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{{no footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 65th Air Division
|unit_name= 65th Air Division
| image=EC-130H 66th ECW landing at Sembach 1989.JPEG
⚫
|image= [[Image:65th Air Division crest.jpg|250px]]
| image_size = 290
|caption= 65th Air Division emblem
|caption=an [[EC-130H]] of the division's [[66th Electronic Combat Wing]] landing at [[Sembach AB]]
|dates= 25 March 1943 – 21 November 1945; <br />17 April 1952 – 8 March 1954; <br />8 April 1957 – 1 January 1965; <br />1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991
|dates=1943–1945; 1952–1954; 1957–1965; 1985–1991
|country= United States
|country={{USA}}
|allegiance=
|branch={{air force|USA}}
|branch= [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]
|role=Command of [[electronic warfare]] units
|type=
|role=
|size=
|size=
|command_structure= see "[[#Assignments|Assignments]]" section below
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison= see "[[#Stations|Stations]]" section below
|garrison_label=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors=
Line 22: Line 20:
|march=
|march=
|mascot=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment= see "[[#Aerospace vehicles|Aerospace vehicles]]" section below
|equipment_label=
|equipment_label=
|battles=[[European Theater of World War II]]
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=[[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]]
|decorations= [[Image:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|59px]] [[Image:Outstanding Unit ribbon.svg|59px]] <br />see "[[#Lineage and honors|Lineage and honors]]" section below
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours=
<!-- Insignia -->
⚫
|identification_symbol=[[File:65th Air Division crest.jpg|165px]]
|identification_symbol_label=65th Air Division emblem<ref group=note>Approved 1 August 1961.</ref><ref name=65ADfacts>{{cite web |url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10114 |title=Factsheet 65 Air Division (Defense) |date=5 October 2007|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121014002646/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10114 |archive-date=14 October 2012|access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
}}
}}

The '''65th Air Division''' (65th AD) is an inactive [[United States Air Force]] organization. Its last assignment was with [[United States Air Forces in Europe]], assigned to [[Seventeenth Air Force]], being stationed at [[Lindsey Air Station]], Germany. It was inactivated on 30 June 1991.
The '''65th Air Division''' is an inactive [[United States Air Force]] organization. Its last assignment was with [[United States Air Forces in Europe]], assigned to [[Seventeenth Air Force]], being stationed at [[Lindsey Air Station]], Germany. It was inactivated on 30 June 1991.


==History==
==History==
Established as the 4 Air Defense Wing, the unit was not activated or manned. Re-designated as the '''65th Fighter Wing''', the wing and its subordinate units transferred to England and was assigned to [[VIII Fighter Command]] in June 1943 and began flying combat missions. Subordinate units escorted bombers, flew counter air patrols, and dive bombing missions. They attacked airdromes, marshaling yards, missile sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways. During "[[Big Week]]" (February 1944), the 65th participated in the assaults against the German Air Force and the German aircraft industry. Its units supported the [[invasion of Normandy|Allied invasion of Normandy]] (June 1944); the Allied ground troops during the [[Battle of the Bulge]] (December 1944 through January 1945); the Allied airborne attack on the Netherlands ([[Operation Market Garden]], September 1944); the defense of the [[Ludendorff Bridge|Remagen bridgehead]] against German air attacks (March 1945); and the [[Operation Lumberjack|airborne attack across the Rhine]] (March 1945).
Established as the '''4 Air Defense Wing''', the unit was not activated or manned. Redesignated as the '''65th Fighter Wing''', the wing and its subordinate units transferred to England and was assigned to [[VIII Fighter Command]] in June 1943 and began flying combat missions. "Subordinate units escorted bombers, flew counter air patrols, and dive bombing missions. They attacked airdromes, marshaling yards, missile sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways. During [[Big Week]] [in late] February 1944, the 65th participated in the assaults against the German Air Force and the German aircraft industry. Its units supported the [[invasion of Normandy|Allied invasion of Normandy]] (June 1944); the Allied ground troops during the [[Battle of the Bulge]] (December 1944 through January 1945); the Allied airborne attack on the Netherlands ([[Operation Market Garden]], September 1944); the defense of the [[Ludendorff Bridge|Remagen bridgehead]] against German air attacks (March 1945); and the [[Operation Lumberjack|airborne attack across the Rhine]] (March 1945)."<ref name=65ADfacts/>

