female figures with long hair dressed in tunics that sprang straight from the skin. Although this style wasn't adopted in all the works, female figures predominate and their formal characteristics passed into the artistic language used by modernist sculptors in the works they produced for collectors, without those elements more suited to funerary images associated with death.<ref>Doñate, Mercè. ''Modernisme in the MNAC Colections''. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya and Lunwerg, Spain 2012.</ref>
The sculpture belongs to a group of works created specifically for new pantheons built during the early 1900s. Artists created sculptures of angels, or ''Virtues,'' that included women overcome by the weight of their grief and allegorical figures reflecting feelings such as despair, grief, or resignation. The artists aimed to capture feeling, rather than beauty. Typical characteristics of these works are languid, bowed female figures with long hair dressed in flowing tunics. Although this style wasn't adopted in all the works, female figures predominate, and their formal characteristics passed into the artistic language used by modernist sculptors in the works they produced for collectors, which discarded the funerary elements of the originals.<ref>Doñate, Mercè. ''Modernisme in the MNAC Collections''. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya and Lunwerg, Spain 2012.</ref>


''Desolation'' is full of feeling, an aspect in the Symbolist vein. The most notable characteristic of the work is the ease with which it transmits inner emotions. The Hermeticism and mysterious nature the sculpture evokes have to do with its posture. The hidden gaze, the closed composition of the body, and its curved contours seem to enclose the figure within its own silence.<ref>[http://www.artecreha.com/Historia_de_la_Belleza/j-llimona-qdesconsolq.html History of beauty-Desconsol] (in Spanish)</ref><ref>[http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/symbolism.htm Symbolism- Art History]</ref>
The most notable characteristic of ''Desolation'' is the ease with which it transmits inner emotions. The hermetic and mysterious nature the sculpture evokes has to do with its posture. The hidden gaze, the closed composition of the body, and its curved contours seem to enclose the figure within its own silence.<ref>[http://www.artecreha.com/Historia_de_la_Belleza/j-llimona-qdesconsolq.html History of beauty-Desconsol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214042754/http://www.artecreha.com/Historia_de_la_Belleza/j-llimona-qdesconsolq.html |date=2012-02-14 }} (in Spanish)</ref><ref>[http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/symbolism.htm Symbolism- Art History]</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Desconsol de Josep Llimona, davant el Parlament.jpg|thumb|Replica in front of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]].]]
[[File:Desconsol de Josep Llimona, davant el Parlament.jpg|thumb|Replica in front of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] ({{coord|41|23|16|N|2|11|17|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=inline}})]]
The sculpture can be found at The National Art Museum of Catalonia (MNAC).<ref>Llimona, Mercè ''Escales. Josep Llimona i Joan Llimona: Vida y Obra''. Ediciones de Nuevo Arte Thor, Barcelona. (1977)</ref> The work obtained a gold medal in the ''V Exposition of Fine Arts of Barcelona'' in the year 1907. That same year, a photograph of the work was published in the catalog of the ''International Exhibit of Art'' in Barcelona. In 1909, ''Desolation'' was purchased by Barcelona's Major Domènec Sanllehy who donated or gifted the statue to The [[Museum of Modern Art of Barcelona]]. The statue was later moved to the Modern Art gallery of The National Museum of Contemporary Art of Catalonia.<ref>Llimona, Mercè ''Escales. Josep Llimona i Joan Llimona: Vida y Obra''. Ediciones de Nuevo Arte Thor, Barcelona. (1977)</ref>
The sculpture can be found at The National Art Museum of Catalonia (MNAC).<ref>Llimona, Mercè ''Escales. Josep Llimona i Joan Llimona: Vida y Obra''. Ediciones de Nuevo Arte Thor, Barcelona. (1977)</ref> The work earned a [[gold medal]] in the ''V Exposition of Fine Arts of Barcelona'' in 1907. That same year, a photograph of the work was published in the catalog of the ''International Exhibit of Art'' in Barcelona. In 1909, ''Desolation'' was purchased by Barcelona's Major Domènec Sanllehy who donated the statue to The [[Museum of Modern Art of Barcelona]]. The statue was later moved to the Modern Art gallery of The National Museum of Contemporary Art of Catalonia.<ref>Llimona, Mercè ''Escales. Josep Llimona i Joan Llimona: Vida y Obra''. Ediciones de Nuevo Arte Thor, Barcelona. (1977)</ref>


