Club-winged manakin: Difference between revisions

Club-winged Manakin
	Male in NW Ecuador
	call recorded in Ecuador
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Pipridae
Genus:	Machaeropterus
Species:	M. deliciosus
Binomial name
	Machaeropterus deliciosus; (Sclater, PL, 1860)

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The club-winged manakin (Machaeropterus deliciosus) is a small passerine bird which is a resident breeding species in the cloud forest on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. The manakins are a family (Pipridae) of small bird species of subtropical and tropical Central and South America.

Sound-making mechanism

The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871^[2]^[3]

Like several other manakins, the club-winged manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary remiges, an effect known as sonation.^[4] The manakins adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of sexual selection.^[2] In manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in various manakin lineages have evolved independently. Some species pop like a firecracker, and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The club-winged manakin has the unique ability to produce musical sounds with its wings.^[5]

Each wing of the club-winged manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its central vane. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second (hummingbirds typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the club-winged manakin can produce around 1,400 single sounds during that time.^[5] In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier). The solid wing bones, a result of sexual selection, are also present in female manakins, who do not benefit from the trait.^[6]

While this "spoon-and-washboard" anatomy is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in insects (see stridulation), it had not been well documented in vertebrates (some snakes stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it).

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Machaeropterus deliciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22701122A130270942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22701122A130270942.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Sclater, P. L. (1860). "List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 83–97.
^ Darwin, Charles (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 65–66.
^ Bostwick, Kimberly. "From Feathers, a Violin". BirdScope. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2006-09-12. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Zimmer, Carl (August 2, 2005). "A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
^ "How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function". The Verge. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.

External links

ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca.
Bio One
2005-07-25 Cornell University News Service Rare South American bird 'sings' with its feathers to attract a mate, Cornell researcher finds
Bird "Sings" Through Feathers on National Geographic

[iucn_status_13_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Machaeropterus deliciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22701122A130270942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22701122A130270942.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[Sclater-2] Sclater, P. L. (1860). "List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 83–97.

[3] Darwin, Charles (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 65–66.

[Bostwick-4] Bostwick, Kimberly. "From Feathers, a Violin". BirdScope. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2006-09-12. Retrieved May 4, 2012.

[nyt-5] Zimmer, Carl (August 2, 2005). "A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 4, 2012.

[6] "How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function". The Verge. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.

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[2]