⚫
"As an Air Division, it carried out air defense operations in Iceland from 1952 to 1954. Activated three years later it transferred to Spain, where it cooperated with [[Spanish Air Force]] units in the Air Defense Direction Centers (ADDCs). The 65th Air Division directed base construction, and the establishment of off base housing and radar sites. Its fighter squadrons flew air defense interceptions over Spanish airspace."<ref name=65ADfacts/>


⚫
The air division "also controlled the operations of attached tactical fighter squadrons deployed to Spain for temporary duty. Assigned or attached units of the division participated in numerous exercises with the Spanish Air Defense Command, and in some instances, with the [[United States Sixth Fleet]]. In June 1985, the 65th assumed responsibility for integrating the [[United States Air Forces in Europe]]'s electronic combat systems to maximize overall warfighting potential."<ref name=65ADfacts/> In this role, it supervised the [[66th Electronic Combat Wing]] and [[601st Tactical Control Wing]].
⚫
As an Air Division, it carried out air defense operations in Iceland from 1952 to 1954. Activated three years later it transferred to Spain, where it cooperated with [[Spanish Air Force]] units in the Air Defense Direction Centers (ADDCs). The 65th Air Division directed base construction, and the establishment of off base housing and radar sites. Its fighter squadrons flew air defense interceptions over Spanish airspace.


The division was inactivated in June 1991 as the Air Force eliminated air divisions to shorten the chain of command.<ref name=65ADfacts/>
⚫
The 65th also controlled the operations of attached tactical fighter squadrons deployed to Spain for temporary duty. Assigned or attached units of the division participated in numerous exercises with the Spanish Air Defense Command, and in some instances, with the [[United States Sixth Fleet|U.S. Sixth Fleet]]. In June 1985, the 65th assumed responsibility for integrating [[United States Air Forces in Europe|USAFE's]] electronic combat systems to maximize overall warfighting potential.


===Lineage===
==Lineage==
* Established as '''4th Air Defense Wing''' on 25 March 1943
* Established as the 4th Air Defense Wing on 25 March 1943
: Activated on 27 March 1943
: Activated on 27 March 1943
: Redesignated '''65th Fighter Wing''' on 24 July 1943
: Redesignated 65th Fighter Wing on 24 July 1943
: Inactivated on 21 November 1945
: Inactivated on 21 November 1945
* Redesignated '''65th Air Division (Defense)''' on 17 April 1952
* Redesignated 65th Air Division (Defense) on 17 April 1952
: Organized on 24 April 1952
: Organized on 24 April 1952
: Discontinued on 8 March 1954
: Discontinued on 8 March 1954
* Activated on 8 April 1957
* Activated on 8 April 1957
: Discontinued, and inactivated, on 1 January 1965
: Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1965
* Redesignated '''65th Air Division''' and activated on 1 June 1985
* Redesignated 65th Air Division and activated on 1 June 1985
: Inactivated on 30 June 1991.
: Inactivated on 30 June 1991<ref name=65ADfacts/>


===Assignments===
===Assignments===
* [[Fourth Air Force]], 27 March 1943
* [[Fourth Air Force]], 27 March 1943
* [[Army Service Forces]], 6 May 1943
* [[Army Service Forces]], Port of Embarkation 6 May 1943
* [[Eighth Air Force]], 2 June 1943
* [[Eighth Air Force]], 2 June 1943
* [[VIII Fighter Command]], 4 June 1943
* [[VIII Fighter Command]], 4 June 1943
* [[2d Air Division|2 Bombardment (later, 2 Air) Division]], 15 September 1944
* [[2d Air Division|2 Bombardment (later, 2 Air) Division]], 15 September 1944
* [[3d Air Division|3 Air Division]], 1 June – 21 November 1945
* [[3d Air Division|3 Air Division]], 1 June – 21 November 1945
* [[85th Group|Iceland Air Defense Force]], 24 April 1952 – 8 March 1954
* [[Iceland Air Defense Force]], 24 April 1952 – 8 March 1954
* [[Sixteenth Air Force]], 8 April 1957
* [[Sixteenth Air Force]], 8 April 1957
* [[United States Air Forces in Europe]], 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965
* [[United States Air Forces in Europe]], 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965
* [[Seventeenth Air Force]], 1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991.
* [[Seventeenth Air Force]], 1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991<ref name=65ADfacts/>