== Replica ==
== Replicas ==
In addition to the original, Josep Llimona produced replicas utilizing diverse materials.<ref>[http://art.mnac.cat/fitxatecnica.html?inventoryNumber=010861-000&lang=en MNAC Website, accessed 05 Jun 2012]</ref> The [[bronze]] replica is somewhat bigger in size than the original. It was presented at an art exhibition that commemorated the work of Josep Llimona at the Parés Salon in 1934. The [[stone]] replica is a variation of the original, in which the female figure is clothed. The sculpture is the same size as the original and it is part of a funerary monument dedicated to Mercedes Casas de Vilanova. The stone variant of ''Desolation'' can be found at the Southeast Cemetery in [[Barcelona]].
In addition to the original, Josep Llimona produced replicas utilizing diverse materials.<ref>[http://art.mnac.cat/fitxatecnica.html?inventoryNumber=010861-000&lang=en MNAC Website, accessed 05 Jun 2012]</ref> The [[bronze]] replica is somewhat bigger in size than the original. It was presented at an art exhibition that commemorated the work of Josep Llimona at the Parés Salon in 1934. The [[stone]] replica is a variation of the original, in which the female figure is clothed. The sculpture is the same size as the original and is part of a funerary monument dedicated to Mercedes Casas de Vilanova. The stone variant of ''Desolation'' can be found at the Southeast Cemetery in [[Barcelona]].


In 1917 Josep Llimona produced a second [[marble]] replica, much bigger in size than the original, it measures 78.8&nbsp;cm x 68.8&nbsp;cm (31.0 in x 27.1 in.) The sculpture was damaged over time and was replaced by a plaster replica produced in 1984. The sculpture is the centerpiece of a pond situated in front of [[Parliament of Catalonia]] at the [[Ciutadella park]].
In 1917 Josep Llimona produced a second [[marble]] replica, much bigger than the original. It measures 78.8&nbsp;cm x 68.8&nbsp;cm (31.0 in x 27.1 in.) The sculpture was damaged over time and was replaced by a plaster replica produced in 1984. The sculpture is the centerpiece of a pond situated in front of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] in the [[Ciutadella park]].<ref>[http://www.aviewoncities.com/barcelona/parcdelaciutadella.htm Parc de la Ciutadella]</ref>

<ref>[http://www.aviewoncities.com/barcelona/parcdelaciutadella.htm Parc de la Ciutadella]</ref>
A replica is located in the Kelleher Rose Garden in the [[Back Bay Fens]] in Boston. It was presented to Boston – one of [[Barcelona#Twin towns_–_sister cities|Barcelona's sister cities]] – in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.urbancultureinstitute.org/uploads/1/1/4/6/11465358/rosegarden_sarah_stonge.pdf |title=Kelleher Rose Garden |first=Sarah |last=St. Onge |publisher=Urban Culture Institute}}</ref>


