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The '''club-winged manakin''' ('''''Machaeropterus deliciosus''''') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] which is a resident breeding species in the cloud forest on the western slopes of the [[Andes Mountains]] of [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Ecuador]]. The [[manakin]]s are a [[family (biology)|family]] (Pipridae) of small bird [[species]] of subtropical and tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].
The '''club-winged manakin''' ('''''Machaeropterus deliciosus''''') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] which is a resident breeding species in the [[cloud forest]] on the western slopes of the [[Andes Mountains]] of [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Ecuador]]. The [[manakin]]s are a [[family (biology)|family]] (Pipridae) of small bird [[species]] of subtropical and tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].


==Sound-making mechanism==
==Sound-making mechanism==
[[File:PipraWing.jpg|thumb|left|The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871<ref name="Sclater">{{cite journal | title=List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species | author=Sclater, P. L. | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | year=1860 | pages=83–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/descentofmansele02darw#page/65/mode/1up/ | title=The descent of man and selection in relation to sex | publisher=John Murray | author=Darwin, Charles | year=1871 | pages=65–66 | location=London | volume=2}}</ref>]]
[[File:PipraWing.jpg|thumb|left|The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871<ref name="Sclater">{{cite journal | title=List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species | author=Sclater, P. L. | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | year=1860 | pages=83–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/descentofmansele02darw#page/65/mode/1up/ | title=The descent of man and selection in relation to sex | publisher=John Murray | author=Darwin, Charles | year=1871 | pages=65–66 | location=London | volume=2}}</ref>]]
Like several other manakins, the club-winged manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary [[remiges]], an effect known as [[sonation]].<ref name="Bostwick">{{cite journal | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html | title=From Feathers, a Violin | publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] | access-date=May 4, 2012 | author=Bostwick, Kimberly | journal=BirdScope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912124216/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html |archive-date=2006-09-12 }}</ref> The manakins adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of [[sexual selection]].<ref name="Sclater" /> In manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in various manakin [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s have evolved independently. Some species pop like a [[firecracker]], and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The club-winged manakin has the unique ability to produce musical sounds with its wings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/19/15659294/richard-prum-evolution-beauty-biology-darwin-interview|title=How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function|date=19 May 2017|access-date=19 May 2017|website=The Verge}}</ref>
Like several other manakins, the club-winged manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary [[remiges]], an effect known as [[sonation]].<ref name="Bostwick">{{cite journal | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html | title=From Feathers, a Violin | publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] | access-date=May 4, 2012 | author=Bostwick, Kimberly | journal=BirdScope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912124216/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html |archive-date=2006-09-12 }}</ref> The manakins adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of [[sexual selection]].<ref name="Sclater" /> In manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in various manakin [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s have evolved independently. Some species pop like a [[firecracker]], and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The club-winged manakin has the unique ability to produce musical sounds with its wings.<ref name="nyt" />


Each wing of the club-winged manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its [[Feather#Characteristics|central vane]]. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second ([[hummingbird]]s typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the club-winged manakin can produce up to 1,400 single sounds during that time.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/science/02wing.html | title=A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 2, 2005 | access-date=May 4, 2012 | author=Zimmer, Carl | location=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier). The wing bones are not as efficient for flying, but are what has evolved via sexual selection.<ref name="Bostwick" />
Each wing of the club-winged manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its [[Feather#Characteristics|central vane]]. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second ([[hummingbird]]s typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the club-winged manakin can produce around 1,400 single sounds during that time.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/science/02wing.html | title=A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 2, 2005 | access-date=May 4, 2012 | author=Zimmer, Carl | location=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier). The solid wing bones, a result of sexual selection, are also present in female manakins, who do not benefit from the trait.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/19/15659294/richard-prum-evolution-beauty-biology-darwin-interview |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=The Verge}}</ref>


While this "spoon-and-[[washboard (laundry)|washboard]]" [[anatomy]] is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in [[insect]]s (see [[stridulation]]), it had not been well documented in [[vertebrate]]s (some [[snake]]s stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it).
While this "spoon-and-[[washboard (laundry)|washboard]]" [[anatomy]] is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in [[insect]]s (see [[stridulation]]), it had not been well documented in [[vertebrate]]s (some [[snake]]s stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it).
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*[http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0004-8038&volume=117&issue=02&page=0465 Bio One]
*[http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0004-8038&volume=117&issue=02&page=0465 Bio One]
*2005-07-25 Cornell University News Service ''[http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July05/Cricketbird.kr.html Rare South American bird 'sings' with its feathers to attract a mate, Cornell researcher finds]''
*2005-07-25 Cornell University News Service ''[http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July05/Cricketbird.kr.html Rare South American bird 'sings' with its feathers to attract a mate, Cornell researcher finds]''
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091111-birds-sing-feathers-wings.html Bird "Sings" Through Feathers on National Geographic]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091115112052/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091111-birds-sing-feathers-wings.html Bird "Sings" Through Feathers on National Geographic]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1302311}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1302311}}

Latest revision as of 05:21, 22 November 2023

Club-winged Manakin
Male in NW Ecuador
call recorded in Ecuador
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Pipridae
Genus: Machaeropterus
Species:
M. deliciosus
Binomial name
Machaeropterus deliciosus
(Sclater, PL, 1860)

The club-winged manakin (Machaeropterus deliciosus) is a small passerine bird which is a resident breeding species in the cloud forest on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. The manakins are a family (Pipridae) of small bird species of subtropical and tropical Central and South America.

Sound-making mechanism

[edit]
The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871[2][3]

Like several other manakins, the club-winged manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary remiges, an effect known as sonation.[4] The manakins adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of sexual selection.[2] In manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in various manakin lineages have evolved independently. Some species pop like a firecracker, and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The club-winged manakin has the unique ability to produce musical sounds with its wings.[5]

Each wing of the club-winged manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its central vane. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second (hummingbirds typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the club-winged manakin can produce around 1,400 single sounds during that time.[5] In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier). The solid wing bones, a result of sexual selection, are also present in female manakins, who do not benefit from the trait.[6]

While this "spoon-and-washboard" anatomy is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in insects (see stridulation), it had not been well documented in vertebrates (some snakes stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Machaeropterus deliciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22701122A130270942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22701122A130270942.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Sclater, P. L. (1860). "List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 83–97.
  3. ^ Darwin, Charles (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 65–66.
  4. ^ Bostwick, Kimberly. "From Feathers, a Violin". BirdScope. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2006-09-12. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (August 2, 2005). "A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  6. ^ "How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function". The Verge. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
[edit]
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