===Components===
===Components===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
'''Wings'''
'''Wings'''
* [[52d Tactical Fighter Wing]]: 1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991
* [[52d Tactical Fighter Wing]]: 1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991
* [[66th Electronic Combat Wing]]: 1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991
* [[66th Electronic Combat Wing]]: 1 June 1985 – 30 June 1991
* [[601st Tactical Control Wing]]: 1 June 1985 – 31 July 1987.
* [[601st Tactical Control Wing]]: 1 June 1985 – 31 July 1987<ref name=65ADfacts/>


'''Groups'''
'''Groups'''
* [[4th Fighter Group]], 7 August 1943 – 4 November 1945
* [[4th Fighter Group]], c. 7 August 1943 – c. 31 May 1945
* [[56th Fighter Group]], 7 August 1943 – 10 October 1945
* [[56th Fighter Group]], c. 7 August 1943 – c. 31 May 1945
* [[355th Fighter Group]], 18 August 1943 – 3 July 1945
* [[78th Fighter Group]], c. 24 July 1943 – c. 18 August 1943
* [[356th Fighter Group]], 26 August 1943 – 8 August 1944
* [[355th Fighter Group]], c. 18 August 1943 – c. 31 May 1945
* [[361st Fighter Group]], 8 August 1944 – 24 December 1944; 10 April 1945 – 3 November 1945
* [[356th Fighter Group]], c. 31 October 1943 – c. 8 August 1944
: Attached to: [[Ninth Air Force]] [[XIX Tactical Air Command]], 24 December 1944 – 1 February 1945
* [[361st Fighter Group]], c. 8 August 1944 – c. 24 December 1944; c. 10 April 1945 – c. 31 May 1945
: Attached to: [[VIII Fighter Command]], 1 February – 10 April 1945
* [[479th Fighter Group]], 31 May 1944 – 31 May 1945<ref name=65ADfacts/>
* [[479th Fighter Group]], 31 May 1944 – 31 May 1945


'''Flight:'''
'''Flight'''
* 1 Gunnery and Tow Flight: 17 November 1944 – 29 May 1945.
* 1 Gunnery and Tow Flight: 17 November 1944 – 29 May 1945<ref name=65ADfacts/>


'''Radar sites''' (1957-1965)
'''Squadrons'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
⚫
* 871st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Villatobas AS, Spain
⚫
* [[1st Fighter-Day Squadron]] (later 1st Tactical Fighter Squadron): attached 27 June 1958 – c.12 November 1958.
⚫
* 872d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Constantina AS, Spain
⚫
* 874th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Inoges AS, Spain
⚫
* 875th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Rosas AS, Spain
⚫
* 876th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Alcoy AS, Spain
⚫
* 877th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Elizondo AS, Spain
⚫
* 880th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Soller AS, Mallorca, Spain