== Analysis ==
== Analysis ==
''Desolation'' represents a mysterious, delicate woman hiding her face in an attitude of despair and is one of the paradigmatic works of the [[Catalan Modernism|Catalan Modernist]] movement. One of the principal points of reference for the Catalan modernist artists was the French sculptor [[Auguste Rodin]]. The artwork reflects the influence of Rodin's work ''[[Danaid]]'' but with a more melancholy, chaste approach.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oZR1FazL94&feature=relmfu MNAC Audio Guide for Desolation by Josep Llimona]</ref> The similarities between Llimona's ''Desconsol'' and Rodin’s ''Danaid'' lie primarily in the modeling technique used by the artist, the composition of the figure, and the thoughtful use of light and shadow.<ref>[http://www.miguelangelbetancur.com/blog/index.php/2008/09/21/josep-llimona-el-desconsol El Desconsol]</ref>
''Desolation'' represents a woman hiding her face in an attitude of despair, and is one of the paradigmatic works of the [[Catalan Modernism|Catalan Modernist]] movement. One of the principal points of reference for the Catalan modernist artists was the French sculptor [[Auguste Rodin]]. The artwork reflects the influence of Rodin's work ''[[Danaïdes|Danaid]]'' but with a more melancholy, chaste approach.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oZR1FazL94 MNAC Audio Guide for Desolation by Josep Llimona]</ref> The similarities between Llimona's ''Desconsol'' and Rodin’s ''Danaid'' lie primarily in the modeling technique used by the artist, the composition of the figure, and the thoughtful use of light and shadow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.miguelangelbetancur.com/blog/index.php/2008/09/21/josep-llimona-el-desconsol |title=El Desconsol |access-date=2012-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526024729/http://www.miguelangelbetancur.com/blog/index.php/2008/09/21/josep-llimona-el-desconsol |archive-date=2013-05-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Llimona's masterful work arises from a block of stone, but the softness and roundness of its forms contrasts strongly with the roughness of the material. The female figure evokes contained melancholy that can be perceived subtly; her pose hides much of the inner world of the character. Her face, covered by a thick mass of hair, is unknown. Only the gesture of the hands, slightly touching, give life to the sculpture.<ref>[http://www.barcelonaturisme.com Barcelona Tourims]</ref>
Llimona's masterful work arises from a block of stone, but the softness and roundness of its forms contrasts strongly with the roughness of the material. The female figure evokes contained melancholy that can be perceived subtly; her pose hides much of the inner world of the character. Her face, concealed by a thick veil of hair, is known only to her and Llimona. Only the gesture of the hands, gracing the stone, provide a trace of life to the sculpture.<ref>[http://www.barcelonaturisme.com Barcelona Tourism]</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2023}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 52: Line 52:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* ''Sculpture Guide Barcelona'' (English, Catalan and Spanish Edition) by Eduardo Tolosa and D. Romani ( Jul 17, 2009)
* ''Sculpture Guide Barcelona'' (English, Catalan and Spanish Edition) by Eduardo Tolosa and D. Romani (Jul 17, 2009)
* ''Catalan Art: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting from the Ninth to the Fifteenth Centuries'' by Christian Zervos, ed. (1937)
* ''Catalan Art: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting from the Ninth to the Fifteenth Centuries'' by Christian Zervos, ed. (1937)
* ''Joan Llimona (1860-1926), Josep Llimona (1864-1932): Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya'', Barcelona, 7 D'Octubre-14 de Novembre de 2004. Joan Llimona (1860-1926), Josep Llimona (1864-1932): Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, 7 D'Octubre-14 de Novembre de 2004
* ''Joan Llimona (1860-1926), Josep Llimona (1864-1932): Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya'', Barcelona, 7 D'Octubre-14 de Novembre de 2004. Joan Llimona (1860-1926), Josep Llimona (1864-1932): Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, 7 D'Octubre-14 de Novembre de 2004
Line 58: Line 58:


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Escultura Desconsol}}
{{commons category|Escultura Desconsol (MNAC)}}
* [http://art.mnac.cat/fitxatecnica.html;jsessionid=e6e1101fb4db40d47dd40fe411614a7c203dcff0abf74be69bdd5857afb30d83?inventoryNumber=010861-000 The artwork commented at the Museum's website]
* [http://art.mnac.cat/fitxatecnica.html;jsessionid=e6e1101fb4db40d47dd40fe411614a7c203dcff0abf74be69bdd5857afb30d83?inventoryNumber=010861-000 The artwork commented at the Museum's website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GVDWOptNDY/ MNAC YouTube Video]
* [http://www.googleartproject.com/collection/museu-nacional-dart-de-catalunya/artwork/desolation-josep-llimona/573530/ Desconsol Google Art Project]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GVDWOptNDY/ MNAC YouTube Video]