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[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
 | name = Club-winged Manakin
 | image =Machaeropterus deliciosus -NW Ecuador-6.jpg
 | image_caption = Male in NW Ecuador
+| image2 = Machaeropterus deliciosus - Club-winged Manakin XC248571.mp3
+| image2_caption = call recorded in Ecuador
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=106004566 |title=''Machaeropterus deliciosus'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Machaeropterus deliciosus'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22701122A130270942 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22701122A130270942.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
+| genus = Machaeropterus
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| species = deliciosus
+| authority = ([[Philip Sclater|Sclater, PL]], 1860)
-| classis = [[Aves]]
+| range_map = Machaeropterus deliciosus map.svg
-| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
-| familia = [[Pipridae]]
-| genus = ''[[Machaeropterus]]''
-| species = '''''M. deliciosus'''''
-| binomial = ''Machaeropterus deliciosus''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1852)
 }}
-The '''Club-winged Manakin''' (''Machaeropterus deliciosus'') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] which is a resident breeding species in the cloud forest on the western slopes of the [[Andes Mountains]] of [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Ecuador]]. The [[manakin]]s are a [[family]] (Pipridae) of small bird [[species]] of subtropical and tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].
+The '''club-winged manakin''' ('''''Machaeropterus deliciosus''''') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] which is a resident breeding species in the [[cloud forest]] on the western slopes of the [[Andes Mountains]] of [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Ecuador]]. The [[manakin]]s are a [[family (biology)|family]] (Pipridae) of small bird [[species]] of subtropical and tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].
 ==Sound-making mechanism==
-[[File:PipraWing.jpg|thumb|left|The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871<ref>{{cite journal | title=List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species | author=Sclater, P. L. | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | year=1860 | pages=83–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.archive.org/stream/descentofmansele02darw#page/65/mode/1up/ | title=The descent of man and selection in relation to sex | publisher=John Murray | author=Darwin, Charles | year=1871 | pages=65–66 | location=London | volume=2}}</ref>]]
+[[File:PipraWing.jpg|thumb|left|The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871<ref name="Sclater">{{cite journal | title=List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species | author=Sclater, P. L. | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | year=1860 | pages=83–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/descentofmansele02darw#page/65/mode/1up/ | title=The descent of man and selection in relation to sex | publisher=John Murray | author=Darwin, Charles | year=1871 | pages=65–66 | location=London | volume=2}}</ref>]]
-Like several other manakins, the Club-winged Manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary [[remiges]].<ref name="Bostwick">{{cite journal | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html | title=From Feathers, a Violin | publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] | accessdate=May 4, 2012 | author=Bostwick, Kimberly | journal=BirdScope}}</ref> The manakins have adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of [[sexual selection]]. [[Charles Darwin]] noted how females could cause [[evolution]]ary change simply by the influence of their [[mating]] preferences. Thus, in manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in many manakin [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s, however, have evolved independently. Some species pop like a [[firecracker]], and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The Club-winged Manakin, with its unique ability to produce musical sounds, is indisputably the most extreme example of sexual selection in manakins.{{Citation needed| date=May 2012}}
+Like several other manakins, the club-winged manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary [[remiges]], an effect known as [[sonation]].<ref name="Bostwick">{{cite journal | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html | title=From Feathers, a Violin | publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] | access-date=May 4, 2012 | author=Bostwick, Kimberly | journal=BirdScope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912124216/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Publications/Birdscope/violin_feather.html |archive-date=2006-09-12 }}</ref> The manakins adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of [[sexual selection]].<ref name="Sclater" /> In manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in various manakin [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s have evolved independently. Some species pop like a [[firecracker]], and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The club-winged manakin has the unique ability to produce musical sounds with its wings.<ref name="nyt" />
-Each wing of the Club-winged Manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its [[Feather#Characteristics|central vane]]. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second ([[hummingbird]]s typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the Club-winged Manakin can produce up to 1,400 single sounds during that time.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/science/02wing.html | title=A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 2, 2005 | accessdate=May 4, 2012 | author=Zimmer, Carl | location=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged Manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier).<ref name="nat geo mag">{{cite journal | title=The Virtuoso | author=Koeppel, Dan | journal=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] | others=Laman, Tim (photographer) | year=2012 | month=May | volume=221 | issue=5 | pages=62–69 | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
+Each wing of the club-winged manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its [[Feather#Characteristics|central vane]]. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second ([[hummingbird]]s typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the club-winged manakin can produce around 1,400 single sounds during that time.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/science/02wing.html | title=A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 2, 2005 | access-date=May 4, 2012 | author=Zimmer, Carl | location=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier). The solid wing bones, a result of sexual selection, are also present in female manakins, who do not benefit from the trait.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/19/15659294/richard-prum-evolution-beauty-biology-darwin-interview |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=The Verge}}</ref>
-While this "spoon-and-[[washboard]]" [[anatomy]] is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in [[insect]]s (see [[stridulation]]), it had not been well documented in [[vertebrate]]s (some [[snake]]s stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it). An analysis was made using high speed photography in 2005.
+While this "spoon-and-[[washboard (laundry)|washboard]]" [[anatomy]] is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in [[insect]]s (see [[stridulation]]), it had not been well documented in [[vertebrate]]s (some [[snake]]s stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it).
+<!-- Not sure what this means
+An analysis was made using high speed photography in 2005.-->
-== References ==
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references/>
 ==External links==
-* '''ffrench'''<!---not capitalised--->, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): ''A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago'' (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. <small>ISBN 0-8014-9792-2</small>
+* '''ffrench'''<!---not capitalised--->, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): ''A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago'' (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. <small>{{ISBN|0-8014-9792-2}}</small>
+*Hilty, Steven L. (2003): ''Birds of Venezuela''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. <small>{{ISBN|0-7136-6418-5}}</small>
-*Hilty, Steven L. (2003): ''Birds of Venezuela''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. <small>ISBN 0-7136-6418-5</small>
 *Stiles, F. Gary & '''Skutch''', Alexander Frank (1989): ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica''. Comistock, Ithaca.
 *[http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0004-8038&volume=117&issue=02&page=0465 Bio One]
 *2005-07-25 Cornell University News Service ''[http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July05/Cricketbird.kr.html Rare South American bird 'sings' with its feathers to attract a mate, Cornell researcher finds]''
-*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091111-birds-sing-feathers-wings.html Bird "Sings" Through Feathers on National Geographic]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091115112052/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091111-birds-sing-feathers-wings.html Bird "Sings" Through Feathers on National Geographic]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q1302311}}
-[[Category:Machaeropterus]]
+[[Category:Machaeropterus|club-winged manakin]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Colombian Andes]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Ecuadorian Andes]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1852|club-winged manakin]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Sclater|club-winged manakin]]