{{Col-break|width=50%}}
'''Squadrons:'''
⚫
* [[1st Fighter Squadron|1st Fighter Day (later, 1st Tactical Fighter) Squadron]]: attached 27 June 1958 – c.12 November 1958.
* [[82d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 1 April 1953 – 8 March 1954.
* [[82d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 1 April 1953 – 8 March 1954.
* [[157th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 23 November 1961 – 17 July 1962.
* [[157th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 23 November 1961 – 17 July 1962.
Line 103: Line 97:
* [[336th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 13 August 1963 – 6 January 1964.
* [[336th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 13 August 1963 – 6 January 1964.
* [[430th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 25 September 1961 – 25 November 1961.
* [[430th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 25 September 1961 – 25 November 1961.
* [[431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 1 September 1958 – 1 July 1960; attached 1 July 1960 – c.18 May 1964.
* [[431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: assigned 1 September 1958 – 1 July 1960; attached 1 July 1960 – c.18 May 1964.
* [[434th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 18 March 1960 – unkn; 14 August 1961 – 25 September 1961.
* [[434th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 18 March 1960 – unknown; 14 August 1961 – 25 September 1961.
* [[435th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 15 December 1960 – 14 April 1961; 6 August 1962 – 1 November 1962; 2 April 1964 – 18 June 1964.
* [[435th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 15 December 1960 – 14 April 1961; 6 August 1962 – 1 November 1962; 2 April 1964 – 18 June 1964.
* [[436th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 1 November 1962 – 3 April 1963.
* [[436th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 1 November 1962 – 3 April 1963.
* [[474th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 15 November 1958 – 14 March 1959.
* [[474th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 15 November 1958 – 14 March 1959.
* [[476th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 16 November 1959 – 18 March 1960; 16 April 1961 – 11 August 1961; 6 January 1964 – 2 April 1964.
* [[476th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]: attached 16 November 1959 – 18 March 1960; 16 April 1961 – 11 August 1961; 6 January 1964 – 2 April 1964.
* [[497th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 5 July 1958 – 1 July 1960; attached 1 July 1960 – 17 June 1964.
* [[497th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]: 5 July 1958 – 1 July 1960; attached 1 July 1960 – 17 June 1964<ref name=65ADfacts/>
⚫
* 871st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
⚫
{{col-end}}
: Villatobas Air Station, Spain
⚫
* 872d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
: Constantina Air Station, Spain
⚫
* 874th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
: Inoges Air Station, Spain
⚫
* 875th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
: Rosas Air Station, Spain
⚫
* 876th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
: Alcoy Air Station, Spain
⚫
* 877th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
: Elizondo Air Station, Spain
⚫
* 880th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
: Soller Air Station, Mallorca, Spain
⚫
{{div col end}}


===Stations===
===Stations===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Hamilton AFB|Hamilton Field]], California, 27 March – 6 May 1943
* [[Hamilton Air Force Base|Hamilton Field]], California, 27 March – 6 May 1943
* [[RAF Debden]] (AAF-356), England, 4 June 1943
* [[RAF Debden]] (AAF-356), England, 4 June 1943
* [[Saffron Walden]] (AAF-370), England, c. 17 June 1943
* [[Saffron Walden]] (AAF-370), England, c. 17 June 1943
* Elvedon Hall, England (AAF-116), c. 1 September 1945
* [[Elveden Hall]], England (AAF-116), c. 1 September 1945
* Troston, England (AAF-595), c. 25 October – 21 November 1945
* [[RAF Troston]], England (AAF-595), c. 25 October – 21 November 1945
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Naval Air Station Keflavik|Keflavik Airport]], Iceland, 24 April 1952 – 8 March 1954
* [[Naval Air Station Keflavik|Keflavik Airport]], Iceland, 24 April 1952 – 8 March 1954
* [[Madrid]], Spain, 8 April 1957
* [[Madrid]], Spain, 8 April 1957
* [[Torrejon AB]], Spain, 1 October 1957 – 1 January 1965
* [[Torrejon Air Base]], Spain, 1 October 1957 – 1 January 1965
* [[Sembach AB]], West Germany, 1 June 1985
* [[Sembach Air Base]], Germany, 1 June 1985
* [[Wiesbaden Army Airfield|Lindsey AS]], [[Germany|West Germany (later Germany)]], 1 October 1987 – 30 June 1991.
* [[Lindsey Air Station]], Germany, 1 October 1987 – 30 June 1991<ref name=65ADfacts/>
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|United States Air Force|Military of the United States}}
* [[List of United States Air Force air divisions]]
* [[List of United States Air Force air divisions]]