{{MNAC}}
{{MNAC}}


[[Category:1907 sculptures]]
[[Category:1907 sculptures]]
[[Category:Sculptures of the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]]
[[Category:Sculptures in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in Spain]]
[[Category:Modernisme sculpture]]
[[Category:Modernisme sculpture]]
[[Category:Nude sculptures]]
[[Category:Sculptures of women in Spain]]

Latest revision as of 01:32, 18 November 2023

Desolation
Desolation
ArtistJosep Llimona
Year1907
Typesculpture
Dimensions66.4 cm × 78.8 cm (26.1 in × 31.0 in)
LocationMuseu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona

Desolation is a sculpture that was crafted by Josep Llimona in 1907, which now resides in the National Art Museum of Catalonia in Barcelona.[1]

Background

[edit]

Llimona, of the Catalan Modernism school of sculpture, joined the Symbolism movement during the first few years of the 20th century after adopting an idealism deeply rooted in his religious convictions. Llimona contributed to the founding of the Artistic Circle of Sant Lluc, which intended to preserve art from the perceived excesses of contemporary artists. Female nudes were prohibited by the Circle's initial statutes, and Llimona created Desolation after the prohibition was lifted. The work was exhibited for the first time in 1907 and aims to communicate feelings that reflect a deep humanity through a naked female figure.

Desolation, an example of Modernisme sculpture, represents the formal traits of Symbolism as adopted by prominent Catalan sculptors of the day. These traits include undulating lines and softened contours, features that derive from The Danaide by Auguste Rodin. Critics have said that a notable difference exists between the resigned, melancholic and chaste attitude of Desolation and the vitality, strength and sensuality of Rodin's work. With Desolation, Llimona utilised his process of sculptural renewal, while also aiming to exemplify the Symbolist aesthetic of Catalan Modernism.[2][3][4]

Description

[edit]
A Virtue by Llimona hold at the Art Museum of Cerdanyola, in Catalonia.

Desolation is a nude version of a figure produced for a burial vault in the Montjuic Cemetery.[5] The sculpture´s measurements are 67 cm x 76 cm x 67 cm (26.4 in x 29.9 in x 31.5 in).[6]

The sculpture belongs to a group of works created specifically for new pantheons built during the early 1900s. Artists created sculptures of angels, or Virtues, that included women overcome by the weight of their grief and allegorical figures reflecting feelings such as despair, grief, or resignation. The artists aimed to capture feeling, rather than beauty. Typical characteristics of these works are languid, bowed female figures with long hair dressed in flowing tunics. Although this style wasn't adopted in all the works, female figures predominate, and their formal characteristics passed into the artistic language used by modernist sculptors in the works they produced for collectors, which discarded the funerary elements of the originals.[7]

The most notable characteristic of Desolation is the ease with which it transmits inner emotions. The hermetic and mysterious nature the sculpture evokes has to do with its posture. The hidden gaze, the closed composition of the body, and its curved contours seem to enclose the figure within its own silence.[8][9]

History

[edit]
Replica in front of the Parliament of Catalonia (41°23′16″N 2°11′17″E / 41.38778°N 2.18806°E / 41.38778; 2.18806)

The sculpture can be found at The National Art Museum of Catalonia (MNAC).[10] The work earned a gold medal in the V Exposition of Fine Arts of Barcelona in 1907. That same year, a photograph of the work was published in the catalog of the International Exhibit of Art in Barcelona. In 1909, Desolation was purchased by Barcelona's Major Domènec Sanllehy who donated the statue to The Museum of Modern Art of Barcelona. The statue was later moved to the Modern Art gallery of The National Museum of Contemporary Art of Catalonia.[11]

Replicas

[edit]

In addition to the original, Josep Llimona produced replicas utilizing diverse materials.[12] The bronze replica is somewhat bigger in size than the original. It was presented at an art exhibition that commemorated the work of Josep Llimona at the Parés Salon in 1934. The stone replica is a variation of the original, in which the female figure is clothed. The sculpture is the same size as the original and is part of a funerary monument dedicated to Mercedes Casas de Vilanova. The stone variant of Desolation can be found at the Southeast Cemetery in Barcelona.

