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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Starr 020116-0071 Flaveria trinervia.jpg
|image = Starr 020116-0071 Flaveria trinervia.jpg
⚫
|genus = Flaveria
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|species = trinervia
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|authority = ([[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]]) [[Charles Mohr (botanist)|C.Mohr]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
⚫
|genus = ''[[Flaveria]]''
⚫
|species = '''''F. trinervia'''''
|binomial = ''Flaveria trinervia''
⚫
|binomial_authority = ([[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]]) [[Charles Mohr (botanist)|C.Mohr]]
⚫
|synonyms ={{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Brotera contrayerba'' <small>Spreng.</small>
|''Brotera contrayerba'' <small>Spreng.</small>
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}}
}}


'''''Flaveria trinervia''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[Asteraceae|aster family]] known by the [[common name]]s '''clustered yellowtops''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate = 16 January 2018}}</ref> '''speedyweed''',<ref name=GRIN/> and '''yellow twinstem'''.<ref name=GRIN/> It is native to parts of the Americas, including the southeastern and southwestern United States ([[Florida]], [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]]),<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Flaveria%20trinervia.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref> most of the Bahamas, Mexico, Belize, and parts of the [[Caribbean]],<ref name=w/> especially Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Barbados.<ref>[https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/WestIndies/getonerecord_Emu.cfm?ID=1292 Flora of the West Indies]</ref> It is also known in many other places as an [[introduced species]] and often a [[noxious weed]], such as in [[Hawaii]].<ref>[http://www.marinelifephotography.com/flowers/asteraceae/flaveria-trinervia.htm Marin Life Photography] photos in Hawai'i</ref><ref>[http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=160760 Flora of Zimbabwe]</ref>
'''''Flaveria trinervia''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Asteraceae]] known by the [[common name]]s '''clustered yellowtops''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate = 16 January 2018}}</ref> '''speedyweed''',<ref name=GRIN/> and '''yellow twinstem'''.<ref name=GRIN/> It is native to parts of the Americas, including the southeastern and southwestern United States ([[Florida]], [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]]),<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Flaveria%20trinervia.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref> most of the Bahamas, Mexico, Belize, and parts of the [[Caribbean]],<ref name=w/> especially Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Barbados.<ref>[https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/WestIndies/getonerecord_Emu.cfm?ID=1292 Flora of the West Indies]</ref> It is also known in many other places as an [[introduced species]] and often a [[noxious weed]], such as in [[Hawaii]].<ref>[http://www.marinelifephotography.com/flowers/asteraceae/flaveria-trinervia.htm Marin Life Photography] photos in Hawai'i</ref><ref>[http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=160760 Flora of Zimbabwe]</ref>


''Flaveria trinervia'' grows easily in many types of wet habitats, including [[saline soil|saline]] and [[alkali soil|alkaline]] soils and highly disturbed habitat. This is an annual herb growing erect and known to exceed two meters (7 feet) in height. The [[Leaf shape|lance-shaped to oval leaves]] are each up to 15 centimeters (8 inches) long and arranged oppositely in pairs around the stem, their bases sometimes fused together. The edges of the leaves generally have tiny widely spaced teeth. The [[inflorescence]] is a large dense cluster of many very small [[Head (botany)|flower heads]], sometimes over 300 in one cluster. Each flower head contains 0-1 yellow or whitish ray floret and 0-2 yellow disc florets.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066777 Flora of North America, ''Flaveria trinervia'' (Sprengel) C. Mohr, 1901. Clustered yellowtops ]</ref><ref name=w>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28003104#page/637/mode/1up Powell, Albert Michael. 1979. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(2): 628-629] description and commentary in English, distribution map on page 625</ref>
''Flaveria trinervia'' grows easily in many types of wet habitats, including [[saline soil|saline]] and [[alkali soil|alkaline]] soils and highly disturbed habitat. This is an annual herb growing erect and known to exceed two meters (7 feet) in height. The [[Leaf shape|lance-shaped to oval leaves]] are each up to 15 centimeters (8 inches) long and arranged oppositely in pairs around the stem, their bases sometimes fused together. The edges of the leaves generally have tiny widely spaced teeth. The [[inflorescence]] is a large dense cluster of many very small [[Head (botany)|flower heads]], sometimes over 300 in one cluster. Each flower head contains 0-1 yellow or whitish ray floret and 0-2 yellow disc florets.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066777 Flora of North America, ''Flaveria trinervia'' (Sprengel) C. Mohr, 1901. Clustered yellowtops ]</ref><ref name=w>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28003104#page/637/mode/1up Powell, Albert Michael. 1979. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(2): 628-629] description and commentary in English, distribution map on page 625</ref>