==Notes==
==References==
===Notes===
; Explanatory notes
{{Reflist|group=note}}

; Citations
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|orig-year= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf |edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf|edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}
* Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
* {{cite book|last=Ravenstein|first=Charles A.|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977|url=https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave|year=1984|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-12-9|url-access=registration}}
* [http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/afhra/rso/airdivision_pages/0065ad.asp Air Force Historical Research Agency: 65th Air Division (Defense)]
{{Refend}}


{{USAAF 8th Air Force UK}}
{{USAAF 8th Air Force UK}}
{{USAAF 2d Air Force World War II}}
{{USAAF 2d Air Force World War II}}


[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1943]]
[[Category:Air divisions of the United States Air Force|065]]
[[Category:Air divisions of the United States Air Force|065]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 03:02, 28 November 2023

65th Air Division
an EC-130H of the division's 66th Electronic Combat Wing landing at Sembach AB
Active1943–1945; 1952–1954; 1957–1965; 1985–1991
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleCommand of electronic warfare units
EngagementsEuropean Theater of World War II
DecorationsAir Force Outstanding Unit Award
Insignia
65th Air Division emblem[note 1][1]

The 65th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with United States Air Forces in Europe, assigned to Seventeenth Air Force, being stationed at Lindsey Air Station, Germany. It was inactivated on 30 June 1991.

History

[edit]

Established as the 4 Air Defense Wing, the unit was not activated or manned. Redesignated as the 65th Fighter Wing, the wing and its subordinate units transferred to England and was assigned to VIII Fighter Command in June 1943 and began flying combat missions. "Subordinate units escorted bombers, flew counter air patrols, and dive bombing missions. They attacked airdromes, marshaling yards, missile sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways. During Big Week [in late] February 1944, the 65th participated in the assaults against the German Air Force and the German aircraft industry. Its units supported the Allied invasion of Normandy (June 1944); the Allied ground troops during the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 through January 1945); the Allied airborne attack on the Netherlands (Operation Market Garden, September 1944); the defense of the Remagen bridgehead against German air attacks (March 1945); and the airborne attack across the Rhine (March 1945)."[1]

"As an Air Division, it carried out air defense operations in Iceland from 1952 to 1954. Activated three years later it transferred to Spain, where it cooperated with Spanish Air Force units in the Air Defense Direction Centers (ADDCs). The 65th Air Division directed base construction, and the establishment of off base housing and radar sites. Its fighter squadrons flew air defense interceptions over Spanish airspace."[1]

The air division "also controlled the operations of attached tactical fighter squadrons deployed to Spain for temporary duty. Assigned or attached units of the division participated in numerous exercises with the Spanish Air Defense Command, and in some instances, with the United States Sixth Fleet. In June 1985, the 65th assumed responsibility for integrating the United States Air Forces in Europe's electronic combat systems to maximize overall warfighting potential."[1] In this role, it supervised the 66th Electronic Combat Wing and 601st Tactical Control Wing.

The division was inactivated in June 1991 as the Air Force eliminated air divisions to shorten the chain of command.[1]

Lineage

[edit]
  • Established as the 4th Air Defense Wing on 25 March 1943
Activated on 27 March 1943
Redesignated 65th Fighter Wing on 24 July 1943
Inactivated on 21 November 1945
  • Redesignated 65th Air Division (Defense) on 17 April 1952
Organized on 24 April 1952
Discontinued on 8 March 1954
  • Activated on 8 April 1957
Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1965
  • Redesignated 65th Air Division and activated on 1 June 1985
Inactivated on 30 June 1991[1]

Assignments

[edit]

Components

[edit]

Wings

Groups

Flight

  • 1 Gunnery and Tow Flight: 17 November 1944 – 29 May 1945[1]

Squadrons

Villatobas Air Station, Spain
  • 872d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
Constantina Air Station, Spain
  • 874th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
Inoges Air Station, Spain
  • 875th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
Rosas Air Station, Spain
  • 876th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
Alcoy Air Station, Spain
  • 877th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
Elizondo Air Station, Spain
  • 880th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron,
Soller Air Station, Mallorca, Spain

Stations

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
Explanatory notes
  1. ^ Approved 1 August 1961.
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Factsheet 65 Air Division (Defense)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 5 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2014.

Bibliography

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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