In 1917 Josep Llimona produced a second marble replica, much bigger than the original. It measures 78.8 cm x 68.8 cm (31.0 in x 27.1 in.) The sculpture was damaged over time and was replaced by a plaster replica produced in 1984. The sculpture is the centerpiece of a pond situated in front of the Parliament of Catalonia in the Ciutadella park.[13]

A replica is located in the Kelleher Rose Garden in the Back Bay Fens in Boston. It was presented to Boston – one of Barcelona's sister cities – in 1986.[14]

Analysis

[edit]

Desolation represents a woman hiding her face in an attitude of despair, and is one of the paradigmatic works of the Catalan Modernist movement. One of the principal points of reference for the Catalan modernist artists was the French sculptor Auguste Rodin. The artwork reflects the influence of Rodin's work Danaid but with a more melancholy, chaste approach.[15] The similarities between Llimona's Desconsol and Rodin’s Danaid lie primarily in the modeling technique used by the artist, the composition of the figure, and the thoughtful use of light and shadow.[16] Llimona's masterful work arises from a block of stone, but the softness and roundness of its forms contrasts strongly with the roughness of the material. The female figure evokes contained melancholy that can be perceived subtly; her pose hides much of the inner world of the character. Her face, concealed by a thick veil of hair, is known only to her and Llimona. Only the gesture of the hands, gracing the stone, provide a trace of life to the sculpture.[17][failed verification]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ MNAC's website
  2. ^ MNAC's artwork at their Online Collection
  3. ^ Modernismo
  4. ^ Danaid at the Rodin Museum
  5. ^ MNAC Audio Guide for Desolation by Josep Llimona
  6. ^ Desconsol by M.Carme Aranda
  7. ^ Doñate, Mercè. Modernisme in the MNAC Collections. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya and Lunwerg, Spain 2012.
  8. ^ History of beauty-Desconsol Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  9. ^ Symbolism- Art History
  10. ^ Llimona, Mercè Escales. Josep Llimona i Joan Llimona: Vida y Obra. Ediciones de Nuevo Arte Thor, Barcelona. (1977)
  11. ^ Llimona, Mercè Escales. Josep Llimona i Joan Llimona: Vida y Obra. Ediciones de Nuevo Arte Thor, Barcelona. (1977)
  12. ^ MNAC Website, accessed 05 Jun 2012
  13. ^ Parc de la Ciutadella
  14. ^ St. Onge, Sarah. "Kelleher Rose Garden" (PDF). Urban Culture Institute.
  15. ^ MNAC Audio Guide for Desolation by Josep Llimona
  16. ^ "El Desconsol". Archived from the original on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
  17. ^ Barcelona Tourism

Further reading

[edit]
  • Sculpture Guide Barcelona (English, Catalan and Spanish Edition) by Eduardo Tolosa and D. Romani (Jul 17, 2009)
  • Catalan Art: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting from the Ninth to the Fifteenth Centuries by Christian Zervos, ed. (1937)
  • Joan Llimona (1860-1926), Josep Llimona (1864-1932): Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, 7 D'Octubre-14 de Novembre de 2004. Joan Llimona (1860-1926), Josep Llimona (1864-1932): Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, 7 D'Octubre-14 de Novembre de 2004
  • Josep Llimona y Joan Llimona: Vida y obra (Spanish Edition) by Merce Escalas Llimona (Unknown Binding - 1977)
[edit]