This plant exhibits [[C4 carbon fixation|C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation]].
This plant exhibits [[C4 carbon fixation|C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation]].
Phototoxic [[secondary metabolites]] have been found in the flower head of (Asteraceae) ''Flaveria trinervia'' and bark of ''[[Simira salvadorensis]]''.<ref name="Arnason1983">{{cite journal |last1=Arnason |first1=Thor |last2=Morand |first2=Peter |last3=Salvador |first3=Judy |last4=Reyes |first4=Isbelia |last5=Lambert |first5=John |last6=Towers |first6=Neil |title=Phototoxic substances from ''Flaveria trinervia'' and ''Simira salvadorensis'' |journal=Phytochemistry |date=1983 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=594-595 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(83)83056-8}}</ref>


The Australian species ''[[Flaveria australasica|F. australasica]]'' is very similar and possibly closely related to ''F. trinervia.'' Some authors treat the two as distinct species<ref name=f>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28003104#page/638/mode/1up Powell, Albert Michael. 1979. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(2): 629-630] description and commentary in English</ref><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-127098 The Plant List, ''Flaveria australasica'' Hook. ]</ref> while others consider ''F. australasica'' as a synonym of ''F. trinervia.''<ref>[http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:561332# Atlas of Living Australia, ''Flaveria trinervia'' (Spreng.) C.Mohr]</ref>
The Australian species ''[[Flaveria australasica|F. australasica]]'' is very similar and possibly closely related to ''F. trinervia.'' Some authors treat the two as distinct species<ref name=f>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28003104#page/638/mode/1up Powell, Albert Michael. 1979. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(2): 629-630] description and commentary in English</ref><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-127098 The Plant List, ''Flaveria australasica'' Hook. ]</ref> while others consider ''F. australasica'' as a synonym of ''F. trinervia.''<ref>[http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:561332# Atlas of Living Australia, ''Flaveria trinervia'' (Spreng.) C.Mohr]</ref>
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[[Category:Flora of the South-Central United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the South-Central United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]
{{Asteraceae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 21:49, 19 November 2023

Flaveria trinervia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Flaveria
Species:
F. trinervia
Binomial name
Flaveria trinervia
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Brotera contrayerba Spreng.
  • Brotera sprengelii Cass.
  • Brotera trinervata (Willd.) Pers.
  • Eupatorium chilense Molina
  • Flaveria repanda Lag.
  • Flaveria trinervata (Willd.) Baill.
  • Oedera trinervia Spreng.

Flaveria trinervia is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names clustered yellowtops,[2] speedyweed,[2] and yellow twinstem.[2] It is native to parts of the Americas, including the southeastern and southwestern United States (Florida, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico),[3] most of the Bahamas, Mexico, Belize, and parts of the Caribbean,[4] especially Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Barbados.[5] It is also known in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed, such as in Hawaii.[6][7]

Flaveria trinervia grows easily in many types of wet habitats, including saline and alkaline soils and highly disturbed habitat. This is an annual herb growing erect and known to exceed two meters (7 feet) in height. The lance-shaped to oval leaves are each up to 15 centimeters (8 inches) long and arranged oppositely in pairs around the stem, their bases sometimes fused together. The edges of the leaves generally have tiny widely spaced teeth. The inflorescence is a large dense cluster of many very small flower heads, sometimes over 300 in one cluster. Each flower head contains 0-1 yellow or whitish ray floret and 0-2 yellow disc florets.[8][4]

This plant exhibits C4 carbon fixation. Phototoxic secondary metabolites have been found in the flower head of (Asteraceae) Flaveria trinervia and bark of Simira salvadorensis.[9]

The Australian species F. australasica is very similar and possibly closely related to F. trinervia. Some authors treat the two as distinct species[10][11] while others consider F. australasica as a synonym of F. trinervia.[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "Flaveria trinervia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  3. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  4. ^ a b Powell, Albert Michael. 1979. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(2): 628-629 description and commentary in English, distribution map on page 625
  5. ^ Flora of the West Indies
  6. ^ Marin Life Photography photos in Hawai'i
  7. ^ Flora of Zimbabwe
  8. ^ Flora of North America, Flaveria trinervia (Sprengel) C. Mohr, 1901. Clustered yellowtops
  9. ^ Arnason, Thor; Morand, Peter; Salvador, Judy; Reyes, Isbelia; Lambert, John; Towers, Neil (1983). "Phototoxic substances from Flaveria trinervia and Simira salvadorensis". Phytochemistry. 22 (2): 594–595. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)83056-8.
  10. ^ Powell, Albert Michael. 1979. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(2): 629-630 description and commentary in English
  11. ^ The Plant List, Flaveria australasica Hook.
  12. ^ Atlas of Living Australia, Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C.Mohr
[edit]
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